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American journal of archaeology
Archaeological Institute of America, American School of Oriental Research in Jerusalem, ...
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Bought with theincome of
THEKELLERFUND
Bequeathed in Memory of
Jasper Newton Keller
Betty Scott Henshaw Keller
Marl\n Mandell Keller
Ralph Henshaw Keller
CarlTilden Keller
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AMERICAN JOURNAL
OF ARCHAEOLOGY.
Second Series
VOLUME 2 1898
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^tci^aeologfcal Slnistitute of ametica
AMERICAN
0
Journal of Archaeology
V
The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America
volume ii
1898
NORWOOD, MASS.
PLT.LlHHKn F«)U TIIK INSTITUTE BY
^ 4 jt. V>' ^^^ YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY ^ ^^y LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd.
Reprinted with the permission of the Archaeological Institute of America
JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION
111 Fifth Avenue, New York, N. Y. 10003
JOHNSON REPRINT COMPANY LIMITED Berkeley Square House, London, W. 1
Digitized by
American Journal of Archaeology
SECOND SERIES The Journal of the Archaeological Institute of America
Vol. II, 1898
Ctttortal HBoart
Bditor-in-Chief
JOHN HENRY WRIGHT,
Professor Id Harvard UniveritUy.
Asaodate Editors JAMES R. wheeler {for the American School at Athens), Professor In Columbia University.
ALLAN MARQUAND (for the Amencan School in Rome), Professor In Princeton University.
HAROLD N. FOWLER,
Professor in Western Reserve University.
HENRY W. HAYNES,
Late Professor in the University of Vermont
Honorary Editors
JOHN Wn-LIAMS WHITE (President of the InstitxUe), Professor in Harvard University.
THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR {Chairman of the Managing Com^ mitteeofthe School at Athens) ^ Professor in Yale University.
WM. GARDNER HALE {Chairman of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome) ,
Professor in tlie University of Chicago.
EDttorial Contributors Miss Mary H. Buckikqham, Georob N. Olcott, Esq.,
Classical Archaeology. Numismatics.
Professor Henry E. Burton, Professor James M. Paton,
Roman Archaeology, Classical Archaeology.
Professor James C. Egbert, Ja., Dr. George A. Reisner,
Roman Epigraphy. Oriental Archaeology.
Professor Elmer T. Merrill, Professor Herbert Weir Smyth,
Roman Archaeology, Greek Epigraphy.
First reprinting, 1964, Johnson Reprint Corporation Printed in the United States of America
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CONTENTS
PAGB
Council of the Archaeological Institute of America . . . . ix
Oflicers of the Affiliated Societies xi
Managing Committee of the School at Athens xv
Managing Committee of the School in Rome xvii
Foreign Uonoraiy Members of the Institute xx
Abchabological Institute of America:
Nineteenth Annual Report of the Council, 1897-98.
— John Williams White, President 465 Cretan Expedition of the Institute : IX. Inscriptions from Gortyna, Lyttos, and Latd pros Kamara.
— S. A. Xanthoudidis 71 X. Addenda to the Cretan Inscriptions. — F. Halbherr . 79
T&ua&msa's Description of Greece, — H. N. Fowler .... 857 The Washlm Papyrus of Iliad 0 1-68 (Plate XII).
— E. J. GOODSPEED 347 The Artemis Brauronia of Praxiteles. — John Pickard . . . 367
The Orpheus Relief. — John Pickard 169
Notes on Oriental Antiquities : 1. The Horse in Ancient Babylonia.
2. Nehushtan. 3. A Hittite Cylinder Seal. — W. H. Ward . 159 The Identification of the Marbles used in Greek Sculpture.
— Henrt S. Washington 1
American School of Classical Studies at Athens:
Seventeenth Annual Report of the Managing Committee, 1897-98.
— Thomas Day Seymour, Chairman 479 Report of the Director, 1897-98. — R. B. Richardson . . .491 Terra-ootta Reliefs from the Argive Heraeum (Plates I, II).
— C. Waldstein, J. C. HoppiN 173 The Eiskyldema in the Eretrian Theatre (Plates lU-V).
— Andrew Fossum 187 An Old Corinthian Vase from Corinth (Plates VI, VII).
— R. B. Richardson 195 Terransotta Figurines from Corinth. — R. B. Richardson . . 206
ill
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IV CONTENTS
PAOB
American School of Classical Studies at Athens — Continued: A Trace of Egypt in Eleusis (Plate VIII). — R. B. Richardson . 223 The Excavations at Corinth in 1898: Preliminary Report (Plates
IX-XI). — R. B. Richardson 233
American School of Classical Studies in Rome: Third Annual Report of the Managing Committee, 1897-08.
— William Gardner Hale, Chairman 504 Report of the Director, 1897-98. — Clement L. Smith . . . 614 The Epigraphic Sources of Suetonius. — W. Dennison ... 26 Some New Inscriptions from Puteoli, Baiae, Misenum, and Cumae.
— W. Dennison 373 Two Notes : 1. On Some Oscan Inscriptions. 2. On Commentarium
Actorum SaeciUarium Quintorumy 1. 64. — W. Dennison . . 399
Archaeological News and Discussions (August, 1897-February, 1898). — H. N. Fowler, Editor:
NEWS OF RECENT EXCAVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES *, OTHER NEWS . 95
Oriental and Classical Archaeology: — General and Miscellaneous, 95 ; Egypt, 98 ; Babylonia, 103 ; Mesopotamia, 103 ; Persia, 104 ; Palestine, 104 ; Phoenicia and Syria, 107 ; Arabia, 108 ; Cyprus, 108; Asia Minor, 108; Greece, 110; Italy, 117; Spain, 125; France, 126; Switzerland, 127; Germany, 127; England, 130; Bulgaria, 132 ; Roumania, 132 ; Africa, 133 ; United States, 134.
Early Christian and Mediaeval Art: — Greece, 151 ; Armenia, 152; France, 152 ; Holland, 153 ; Germany, 154 ; Hungary, 154 ; Eng- land, 154.
Renaissance Art: — Italy, 155; Grermany, 157; Austria, 157.
SUMMARIES OF ARTICLES IN RECENT PERIODICALS .... 237
Oriental and Classical Archaeology: — General and Miscellaneous, 237; Egypt, 239; Babylonia and Assyria, 240; Palestine, 241; Syria, 241 ; Asia Minor, 245 ; Greece, 249 (Architecture, 249 ; Sculpture, 261; Vases and Painting, 279; Inscriptions, 289; Coins, 304; Miscellaneous, 305); Italy, 317 (Architecture, 317; Sculpture, 319; Painting and Vases, 321 ; Inscriptions, 321; Coins, 323; Miscellaneous, 324); France, 328; Spain, 329; Ger- many, 329; Bulgaria, 332 ; Africa, 334.
Early Christian and Mediaeval Art: — General and Miscellaneous, 337; Italy, 339; France, 340; Belgium, 340; England, 341; Algeria, 341.
Renaissance Art: — Italy, 342; France, 343; Germany, 343; Bel- gium, 345 ; England, 345.
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CONTENTS V
PAGE
Archaeological Bibliography (January-June, 1898).
— H. N. Fowler, Editor- 403
Greneral and Miscellaneous 403
Egyptian Archaeology 410
Oriental Archaeology 413
Classical Archaeology 417
Greek and Roman 417
Greek (I, General and Miscellaneous, 421 ; 11, Architecture, 427 ; in, Sculpture, 428 ; FV, Vases and Painting, 430 ; V, Inscrip- tions, 431 ; VI, Coins, 433) 421
Roman (I, General and Miscellaneous, 434 ; II, Architecture, 446 ; III, Sculpture, 447 ; IV, Vases and Painting, 448 ; V, Inscrip- tions, 449 ; VI, Coins, 454) . . . ' 434
Christian Art 455
(I, General and Miscellaneous, 455 ; II, Byzantine and Mediaeval, 457 ; in. Renaissance, 461.)
BULLETIN
Annual Reports of the Council of the Institute and of the Schools at
Athens and Rome, 1897-98. Appendix 1
Archaeological Institute of America :
Council of the Institute, 1898-99 3
Members of the Institute, 1898-99 :
Foreign Honorary Members 10
Members of the Affiliated Societies, — Boston, New York, Balti- more, Pennsylvania, Chicago, Detroit, Wisconsin, Cincinnati,
Cleveland, Washington, New Haven JO
Regulations of the Institute, 1898-99 58
Rules of the Affiliated Societies, 1898-99 SIS
Financial Statement, 1897-98 78
American School of Classical Studies at Athens :
Managing Committee, 1898-99 5
Colleges Cooperating in the Support of the School, 1898-99 . 6
Trustees of the School, 1898-99 6
Managing Committee and Directorate, 1881-99 . . . . 4(?
Faculty and Students, 1897-98 44
Fellows and Students, 1882-99 4o
Regulations, 1898-99 69
Financial Statement, 1897-98 80
Contributors to the School, 1897-98 84
Fellowships for 1899-1900 99
Examination Papers for Fellowships, 1897-98 .... 101
Circular of Information for Students 115
Books recommended to Students 128
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VI CONTENTS
PAOB
American School of Classical Studies iu Rome :
Managing Committee, 1898-09 7
Faculty and Students, 1807-98 SS
Fellows and Students, 189.V99 64
Regulations of the School, 1898-99 74
Financial Statement, 1897-98 82
Contributors to the School, 1897-98 S6
Fellowships for 1899-1900 99
Examination Papers for Fellowships, 1897-08 .... 109
Circular of Information for Students 115
Books recommended to Students 118
Publications, 1879-98 89
Casts, Photographs, and Lantern Slides 97
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PLATES
L Terra-cotta Plaques from the Argive Heraeum (Nob. 1-^).
II. Terra-cotta Plaques from the Argive Heraeum (Nos. 6-10).
III. Theatre at Eretria, 1801 : GeneitU View of Stage Buildings.
IV. Theatre at Eretria, 1891 : Track of Eiskyklema. V. Theatre at Eretria, 1891.
VI. Celebe from Corinth.
VIL Celebe from Corinth.
VIII. Ram's Head from Eleusis.
IX. Corinth in 1898 : General View of Excavations.
X. Corinth in 1898 : Ancient Road.
XL Corinth in 1898 : Pirene.
XII. The Washlm Papyrus of Iliad 6 1-68.
vii
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ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT
PAGK
Parian Marble : Section in Ordinary Light 10
Parian Marble : Section in Polarized Light 10
Pentelic Marble : Section in Ordinary Light 12
Marble of Porphyritic Structure : Section in Ordinary Light ... 12
Stylobate of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus 20
Fragment of a Corinthian Capital from the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus . 22
Capital of the Temple of Vespasian 25
Bel in his Chariot: Seal in the Metropolitan Museum 160
Horse and Four-wheeled Chariot: Pre-Sargonic Seal belonging to W. H.
Ward 161
Hittite Seal with Ashera, Serpent, and Worshipper: Cylinder belonging to
W. H. Ward 163
Seated God with Serpent Tail : Cylinder in the British Museum . . 164
Hittite Cylinder with Representations of Cuttlefish and Other Animals:
belonging to Mrs. Henry Draper 165
Cuttlefish on Mycenean Vase 166
Cylinder with Cuttlefish : belonging to W. H. Ward 167
Eiskyklema in the Eretrian Theatre : Ground Plan, restored . . .188 Vaulted Passage and Foundation for Eiskyklema : Elevations • . .189 Vaulted Passage in the Theatre of Eretria : from Photograph . . . 190
Celebe from Corinth 196
Fifteen Archaic Terrarcotta Figurines from Corinth .... 208-211
Nineteen Later Terra-cotta Figurines 211-219
Athena: Corinthian Terracotta of the Best Period 221
Excavations in Corinth in 1898 : Sketch Plan 285, 500
viii
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atxi^aeological fmstitute of America
COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE
1898-1899
President
PSOFK890R JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, Ph.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston Society.
Honorary Presidents
Pbofessor CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, Litt.D., LL.D., Harvard University,
of the Boston Society. President SETH LOW, LL.D., Columbia University, of the New York
Society.
Vice-Presidents
Mr. CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, A.M., Boston, of the Boston Society.
PRESiDEirr DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D., Johns Hopkins University, Presi- dent of the Baltimore Society.
Mr. MARTIN A. RYERSON, LL.B., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
Hos. STEPHEN SALISBURY, A.M., LL.B., Worcester, of the Boston Soci- ety.
Professor THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., Yale University, of the New York Society.
Secretary
Mr. clarence H. YOUNG, Ph.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society.
Treasurer
Mr. JAMES LOEB, A.B., j?7 and 29, Pine Street, New York, of the New York Society.
Editor-in-Chief of the Journal
Professor JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M., Harvard University, of the Bos- ton Society.
Other Members of the Council
Mr. CYRUS ADLER, Ph.D., Washington, of the Washington Society. Miss CLARA AVERY, Detroit, of the Detroit Society. Mr. SELDEN bacon, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the Wisconsin Society.
iz
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X ARC a AEO LOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Mr. DAVID L. BARTLETT, Baltimore^ of the Baltimore Society.
Mr. GEORGE W. BATES, Detroit, of the Detroit Society.
Mr. CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, Boston, of the Boston Society.
Mr. clarence H. CLARK, PAi2a(2e/pAia, of the Pennsylvania Society.
Professor MARTIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D., LL.D., University of Michigan, Presi- dent of the Detroit Society.
President TIMOTHY D WIGHT, D.D., LL.D., Neio Haven, President of the New Haven Society.
Professor HAROLD N. FOWLER, Ph.D., Western Reserve University, of the Cleveland Society.
Professor ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., Ph.D., Princeton Univer- sity, of the Baltimore Society.
Professor WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Harvard University, of the Boston Society.
Mr. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B., Cleveland, President of the Cleve- land Society.
Professor WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., University of Chicago, President of the Chicago Society.
Mr. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
Mr. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.
Mrs. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH, Cincinnati, President of the CinclnnaU Society.
Hon. franklin MACVEAGH, Chicago, of the Chicago Society.
Professor ALLAN MARQUAND, Ph.D., L.H.D., Princeton University, of the New York Society.
Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston, of the Boston Society.
Professor EDWARD P. MORRIS, A.M., Yale University, of the New Haven Society.
Mrs. ALICE FREEMAN PALMER, L.H.D., LL.D., Cambridge, of the Boston Society.
Professor EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, Ph.D., Columbia University, President of the New York Society.
Rev. JOHN P. PETERS, Ph.D., New York, of the New York Society.
Mr. FREDERIC J. de PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the New York Society.
Mr. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.
Professor THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D.» J.U.D., Catholic University of America, President of the Washington Society.
Professor M. S. SLAUGHTER, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin, President of the Wisconsin Society.
Mrs. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., Philadelphia, President of the Penn- sylvania Society.
Professor FITZ GERALD TISDALL, Ph.D., College of the City of Neio York, of the New York Society.
Professor JAMES R. WHEELER, Ph.D., Columbia University, of the New York Society.
Mrs. H. WHITMAN, Boston, President of the Boston Society.
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^GSliateli Societies of tfie Srdjaeological itiStiiMtt of Slmerica
, OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETIES
1898*1899
BOSTON socnrrr
President mr8. h. whitman.
Vice-President PHOF£8fM>R WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L.
Secretary Mr. ERNEST JACKSON, A.M.
Treasurer Mr. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B.
NEW TORK 80CIETT
President Professor EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, Ph.D.
Vice-Presidents
Rt. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER, S.T.D., LL.D. Mr. JULIUS SACHS, Ph.D. Mr. RUSSELL STURGIS, Ph.D.
Secretary Me. nelson G. McCREA, Ph.D.
Treasurer
Mr. LOUIS DWIGHT RAY, Ph.D. xi
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XU ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
BALTIMORE SOCHTTT
Preaident PU8IDBNT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
Mr. MENDES COHEN.
Professor BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, Ph.D., LL.D.
Mr. WILLIAM W. SPEXCE.
Professor MINTON WARREN, Ph.D.
Secretary Professor KIRBY F. SMITH, Ph.D.
Treasurer Mr. EDGAR G. MILLER.
PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY
President Mrs. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D.
Vice-Presidents Mr. CLARENCE H. CLARK. Professor DANIEL G. BRINTON, M.D., LL.D., Sc.D.
Secretary and Treasurer Mr. JUSTUS C. STRAWBRIDGE.
CHICAQO SOCIETY
President Professor WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
Mr. JOHN J. GLESSNER. Hon. franklin MACVEAGH.
Secretary Professor FRANK F. ABBOTT, Ph.D.
Treasurer Professor FRANK B. TARBKLL, Ph.D.
Digitized by
0FFICEB8 OF THE AFFILIATED SOCIETIES xiii
DETROIT EK>CIBT7
President
Professob martin L. D'OOGE, Ph.D., LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
Mr. CHARLES BUNCHER. Mr. dexter M. FERRY. Professor FRANCIS W. KELSEY.
Secretary Mr. GEORGE W. BATES.
Treasurer Mr. PERCY IVES.
"WISCONSIN SOCIETY
President
Profbssor MOSES STEPHEN SLAUGHTER, Ph.D.
Vice-Presidents
Miss ALICE G. CHAPMAN.
Mrs. SARAH FAIRCHILD CONOVER.
Professor ALEXANDER KERR, A.M.
Mrs. WAYNE RAMSAY.
Mr. BREESE J. STEVENS.
Secretary and Treasurer Professor CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, Ph.D.
CINCINNATI SOCIETT
President
Mrs. NICHOLAS LONGWORTH.
Vice-President Mr. a. HOWARD HINKLE.
Secretary and Treasurer ♦Mr. JULIUS DEXTER, A.B., LL.B.
* Deceased.
Digitized by
Xiv ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
CLEVELAND 80CIET7
President
Ur. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B.
Vice-President Mr. EDWARD S. PAGE.
Secretary and Treasurer PBOFBflsoB HAROLD NORTH FOWLER, Ph.D.
TVASHINQTON EK>CIBT7
President Pbovbsbor THOMAS J. SHAHAN, D.D., J.U.D.
Vice-Presidents
Professor A. J. HUNTINGTON, Ph.D., D.D. M188 ALICE C. FLETCHER.
Secretary and Treasurer Rev. Brother FABRICIAN.
NEW HAVEN 80CIET7
President Prbsident TIMOTHY D WIGHT, D.D., LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
Professor SIMEON E. BALDWIN, LL.D. Professor BERNADOTTE PERRIN, Ph.D., LL.D.
Secretary and Treasurer Professor HORATIO M. REYNOLDS, A.M.
Digitized by
American £ci)ool of Classical Stuliies at ^ttjens
MANAGING COMMITTEE 1898-1899
Chairmaii Professor THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., of Yale University.
Secretary Professor JAMES R. WHE£L£R, Ph.D., of Colombia University.
Treasurer Mr. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.
Professor CHARLES D. ADAMS, Ph.D., of Dartmouth College. Professor H. M. BAIRD, D.D., LL.D., of New York University. Professor L T. BECK WITH, Ph.D., of the General Theological Seminary. Miss Professor A. C. CHAPIN, A.M., of Wellesley College. Professor EDWARD B. CLAPP, Ph.D., of the University of California. Professor MARTIN L. D'OOGE, Ph.D., LL.D., of the University of
Michigan. Professor EDGAR A. EMENS, A.M., of Syracuse University. Professor ALFRED EMERSON, Ph.D. (ex officio, as Professor of the School),
of Cornell University. Professor 0. M. FERNALD, A.M., of Williams College. Professor ABRAHAM L. FULLER, Ph.D., of Adelbert College of West- em Reserve University. Professor HENRY GIBBONS, Ph.D., of the University of Pennsylvania. Professor BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, Ph.D., LL.D., of Johns Hopkins
University. Professor WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, Ph.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard
University. Professor WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman
of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome), of the University
of Chicago. Professor ALBERT HARKNESS, Ph.D., LL.D., of Brown University. Professor GEORGE E. HOWES, Ph.D., of the University of Vermont. Professor WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, Litt.D., of the University of
Pennsylvania. Miss Professor ABBY LEACH, A.M., of Vassar College.
XV
Digitized by
xvi AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
Miss ELLEN F. MASON, of Boston.
Mrs. President ELIZABETH S. MEAD, A.M., of Mt. Holyoke College.
Professor CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, Litt.D., LL.D., of Harvard Uni- versity.
Professor BERNADOTTE PERRIN, Ph.D., LL.D., of Yale University.
Professor EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, Ph.D., of Columbia University.
Mr. FREDERIC J. de PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., of New York.
Professor WILLIAM CAREY POLAND, A.M., of Brown University.
Professor RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, Ph.D. (cx officio, as Director of the School), of Athens.
Professor HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, Ph.D., of Bryn Mawr College.
Professor J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT, Ph.D., of Amherst College.
Professor FRANK B. TARBELL, Ph.D., of the University of Chicago.
Professor FITZ GERALD TISDALL, Ph.D., of the College of the City of New York.
Professor HENRY M. TYLER, A.M., of Smith College.
Professor JAMES C. VAN BENSCHOTEN, LL.D., of Wesleyan University.
Professor WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Colombia University.
Professor BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, Ph.D., LL.D., of Cornell Uni- versity.
Professor JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, Ph.D., LL.D. («x officio, as President of the Institute), of Harvard University.
Professor SAMUEL ROSS WINANS, Ph.D., of Princeton University.
Professor JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. («x officio, as Editor-m-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
Digitized by
American £ci|ool of Classical Stuliies in ISimat
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1898-1899
ChaimiAii
PBOFK880R WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of Chicago.
Secretary
PBOFE880B SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, Ph.D., of Adelbert College of Western Reserve University.
Treasurer Mb. C. C. cutler, A.B., of New York.
Mbs. WILLIAM F. ALLEN, of Madison.
Profbssob SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., of Union College.
Pbofessob G. E. barber, A.M., of the University of Nebraska.
Professob H. J. BARTON, A.M., of the University of Illinois.
Professob CHARLES E. BENNETT, A.B., of Cornell University.
Mrs. EMMONS BLAINE, of Chicago.
Professob D. BONBRIGHT, LL.D., of Northwestern University.
Mr. WILLIAM H. BUCKLER, of Baltimore.
Professob HENRY F. BURTON, A.M., of the University of Rochester.
Professob J. S. CLARK, A.B., of the University of Minnesota.
Rt. Rev. Mob. THOMAS J. CONATY, D.D., Rector of the Catholic Univer-
sity of America. Mr. FREDERIC R. COUDERT, J.U.D., LL.D., of New York. Professor W. L. COWLES, A.M., of Amherst College. Professor A. N. CURRIER, LL.D., of the State University of Iowa. Hon. HORACE DAVIS, LL.D., of San Francisco. Professob S. C. DERBY, A.M., of the State University of Ohio. Professob JAMES H. DILLARD, Litt.D., of Tulane University. Rt. Rev. WILLIAM C. DOANE, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Albany. Gkneral WILLIAM F. DRAPER, Ambassador of the United States at the
Court of Italy. Professob JAMES C. EGBERT, Jr., of Columbia University. Mr. LOUIS R. EHRICH, of Colorado Springs. Professob ALFRED EMERSON, Ph.D., Professor in the American School
of Classical Studies at Athens.
xvii
Digitized by
xvui AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
Professor HENRY P. EMERSON, A.M., of Buffalo.
Professor ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, Jr., Ph.D., of Princeton University .
His Eminence Cardinal JAMES GIBBONS, of Baltimore.
Mr. SAMUEL S. GREEN, A.M., of Worcester.
Professor ALFRED GUDEMAN, Ph.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.
Professor ALBERT G. HARKNESS, A.M., of Brown University.
Professor SAMUEL HART, D.D., of Trinity College.
Professor G. L. HENDRICKSON, A.B., of the University of Chicago.
Professor CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, Ph.D., LL.D., of the College of
the City of New York. Professor JOHN H. HEWITT, LL.D., of Williams CoUege. Rabbi EMIL G. HIRSCH, Ph.D., LL.D., of Chicago. Professor WILLIAM A. HOUGHTON, A.M., of Bowdoin College. Mr. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., of Chicago. Professor GEORGE E. JACKSON, A.M., of Washington University. Professor H. W. JOHNSTON, Ph.D., of the University of Indiana. Professor J. C. JONES, Ph.D., of the University of Missouri. Rt. Rev. J. J. KEANE, D.D., Archbishop of Damascus. Professor FRANCIS W. KELSEY, Ph.D., of the University of Michigan. Chancellor J. H. KIRKLAND, Ph.D., of Vanderbilt University. Hon. ERNEST B. KRUTTSCHNITT, A.M., of New Orleans, La. Commendatore Professors RODOLFO LANCIANI, of the University of Rome. Mr. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston. Rev. CHARLES STANLEY LESTER, D.D., of Milwaukee. Professor T. B. LINDSAY, Ph.D., of Boston University. Professor GONZALEZ LODGE, Ph.D., of Bryn Mawr College. Professor JOHN K. LORD, Ph.D., of Dartmouth College. Professor ALLAN MARQUAND, Ph.D., L.H.D., of Princeton University. Professor ELMER T. MERRILL, A.M., of Wesleyan University. Professor WILLIAM A. MERRILL, Pb.D., L.H.D., of the University of
California. Professor J. LEVERETT MOORE, Ph.D., of Vassar College. Rev. R. J. NEVIN, D.D., Rector of the American Church in Rome. Professor RICHARD NORTON, A.B. (ex officio, as Professor of the School),
Rome, Italy. Rt. Rev. Mor. O'CONNELL, Rector of the CoUegio Americano in Rome. Professor E. M. PEASE, Ph.D., of Leland Stanford Jr. University. Professor TRACY PECK, A.M. (Director of the School), of Yale University. Professor W. E. PETERS, LL.D., of the University of Virginia. Professor EDWIN POST, Ph.D., of De Pauw University. Rt. Rev. HENRY C. POTTER, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of New York. Hon. WILLLA.M POTTER, of Chestnut Hill. Hon. J. G. SCHMIDLAPP, of Cincinnati.
Professor EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN, LL.B., Ph.D., of Columbia University. Professor THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of
the Managing Committee of the School at Athens), of Yale University. Professor EDGAR S. SHUMWAY, Ph.D., of Rutgers College. Professor M. S. SLAUGHTER, Ph.D., of the University of Wisconsin. Professor FRANK SMALLEY, Ph.D., of Syracuse University.
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Professor CLEMENT L. SMITH, LL.D., of Harvard University.
Professor W. O. SPROULL, Ph.D., LL.D., L.H.D., of the University of Cincinnati.
Mr. GEORGE R. STETSON, of Washington.
Mrs. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., of Philadelphia.
Mr. WALDO STORY, A.M., of Rome.
Professor LEWIS STUART, A.M., of Lake Forest University.
Rev. henry VAN DYKE, D.D., of New York.
Commendatorb Professors ADOLFO VENTURI, Director-General of the National Galleries of Italy.
Rev. MARVIN R. VINCENT, D.D., of the Union Theological Seminary.
Professor ARTHUR T. WALKER, A.M., of the University of Kansas.
Professor WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Colambia University.
Professor MINTON WARREN, Ph.D., of Johns Hopkins University.
Hon. H. B. WENZEL, A.B., LL.B., of St. Paul.
Professor ANDREW F. WEST, Ph.D., of Princeton University.
Professor JAMES R. WHEELER, Ph.D., of Colambia University.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, Ph.D., LL.D. (ex officio, as Presi- dent of the Institute), of Harvard University.
Vice-Chancellor B. L. WIGGINS, A.M., of the University of the South.
Professor JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, A.M. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
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FOREIGN HONOEAEY MEMBERS
PROFE880B ALEXANDER CONZE, Ph.D., German Imperial Archaeological Institute^ Berlin.
Mr. GEORGE DENNIS, D.C.L., London.
Professor WILHELM DORPFELD, Ph.D., LL.D., German ImpeHal Archaeo- logical Institute^ Athens.
Professor PERCY GARDNER, Litt.D., University of Oxford.
Professor R. C. JEBB, Litt.D., D.C.L., LL.D., M.P., University of Cam- bridge.
Professor GASTON MASPERO, D.C.L., Comge de France, Paris.
Professor THEODOR MOMMSEN, Ph.D., J.U.D., University of Berlin.
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THE IDENTIFICATION OB^ THE MARBLES USED IN GREEK SCULPTURE
In the science of archaeology, the determination of the provenance of the various objects which form part of its subject-matter, is of the highest importance. Other consider- ations apart, the knowledge of the place of origin of a given piece of sculpture, or even of the source whence its material is derived, may furnish us with a clue to the sculptor or school which produced it. In the case of marble sculpture, espe- cially, the opinion is commonly held that, from examination of the material, fairly trustworthy conclusions may be drawn as to its source.
In talking the matter over recently with an archaeological friend,^ it was suggested to me, who, though a petrologist, have taken, and still take, much interest in archaeological matters, that it would be of value to explain to archaeologists, who, it may be assumed, know little or nothing of petrography, the principles on which such conclusions rest, the methods of exam- ination of a given specimen, and how great a degree of confi- dence may be placed in the identification of the source of the material of a statue. I shall confine myself to the marbles, both on account of their importance as artistic material, and because a discussion of them will elucidate many of the principles involved.
This discussion seems the more called for since it is the opinion of some archaeologists, in which the writer concurs,
1 Mr. Edward Robinson, to whom I am indebted, as well as to Professors
J. R. Wheeler and F. B. Tarbell, for kindly advice and criticism.
American Joarnal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the \
Archaeological Institute of Anneriea, Vol. II (1S08), Nos. 1, 2.
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2 HENRY 8. WASHINGTON
that too much confidence has been placed in such identifica- tions. These have, in nearly all cases (with the exception of Lepsius's work), been made with no adequate knowledge of the facts or methods necessary for correct judgment, and, in certain instances, have led to the holding of diametrically opposed views by leading authorities, as in the cases of a Satyr in the Louvre,^ and the Medici Torso ' in the JEcole des Beaux Arts.
By far the most important work which has been done that aims at the identification of the localities of marbles by means of scientific methods, is that of Lepsius.^ In this he discusses the marbles of Greek quarries and of the sculptures in the Athenian and other Greek museums, from a petrographical standpoint, and his paper has deservedly had great influence with all archaeolo- gists. But, while I cannot speak with the authority of Dr. Lep- sius, who had many opportunities for the study of Greek marbles and made excellent use of them, and while I recognize the high character of his work and its utility if judiciously applied, yet it seems to me that too much stress has been laid on this work in applying similar ideas elsewhere, and that general conclu- sions have been drawn by others which are not warranted by the facts, or by the principles involved. Archaeologists, either forgetting or not knowing the detailed character of the work done by Lepsius, and the necessity of such work for these inves- tigations, have been inclined to use a rule of thumb method in dealing with the place of origin of marbles. To state the case broadly, any large-grained, highly translucent marble is put down as Parian, or, at least, Island marble ; one that is finer grained but translucent, especially if weathering with a yellow tone, is called Pentelic ; while a very fine-grained, snowy- white marble is called Carrara. Now it cannot be denied that such identifications may be, and often are, correct, but again — and this is the contention of this paper — they may not be, and it is
1 Brutin, Deutsche Hundschau, XXXI, 1882, pp. 200 ff. ; Furtwiingler, Maf- terpieces (Eng. ed.), p. 330.
2 Friederichs-Wolters, Oipsabgilsse, 476 ; Furtwangler, Intermezzi, p. 18. 8 Lepsius, Griechische jUarmorstudien, Berlin, 1890.
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surely unscientific and un\yise to act upon the assumption that one of two views is correct, when either may be.
Let us now see what marble is, that we may be in a better position to discuss the matter.
Rocks, to begin at the beginning, may be formed in one of several ways. They may result from the solidification of molten material, e.ff. lavas, basalt, granite, and diorite. They may be formed by the deposition of water-borne sediment, and the subsequent action of hardening and consolidating pro- cesses (physical and chemical), as clay slates, sandstone, and pudding-stone, or by the consolidation of loose material, as tuffs and breccias. They may be the product of vegetable or animal growth, as coal, chalk, and limestone. Again, they may result from the precipitation of matter from solutions, as many iron ores, travertines, and vein rocks. Lastly, all of these kinds of rocks may be changed by great pressure and heat very radically both in chemical and mineralogical composition, as well as still more in physical structure. In these cases, the rock mass generally becomes more crystalline, and a laminated structure is often produced, such as we see in the schists and gneisses.
Such changes, which geologists call metamorphic, may be brought about in one of two ways. A mass of molten, igneous rock may break up through overlying beds, metamorphosing the latter, this action being due largely to the heat, as well as to certain chemical reactions which it is unnecessary to explain here. The change in these cases of local or contact metamor- phism is comparatively limited in extent. The second kind, which is known as regional metamorphism, is due largely to the great heat and pressure produced during movements in the earth's crust. The earth is a cooling body, according to general belief, and, as it cools, it contracts. In the readjust- ment, the crust over large areas is squeezed, cracked, folded, and contorted to an extent which is almost inci-edible to the layman, who regards rocks as rigid bodies, incapable of being squeezed, folded, and made to flow like wax in the fingers.
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Now to come back to our marbles. These are composed essentially of grains of crystalline calcite (calcium carbonate), with smaller amounts of other matter. They belong to the metamorphic rocks ; i.e. they were not originally as we now see them, but owe their present characters to one of the two processes just described. By many observations, all over the globe, it has been well established that they were originally limestone — a non-crystalline or subcrystalline rock composed of the calcareous remains of organisms, such as molluscs, corals, crinoids, or foraminifera. In many cases limestones show even to the naked eye the forms of their component organic remains, or else, as in chalk, these are easily seen with the microscope. Again, these are so much broken up by vari- ous processes, such as their mutual attrition in the water in wliich they lived and died, that but little remains of their organic structure. Here the rock is fine-grained and compact to the eye, and even under the microscope shows only a con- fused mass of small translucent grains which have little definite action on polarized light.
When, however, limestones have been subjected to meta- morphic action, a striking clmnge is observed. The more com- plete the metamorphism, the more the organic forms tend to disappear, and the larger and clearer become the grains, until the final product — marble — is seen to consist of interlocking grains of clear, colorless, transparent calcite. These grains are crossed by many fine straight lines and bands due to cleavage and a peculiar crystalline structure known as twinning, and they exert a strong and definite effect on polarized light. The non-calcareous portions of the limestone are also changed. In white marble the carbonaceous organic matter has been de- stroyed, while in the gray and black varieties, much of it is left in minute diffused particles which give the color to the mass. The other constituents have crystallized, — the iron oxide to hematite or limonite, and other substances into various minerals, as mica and garnet.
The limestones from which marbles have been made have
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IDENTIFICATION OF MARBLES 5
been formed (with some exceptions) from organic growths.^ The molluscs, corals, etc., have flourished, died, and their remains have been broken up, year after year, at the bottom of seas, estuaries, or lakes, which were often of vast extent. Through changes in the surrounding land surface, fresh water might flow into the salt sea or estuary, or vice vena^ the sea might be mingled with fresh lake- water, either event inducing a change in the fauna on the bottom. Or again, through freshets or the breaking away of some barrier, silt or sand might be brought down into previously clear water, destroying some organisms, and mingling its mineral constituents with the more purely calcareous remains of living beings. Such changes might alternate, or the general course of life remain uniform for long periods ; but eventually the beds would be covered, hardened, and perhaps raised and changed by meta- morphism into crystalline marble.
From this brief sketch several facts are evident. In the first place, deposits of marble may be found in any region where the proper conditions — organic iuid inorganic — have obtained. In the next place, they may vary in thickness from a few inches to thousands of feet, and in area from hundreds of square yards to hundreds of square miles. Again, these masses may be uniform throughout their extent, or they may vary in character within comparatively short distances. Again, since the organisms, or at least the substances of which their remains are composed, together with the smaller amounts of sand and silt which may be mixed with them, are much the same the world over, and since the processes by which the beds were laid and consolidated were also much the same, it is evident that we may expect to find closely similar, if not indis- tinguishable, rocks in different localities. We may find similar uniform beds, or we may find similar differences in the char- acters of near-by beds, in each place.
1 There is still some discussion as to this, several authors considering many of the limestones to have been formed by chemical precipitation. This, how- ever, would have no effect on the general line of argument, as will be seen.
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The matter is both complicated and simplified by the influ- ence of metamorphism. It is complicated because the results of this action are not always the same, while varying between rather narrow limits in the case of the rocks under discussion. These depend on many conditions, such as the amount of pressure, the thickness and size of the beds, their geological position, temperature, presence or absence of water, etc. In the case of local metamorphism, the limestone is more and more marmorized the nearer we approach the igneous centre, so that near this mass we may get a perfectly crystalline, statu- ary marble, while a short distance away the rock may preserve the indeterminate character of limestone. In regional meta- morphism, also, parts of the mass may be much more altered than others, as is well seen, for instance, in the Vermont marble region. But these varying conditions of metamor- phism are, like the varying conditions of deposition, much the same the world over; none of them are peculiar to Greece, Italy, or any other region, so that they do not invalidate in the least the general conclusion of the last paragraph, that similar rocks are to be expected in different localities.
But, on the other hand, metamorphism also simplifies the matter. Its tendency, at least in the case of marbles, is to obliterate original differences.^ The definite and easily recog- nized forms of the organic remains and the bedded structure become lost in marble in a mass of irregular calcite grains. Where, before, the palaeontologist could have determined the genera and species of the individuals nothing is left but clear, colorless, angular particles and grains. Occasionally evidences of the bedding are to be traced in layers of micaceous material, which give a tendency to the marble to split along definite planes, as is seen in some Pentelic marbles, and in such varieties as the Carystian used for the columns of the temple of Anto- ninus and Faustina in Rome. But even these are much con-
1 This tendency is well exemplified in other metamorphic rocks, as schists and gneisses, where, in many cases, it is impossible to determine whether the original rock was igneous or sedimentary.
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IDENTIFICATION OF MARBLES 7
totted, and are often due to pressure and not to bedding. This tendency towards homogeneity is unfortunate for the purposes of the archaeologist, because since each region has its own fairly well defined and peculiar fauna, if their remains were preserved, the palaeontologist would be of immense assist- ance in determining provenance.
But there is still another factor making for uniformity, one already briefly noted, but which should be emphasized. This is the simplicity of the chemical composition of limestones and of their successors, the marbles. They are essentially carbon- ate of lime, occasionally with notable quantities of carbonate of magnesia, but with other substances, as silica, alumina, and oxides of iron, in comparatively small amount. This is especially true of statuary marbles, which are all nearly chemi- cally pure calcium carbonate.
The above considerations, it is true, are generally applicable to marbles, but, it must be remarked that we do find instances of marbles from certain localities which have no known ana- logues, and whose provenance can be predicated with a fair degree of safety. These are the colored and " fancy " marbles. With the great differences of color and of brecciated or veined structure which these present, there is an almost infinite num- ber of recognizable varieties, and in these cases we are not left in much doubt as to where the block in question was quarried, if we know where quarries furnishing such rock exist, or above all, if we know that such quarries were worked in antiquity. But these marbles are exceptional, and only in comparatively late and unimportant periods of art were used for sculpture. Their use was mainly architectural, and with such material we have little to do here.
Coming back to statuary marbles we see that the field has been greatly narrowed. It is evident that a priori we may expect to meet with identical marbles coming from diverse localities. It may be urged, however, that possibly there are differences, slight indeed, but still discernible, which will enable us to distinguish between two marbles — say a Pentelic and a
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Parian. From the simplicity of chemical and mineralogical composition the possibility of distinctive chemical^ and miner- alogical* differences may be dismissed at the outset, and we have to fall back on physical differences. From what has preceded it is manifest that such differences in statuary marbles will be small, even between extreme types ; to the naked eye a difference in the size or translucency of grain, both within very narrow limits, slight differences in the manner of weathering, a difference in the tone, whether a slightly bluish or a yellowish white, and such small matters.
It soon becomes evident to any one examining marbles from this point of view, if he is not satisfied with haphazard guesses (for many of the so-called identifications deserve no better name), that some means must be employed which will enable us to study the minuter characters of the specimen. This means is furnished us by the microscope and the methods of modern petrography, which may be briefly described before we touch upon what they reveal to us and discuss the identificatory value of the revelations.
In order to study a rock under the microscope, it is neces- sary, not merely to polish one surface, but to employ a slice, or section, made as thin as possible, in order that light may be transmitted through it. This is accomplished by grinding down flat chips on both sides, by means of emery, first on iron plates or wheels, and then on glass, and finally mounting with Canada balsam on glass slides. The process is laborious and requires considerable manual dexterity ; but when successful, the resulting rock section is not more than two or three hun- dredths of a millimetre in thickness, and, except for opaque
1 Lepsius {op. cit. p. 18) states that Pentelic marble is distinguished from all other Greek marbles through its content of iron oxide — his analysis showinj; 0.12 per cent. On p. 33, however, he states that the Dolian^ marble has the same amount as Pentelic. The coincidence of figures is, of course, pure chance, but any one acquainted with rock analyses knows that the impurities in such cases are always variable, even in the same ma.ss, and not at all distinctive.
2 r^epsius^s remarks on the identificatory value of quartz grains and a bitumi- nous odor are of interest in this connection. {Op. cit. pp. 18-19.) He points out that these are of no use for the purpose of identification.
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IDENTIFICATION OF MARBLES 9
minerals, is translucent, and in places transparent. In such sections powers of from thirty to one hundred diameters, which are generally used, reveal the minute structural and other characteristics, and, with the aid of polarized light, the component minerals may be definitely and accurately deter- mined.
Now, what do we find to be the characters of various marbles when thus examined ? Lepsius has described the appearance of various Greek marbles in the paper already cited, and addi- tional details, as well as photographic reproductions, may be found in another of his works. ^ But that the archaeologist may understand the matter more fully, as well as for the sake of completeness, it may be worth while to go into the matter with some detail. To aid in the descriptions, drawings are annexed of various types of microscopic structure met with among statuary marbles ; but these are necessarily crude and diagrammatic, and fail to reproduce the delicacy and detail of the originals. It must be premised, however, that these de- scriptions and drawings convey but very imperfect and inade- quate ideas of what is seen by the eye, and it may be urged that an hour spent in looking over the sections of marble and limestone of some geological or petrographical confrere will be amply repaid, by giving one a just idea of the possibilities and limitations incident to such an investigation.
Let us begin with the most crystalline marble, such as the best Parian (Fig. 1). This is wholly composed of fairly uni- form grains of clear, colorless calcite, which average 1 mm. to 2 mm. in diameter, though a few run up to 3 mm. and even 5 mm. The grains are of irregular shape, and definite, straight-edged crystal outlines are wanting. They " inter- lock," i.e. they abut against each other closely, leaving no vacant space, and the projections and concavities of one grain fit snugly into corresponding concavities and projections of the adjacent grains. This is what is called a uniform, granular structure, and might be compared with polygonal masonry laid
* Lepsius, Geologie von Attikat Berlin, 1893.
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HENRY 8, WASHINGTON
Figure 1. — Parian Marble. Ordinary Light, x 20.
Figure 2. — Parian Marble. Polarized Light,
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IDENTIFICATION OF MABBLE8 11
without mortar. In the best "lychnites" the grains of calcite are free from impurity, but in the poorer kinds of Parian marble they include small specks of dark iron ore and other substances, the total amount of these being very small. The calcite grains are traversed by fine straight lines, due to cleav- age (splitting) along certain planes, and in polarized light are seen to be divided into parallel light and dark bands, — the twinned structure already mentioned, — both of these being largely due to the pressure causing the metamorphism. If the sections are of the proper tenuity, brilliant colors are seen in polarized light ; but in general the sections are not thin enough, and the coloi-s are shades of bright gray (Fig. 2).
In the next figure (Fig. 3) we see a section of Lower Pentelic marble. This shows also some large, clear grains, together with smaller, less clear ones. But these last are not arranged in streaks, but are scattered more or less uniformly among the larger ones, thus breaking up the light, and giving to Pentelic marble its whiter color and less degree of trans- parency as compared with Parian. This structure might be roughly compared with polygonal masonry, with small stones fitted in the crevices between the larger.
In another example (Fig. 4) we find much the same thing, only here the large, clear grains are few and scattered widely through a mosaic of small ones, the structure being what is called porphyritic.
In the finest-grained marbles we find the large calcites fewer still in number and the fine-grained mosaic largely prepon- derating, until in the limestones proper we get only a confused aggregate of minute grains of calcite, showing no cleavage or twinning, and with impurities much more abundant. In the less changed limestones, finally, we see the actual organic remains embedded in a fine calcareous mud.
It must be remarked that the types figured here are extreme, or rather distinctive of several of the prominent structures met with. They are not separated in nature as sharply as might be supposed from the few and distinct examples given, but grade
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FiQURK 3. — PuNTELic Marble. Ordinary Light, x 20.
Figure 4. — Marble of Porphyritic Structure. Ordinary Light, x 20.
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IDENTIFICATION OF MARBLES 18
into one another, often in the same rock mass, through innu- merable and diverse transition forms.
From the above description, however inadequate, the reader will gather that the physical differences between one marble and another are neither very great nor very distinctive. It is evident also that they are not fundamental, but are due to the variation of conditions in intensity or degree rather than in kind, when we find that these structures are not separable into hard and fast groups, but grade into one another. This is true whether we examine many specimens from various localities, or suites of specimens from the same mass. The greater part of Parian marble belongs to the first-described type, but some marbles from Paros, according to Lepsius, possess other charac- ters. At the quarries of Mt. Pentelicus, most of the marble is of a structure similar to that shown in Fig. 3, but here again we find in places coarse-grained varieties which much resemble some Parian.^
But the characters of any marble are not peculiar to itself or to the locality, — no marble is iui generis, — but they all may be, and in many cases demonstrably are, the character- istics of marbles from other localities. This is the keynote of this paper, and the basis on which I put in a plea for greater caution in our methods and judgments when dealing with this question. We are not dealing here with the products of human activity or human intelligence, so infinitely varied, each with its own individuality and capacity of impressing some of its marks on its followers ; nor with fauna and flora, distinctive of the region which has produced them through the manifold and complex conditions of their existence ; but we are dealing with inanimate masses, among the simplest of the rocks of the globe, whose characters vary only within narrow limits, and which are the products of comparatively few and simple forces and con- ditions that duplicate themselves at times and in many places.
It is a matter of very great regret to me that I cannot, at present, bring before the reader any specific instances to clinch
1 Lepsius, Marmorstudien, p. 16.
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the matter ; cases where, for instance, marbles from two widely- distant localities are identical and indistinguishable the one from the other. As I do not possess an adequate collection of material illustrating the subject, I can only discuss the matter from general geological principles. These, it is true, would naturally not appeal to the archaeologist as strongly as to the geologist, and are, therefore, less convincing than the citation of specific instances would be. In so far as this is time, my object is unattained ; but, that archaeologists may judge for themselves of the weight of such general principles, I may cite an instance in the domain of petrography outside of marbles.
This, the most striking which has come to my notice, and one which has an important archaeological and ethnological bearing, is the investigation by Clarke and Merrill ^ of objects of jadeite and nephrite in the United States National Museum. The examinations were made both chemically and petrograph- ically on a rich variety of objects from Alaska, Mexico, Central America, Siberia, Switzerland, New Zealand, and other places. They found that, both chemically and mineralogically, nephrites from Alaska, Switzerland,. New Zealand, New Caledonia, and Siberia were practically indistinguishable, and the same held good for jadeite from Mexico, Costa Rica, and Burmah. Their conclusions, as far as they relate to the subject under discussion, are worthy of being quoted in full : *
" As regards the possibility of distinguishing by means of thin sections and the microscope between neplirites from vari- ous sources, a majority of the authorities consulted (and among them are those who have devoted much time to the subject, and who, having critically examined a large number of slides, are capable of rendering opinions of value) appear to favor the view that this is practicable. As for ourselves, with our present experience, we confess to a feeling of scepticism. The pres- ence or absence of enclosures of diopside, magnetite, or ferru-
1 Clarke and Merrill, *0n Nephrite and Jadeite,' Proc, U, S. Nat. Mtts., 1888, p. 115.
'^ Clarke and Merrill, op, cU, p. 129.
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IDENTIFICATION OF MARBLES 15
ginous oxides, the condition of these oxides, whether ferric or ferrous, the varying tufted, bent, confused fibrous and even granular condition of the constituent parts, are all, together with the color variations and other structural peculiarities, matters of too slight import to be of weight from a petro- graphic standpoint. If, as seems possible, the majority of the nephrites are of secondary origin, why may we not expect to find all, or at least a great variety, of the structures described in the same or closely adjacent rock masses ? Chemical analy- sis on samples from near-lying, or even the same, localities are often found to vary as greatly as those from localities widely separated. Why may we not expect the same structural vari- ations when once they are carefully looked for ? To our own minds sufficient assurance that the widely scattered jadeite and nephrite objects were derived from many independent sources, and possess no value whatever in the work of tracing the migra- tion and intercommunication of races, lies in the fact that these substances are comparatively common constituents of meta- morphic rocks, and hence liable to be found anywhere where these rocks occur. Their presence is as meaningless as would be the finding of a piece of graphite. The natives required a hard, tough substance capable of receiving and retaining a sharp edge and polish, and took it wherever it was to be found."
Another example, in the writer's experience, is that of certain lavas of Aegina and Methana, which so closely resemble some of those from our western states that it is practically impossible to tell them apart, even by the microscope. Indeed, many instances of the sort might be given, and so generally is this recognized that only in exceptional cases would a petrographer venture to name the locality of a given specimen of rock.
In the foregoing pages the subject has been treated in a general way, and the conclusion is that, speaking broadly, no very positive or trustworthy information as to source can be obtained from the examination of the material of sculptures. But there is another and less general aspect, the consideration of which must not be neglected.
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In dealing with the works of art of any ancient peoples, such as the Greeks and Romans, our horizon is notably contracted by several considerations. In the first place, the possible num- ber of localities of material is limited by the geographical extensions of these races, and their connections, commercial and military. In the next place, we can assume as natural that for most works of art suitable material from near-by localities would be used rather than from those at a distance. This would hold true especially of the less important objects and of the more humble artists. A third and important con- sideration is that certain marbles, — often more fashionable, — as par excellence the Parian, were favorites with sculptors, who would use these, even if they had to be imported at consider- able expense, in preference to marbles nearer to hand.
In examining, then, the material of any given statue, with the object of determining whence the material was derived, all these facts must be taken into consideration. The known facts as to the provenance of the statue itself would have great influence on our conclusions and their probable correctness.
If we are dealing, as Lepsius was, witli works of art largely of no great importance at the time of their creation, and nearly- all from localities in the neighborhood of extensively worked quarries, the problem is greatly simplified, and our conclusions fairly trustworthy. If the characters of the marbles of the Attic tomb reliefs agree with those of the known Pentelic quarries, or that of many of the archaic female figures of the Acropolis with that of Faros, or that of the pediment figures from the temple of Athena Alea with that of the ancient quarries at Doliana, we can feel reasonably safe in drawing the conclusion that these works were made of marble from these quarries. They are the natural sources in each case, and if the characters agree, our chain of reasoning is strong, though by no means perfect.
But it is a different matter when we are dealing with statues of unknown ultimate provenance, (as is the case with the majority of the sculptures in the European museums out-
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IDENTIFICATION OF MARBLES 17
side of Greece^) or from localities in the neighborhood of which no white marble is quarried. For instance, in the case of the Satyr of the Louvre already cited (page 2), which was found on the Palatine, are we justified in asserting with Brunn that it is Parian, or with Furtwangler that it is " possibly Thasian, but certainly not Parian"? Again, Furtwangler is, according to the views expressed above, expressing himself more strongly than the facts warrant, when he says of the Medici Torso,^ **Zunachst ist der Marmor nicht . . . carrarisch, sondern, wie schon Botticher und Michaelis sahen, pentelisch, und zwar sind die Eigenschaften des pentelischen Marmors an vielen stellen 80 unverkennbar^ dass nach dieser Richtung gar kein Zweifel mehr beitehen kann. Es ist ein gewaltiger, ausgesucht schoner Block pentelischen Materiales."
No information is given by any of these authorities which leads us to believe that any examination other than a superficial one was made of the material, and the fact is that in such cases we are launched on a sea of conjecture, where the petrographer is of little use to the archaeologist. On the one hand we have the known facts that certain marbles were highly prized and most used by the ancients, and also often that the characters of the material of our statue agree — at least superficially — with those of one of the well-known varieties. On the other hand, we know that many other districts than Paros, Mt. Pentelicus, Carrara, etc., furnished marbles which were also used to a cer- tain (and generally unknown) extent — at least locally. Some of these localities we know, while of others we are absolutely ignorant. Furthermore, the examination of Greek and Roman statues, from this point of view, has never been, witli the excep- tion of Lepsius's work, of such a character as to justify any confidence in its results; and lastly, even were such difficult, tedious, and minute examinations made in each case by special- ists, they would furnish us with little safe basis for argument, for the reasons set forth in the preceding pages.
The outcome of the present discussion, then, is, that all argu- 1 Furtwftngler, Intermezzi, p. 18. The italics are mine.
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18 EENRY 8. WASHINGTON
ments based on the evidence furnished by examination of the material of sculptures should be received with the greatest caution. Such evidence should only be produced after careful petrographical examination and comparison both of the sculp- ture itself and of all the possible quarries available whence such marble might come. Its value at best, even in such cases as those of the Attic tomb reliefs or the Tegean pediment figures, is but corroborative of the evidence of style, technique, etc., which furnish the safest basis on which to build arguments as to the provenance of the finished object. The importance and reliability of these grow with the increase of our know- ledge, while, unfortunately, as our knowledge of the ancient marbles and their quarries increases, just so much does the uncertainty of our deductions therefrom increase.
Henry S. Washington.
Locust, N.J.
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American Sri)ooI of Classical StuDries in Eome
A CAPITAL FROM THE TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOLINUS IN ROME
The temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, an imposing ruin in the Middle Ages, later so completely disappeared from view that its very site was forgotten. To-day, however, the materials are being gradually recovered to enable us to picture the build- ing to our imagination. Citations from classical authors, images on coins, sculptured reliefs, and sketches of reliefs now lost have been used to fill out the picture. Any fragment, there- fore, that can be identified as belonging to the temple itself has special interest.
The first important identification was that of the substruct- ure. In 1865 portions of ancient walls were discovered in the Caffarelli gardens by the Prussian minister Herr Schlozer and published by Comm. Rosa,^ but the significance and importance of the discovery was not then properly understood. The exca- vations of 1875 and 1876, as interpreted by Lanciani and Jordan, established beyond a doubt that these walls constituted part of the substructure of the famous temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Their Etruscan character is highly probable, since they are com- posed of local tufa blocks measuring about 0.32 m. x 0.60 m. X 0.70m., and are set with "headers" and "stretchers" in alternate horizontal layers. Enough remains to show that they carried a triple row of columns for the pronaos and a row of columns for each of the pteromata. These substructures seem to date from the earliest foundation of the temple by the Tarquins and to have served the same purpose through the
^ Annali, 1865, p. 382 ; Mon, d. Inst. VIII, tav. xxiii, 2.
AmerietD Joarntl of Archaoolofi^y, Second Series. Journal of the 19
Archwologleal Institote of America, Vol. II (1698), Nob. 1. 2.
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20 ALLAN MAUqUAND
successive restorations by Sulla, Augustus, Vespasian, and Domitian.
While of the substructure no inconsiderable portion still remains, the superstructure has disappeared and its place is occupied by the palace and gardens of the German Embassy. Possibly the palace walls contain much that survived the rav- age of fire and the assaults of the Vandals. But what has become of the marble columns and entablature? The lime-
FlGLRE 1. — StYLOBATE OF THE TeMPLE OF JuPITER CaPITOLINUS.
kiln, the marble-yafd, and the sculptor's atelier may be to a large extent responsible for their disappearance, but it is not improbable that the Capitol hill itself and its surroundings still conceal important fragments. The means of reconstructinir the columns, however, is already near at hand. A fragment of the base of one of these columns was recovered in the excava- tion of 1875 and placed in the garden of the German Institute.^ It is unfortunately no longer there. Professor Petersen in- 1 Jordan, Topographie der Stadt Horn, I, ii, p. 72, note 69.
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A CAPITAL FHOM TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOLINUS 21
formed me that it had been presented to the municipal govern- ment of Rome, but where it is at present I have been unable to discover. It is described as an Attic base, the form usually employed by the Romans for columns of the Ionic and Corin- thian order. According to Professor Hiilsen's recollection, this fragment exhibited little more than one torus and scotia. It was said to be of Pentelic marble. In the form of the mouldings we cannot be far wrong in assuming that this base differed little from the bases of the columns of the Temple of Vespasian.^
Fragments of huge shafts of columns were discovered in the Caffarelli Gardens on November 7, 1875, and still exist in the small court behind the Sala Rotonda of the Conservatori Museum. The largest fragment is embedded in the wall which separates the Conservatori court from the German Embassy. It is of a fine Pentelic marble, white mottled with violet. The preservation of the shaft is not such as to make very exact measurements possible. The channellings, as well as I could judge, measure 0.180 m. in width ; the arrises can be measured more exactly and are 0.045 m. wide. Thus the channellings, from centre to centre, measure 0.225 m. Tliis is one centi- metre less than the measurements taken by the architect Schup- mann^ in 1876. Assuming that the shaft had twenty-four channellings, its circumference at this point would be 5.40 m.; in other words, this drum of the shaft has at this point a diame- ter of about 1.72 m.
On March 12, 1897, the workmen who were engaged on the new road or pathwiiy to the Via di Monte Tarpeo uncovered a fragment of an immense Corinthian capital. It was discovered in front of the new stables of the (ierman Embassy, across the Via di Monte Tarpeo, directly opposite the doorway marked No. 32. It lay a little below the surface on the edge of the cliff, but had not rolled down. The place where the fragment was discovered was only a few yards from the platform of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. The 1 See Figure 3. ^Annali, 1876, p. 151.
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22 ALLAN MARQUAND
material of the fragment is a fine Pentelic marble, now covered with a rust-colored patina. Owing to this covering I could not discover any of the violet veins which characterized the marble of the shaft. That the marble is Pentelic is an opinion shared also by Professor Lanciani and by Cav. Apollonj, the sculptor, who has a thorough knowledge of Greek and Italian marbles. The character of the marble points to a connection with the base and shaft, already noted, which have, on this ground mainly, been identified with the Pentelic columns of
FlGURK 2. — FllAOMEXT OK A CoRINTHIAN CAPITAL.
the final restoration of the temple by Domitian.^ It is usually assumed that only Domitian's temple had columns of this quality of marble, whereas this is not a necessary con- clusion from Plutarch's statement. In fact, if there be any foundation for the tradition of Sulla's having transported from Athens a column from the Temple of Zeus Olympius, the earliest as well as the latest restoration of the Temple of Jupiter may have been of Pentelic marble. It is, however, possible that Augustus or Vespasian used marble of some other
* Plutarch, Poplic. 16 : oZ kIopcs U toO neyreXijffip h-yL-fidrtaav \l$ov, xdWiffra
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A CAPITAL FROM TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOLINUS 23
sort. We naturally think of Carrara marble in this connection, for the native quarries began to be extensively used in the time of Augustus, and the employment of Greek marble by Domi- tian seems to have impressed Plutarch as a fact worthy of notice. There is still another supposition. Parian marble was extensively imported in the early Empire ; in fact, the large fragments of a beautifully decorated architrave and of a cornice, which still lie on the Capitoline hill along the Via delle Tre Pile, are of Parian marble. Possibly the columns of the restoration by Augustus or Vespasian were of Parian marble. In any event, the fact that the fragment of a capital recently discovered is of Pentelic marble identifies it probably, though not necessarily, as belonging to Domitian's temple.
That this capital belonged to the Temple of Jupiter is sub- stantiated not only by the site of the discovery and the quality of the marble, but also by its size, which is much too large for the columns of the other temples of the Capitol, but well suits shafts of this temple. The calathuB or basket-like kernel of this capital has a diameter of 1.54 m. Measured from the surface of the lily in front to the surface of the lily on the opposite side of the capital, the diameter is 1.74 m. The upper diameter of the shaft cannot vary much in either direction from the diameter of the calafhus of the capital. Now the fragment of a shaft in the Conservatori courtyard has, according to our calculation, a diameter of 1.72 m., and was therefore, in all probability, not a portion of the extreme summit of the shaft. If we assume, therefore, that the upper diameter of the shaft measures about 1.54 m., then the lower diameter would be about 1.84 m. That this was approximately the size of the lower diameter of the shaft might also be inferred from the calculated diameter of the base. Jordan informs us ^ that an architect estimated the base as having a diameter of 2.26 m. If we assume this to be the diameter of the upper torus, then the lower diameter of the column would be about 1.89 m. So we may infer that the fragment of the base was probably a 1 Topog. I, ii, p. 72, note 69.
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24 ALLAN MARQUAND
fragment of the upper torus, and that the fragment of a shaft in the Conservator! court was not from the summit, though from above the middle of the shaft. The total height of the column may be calculated as 18.211 m., divided as follows :
Height of base (including plinth) = 0.981 in. Height of shaft = 16.007 ni.
Height of capital = 2.173 m.
These dimensions we have derived from the lower diameter bj*- assuming that the proportions of the column were similar to those of the Temple of Vespasian, the dimensions of which are given by Taylor and Creasy, Architectural Antiquities of Rome,^ Vol. II, Plates Ixxix-lxxxiii. The height of the fragment of the capital is about 0.63 m. If we assume that this represents from a third to a quarter of the total height of the capital, we should reach a similar estimate for the total height of the capital.
We have to consider, finally, the style of the capital. The acanthus leaves are so damaged as to give us little aid. The chief point of comparison is the lily or lotus flower that forms the central decoration. This is blocked out with great sim- plicity. Similar simplicity of outline and modelling of the lily will hardly be found in any Corinthian capital in Rome, except in the capitals of the Temple of Vespasian. This temple was erected to Vespasian by his son Domitian, and its columns and entablature seem to have undergone little alteration when the temple was restored by Severus and Caracalla.
We may, therefore, regard the capitals of Domitian's temple to Vespasian as our standard and guide for reconstructing the capitals of his Temple to Jupiter Capitolinus. What is more natural than that Domitian should have employed the same architect in each case ?
In the drawing known as Ursinianus Vaticanus 3439 f . 83, published by Hulsen,^ a corner capital of the temple of Jupiter is figured as having an eagle perched upon it. This device we meet with in all the capitals of the Portico of Octavia, and it
1 From this work (Vol. II, pi. Ixxxi) is taken our Figure 3.
2 Mm. Mitth., 1889, p. 251.
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A CAPITAL FROM TEMPLE OF JUPITER CAPITOLINUS 25
seems possible that an architect of the time of Augustus may have introduced it here also as peculiarly appropriate to the temple of Jupiter. But the fragment of a capital discovered in March enables us to say that in Domitian's restoration an
Figure 3. — Capital of the Temple of Vespasian.
eagle could only have been retained in the corner capitals ; it
could not have figured on the front of a capital as it would
have obliterated the central lily. Tlie capitals, therefore, in
all probability varied little in style from those of the Temple
of Vespasian.
Allan Marquand.
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Slmerican School of Classical Stutiies in ISiomt
THE EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS
No one has hitherto undertaken a thorough investigation in regard to the extent to which the ancient Roman historians made use of epigraphical monuments.^ Of those who have written on the sources of Suetonius, Maffei^ has given some attention to the inscriptions actually occurring in the text ; Schweiger^ has merely mentioned the Monumentum Ancyra- num (p. 13), the Fiisti (p. 19), and the public monuments (pp. 24, 26); Krause* refers only in a general way to the Fasti, acta publica, monumenta (pp. 29, 30, 35, 42, 53-55, 58, 75), and to the Monumentum Ancyranum, which, he remarks, Sue- tonius " summa cum diligentia consuluit " ; H. Lehmann ^ treats briefly of the epigraphical sources of Suetonius with special reference to the Monumentum Ancyranum; likewise Egger in a discussion of the historians of the time of Augustus^ (pp. 270-272), Baumgarten-Crusius in his edition of Suetonius " (III, p. 714 f.), and Roth in his edition of Suetonius (p. xv).
Inscriptions are rightly regarded by modern historians as aflFording invaluable evidence for the understanding of ancient life and the unravelling of ancient history. This is apparent to one familiar with the works of Th. Mommsen, for example, who in this field is easily doctorum princepB. Ancient histo-
1 Cf. Hlibner's remark in Ivan v. MuUer's Handbuch, I, p. 628 (Jin.).
2 Ara critica Lapid lib. II, cap. II, pp. 43 f.
' Defontibus atqxte auctoritate vitarum Xlllmperatorum Suetonii, GOttingen, 1830.
* De C Suetonii Tramjuilli fontibus et auctoritate^ Berlin, 1831. ' Claudius und Xero uud ihrr Zeit^ Gotha, 1858, pp. 50-53.
• Examen des hiatoriens nnciens du rhjne d^Auguate^ Paris, 1844.
' Published at Turin, 1823-26.
American Journal of Archaoolojrv. Second Series. Jottrnal of the 20
Archaeological Institute of Auierica, Vol. II (IbOS), Nob. 1, 8.
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THE EPIGRAPHIC SOUBCES OF SUETONIUS 27
rians, as well, were able to avail themselves of the evidence of inscriptions if they chose to do so, though in the time of Sue- tonius the extant documentary evidence was doubtless more abundant and more easily accessible.
In the first place, an examination of the text of Suetonius will be helpful in determining how communicative the historian is, in general, with regard to the sources from which he drew.
There are many passages that refer in a general way to the source, e.g. scribunt quidam (^Aug. 15); ut quidam putant (^Tib. 9, Oal. 28); ut plurimi tradant (^Cal, 4); ut multi opinantur (^Otho 9); a nonnullis . . . proditum (^Aug. 3); ex nonnullis comperi (Jfero 29); iactatum a quibusdam (^Vesp. 16); constans opinio est (^Caes. 50); alii tradunt (^Cal, 25); originem alii aliam tradunt {Vit. 1); 9unt qui putent . . . alii opinantur (Cae9. 86); quidam tradunt . . . ; alii . . . diversa fama est. Multi . . • aiunt. Nonnulli . . . (Claud. 44); n>ec tamen de- sunt qui . - - scribant (Tib. 6), etc.
Frequently, remarks of different emperors^ are quoted di- rectly, in extracts that Suetonius presumably took from literary sources, e.g. Etiam nunc regredi possumus ; quod si ponticulum transierimus^ omnia armis agenda erunt (Caes. 31); Quintili Vare, legiones redde ! (Aug. 23) ; Ipsius verba sunt : Dum ve- niam ad id tempus^ quo vobis aequum possit videri dare vos ali- quam senectuti meae requiem (Tib. 24); (ut ipse dicebat) a^ioOpi- dfjL0€VTov (Cal. 47). Other direct quotations are to be found in Aug. 51, 99, Tib. 28, Claud, 16, Nero 49, Vesp. 8 ; and of un- known authoi*ship, Aug. 26, Cal. 8. Quotations of this charac- ter are very numerous. There are, for example, in the life of Augustus, nineteen direct quotations, of which fourteen are from the emperor himself; in the life of Tiberius, there are thirteen, nine being from Tiberius and one from Augustus. These quotations are now in verse, now in prose, sometimes in I^tin, and again in Greek.
Many passages quote, occasionally directly, more often in
^ Cf. Shuckburgh, C. Suetoni TranqxdlU Divua Augustus, Cambridge, 1896, pp. xxxi f.
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28 WALTER DENNISON
indirect discourse, from writera and historians, some of whom are obscure, others well known. Of those who are not known to us from other sources, or whose writings have entirely or almost entirely perished, may be mentioned Aquilius Niger (^Aug, 11), lunius Saturninus (^Aug. 27), C. Drusus (^Aug. 94), lulius Marathus (Aug. 79, 94), Cordus Cremutius (^Aug. 35), Cassius Severus (Vit, 2), Tanusius Geminus (^Caes, 9), M. Actorius Naso (Caes. 9, 52), Titus Ampins (^Caes. 77). Well- known authors quoted are Cicero, — de Officii% (^Caes. 30), JSpisL (^Caes. 49, Aug, 3), ad Brutum (Caes. 55, 56), three quotations being without definite reference to his works (^Cae%, 42, 50, Aug. 94); Cornelius Nepos (^Aug. 77); M. Antonius (Cae9. 52, Aug. 2, 4, 7, 10, 16, 63, 68, 69, 70); Asinius Pollio {Caes. 55, 56); Hirtius (^Caes. 56); Plinius Secundus (^Cal. 8). Suetonius made much use of the letters of the emperors in writing the liistorv of their lives. The letters of Augustus are quoted orat. red. fourteen times,^ several times at length. Some peculiarities 2 in Augustus's handwriting and language are noted by the historian (Aug. 87, 88). So, too, in the case of the letters of Caesar, Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, and Domitian, extracts^ are made or peculiarities noted. But Suetonius was familiar with different books and pamphlets published by the Caesars, as well as with their correspondence. He quotes a laudatio delivered by lulius Caesar (Caes. 6), mentions other works of his (Caes. 26), and discusses his Commentaries and their authorsliip (Caes. 56); he quotes directly an edict of Augustus (Aug. 28), and was acquainted with five of his works (Aug. 85); he made an extract from the autobiography of Tiberius (Tib. 61); used the histories written by Claudius (Claud. 21), as well as a certain pamphlet of his (ibid. 2), some orations (ibid. 38), and others of Claudius's works (ibid. 33, 38, 41, 42) ; he was familiar with a carmen written by Nero (Nero.
1 Aug. 51, 71 (3), 76 (3), 86, 02 ; Tib. 21 ; Cal. 8 ; Claud. 4 (3).
2 See below (p. 44), where passages are quoted proving that Suetonius had access to autograph letters of Augustus.
8 Caes. 26, 56 ; Tib. 67 ; Cal. 23 ; \ero, 23, 41 ; Do7n. 13.
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TUE EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 29
24); and he mentions a history composed by the grandfather of Galba as mvltiplicem nee incuriosam (^Galba^ 3).
Mention is made also of the acta publica and acta diuma (Tib. 5, CaL 8, Claud. 41), as sources of information, and of the acta %enatu8^ (^Aug. 5). A part of Aug. 58 seems to have been taken verbatim from the acta senatta.
Suetonius is careful to indicate the source when he relates the story told by his grandfather (^Cal. 19), or recounts the events of which his father ( Otho, 10) or he himself (^Dom. 12) was an eyewitness- There are also passages which indicate that Suetonius often took pains to consult different sources of information in regard to the same question, and that, after examining them all care- fully, he formed his own opinion in view of all the evidence. This is observed in his treatment of the origin of the Octavian family (^Aug. 2), and of the various accounts of the birthplace of Caligula (Cal. 8). We may here notice, too, the expres- sions ut equidem mirer (Aug, 3); omitto 9enatus consulta quia possunt videri vel necessitate expressa vel verecundia (Aug. 57) ; nee ego id notarem^ nisi mihi mirum videretur tradidisse aliquos . . . (Aug. 88); Scio vulgo persuatum. ... Ne illud quidem ignoro aliquos tradidisse. . . . Adduei tamen nequeo quin existi- mem . . . (Tib. 21) ; unde credo (Cal. 51) ; unde existim^ {Claud. 1); ipse ne vestigium quidem de hoc^ quamvis «aAJ^i curiose inquirerem, inveyii (Vesp. 1). He presents matters "'^' small importance (Claud. 1), ne praetermitterem quam verum aut veri simile putem. ,
In the light of this brief survey, we are able to undu jie<|ue to what extent Suetonius has expressly made mentic • writings and documents which he used as sources, fore, he has referred so freely to the writers to whr (lebted, and to the works from which he has madr ^^^ .,, may reasonably expect that he will as freely r<,,ni( iam potesta- scriptions, if he really used these as historical ]r"-i'iw*tuain recepit,
la sonit4 atque ite- * Cf. E. Hubner, De Senatus popiilique Romani actis, per singula lustra hiicherf. klass. Phil, (suppl. Baud, fiinftes Heft), I860, Voj^i,! n\\^[ cooptavit.
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30
WALTER DENNISON
THE MONUMENTUM ANCYRANUM AND SUETONIUS
In the discussion of the epigraphical sources, especially of the life of Augustus, we must consider, as of prime importance, the Monumentum Ancyranum. Suetonius's indebtedness to this inscription has been treated, other than by those men- tioned above (p. 27), by Mommsen in his edition (pp. ix, 1, 31, 60, 91, 182).^ That it may be better understood how far the language of Suetonius corresponds to that of the monument, I have subjoined the following table, in which I have introduced the text of the inscription so far as it deals with subject-matter transmitted also by Suetonius:
MOKUMKNTUM ANCTRAHUIC
1. Rerum gestarum divi Auguati, quibus orbem t6rra[rain] imperio popali Roin(ani} sttbiecit, et inpensarum, quas io rem publi- cam populumque Ro[ina]num fecit, incisarum in duabus aheneis pilis, quae 8u[ii]t Romae positae, exemplar 8ub[i]ectuin.
M.A, 1, 1-3
2. AnnoB undeviginti xiatus exercitum pri- TSto oonsilio et privata impenta oomparavi, per quem rem publicam [do]minatione factio- nis oppressam in libertatem yindica[vi].
SUETONIUS
Augustus, 101 . . . indicem rerum a se gestarum, quem vellet incidi in aeneis tabulis, quae anfce Mausoleum statuerentur.
Aug.S Atque ab eo tempore exercitibus comparatia . . . solus rem p. tenuit.
M,A, 1, 6, 7 3. Res publica n[e quid detri- i caperet, me] pro praetore cum coDsolibofl pro[yidere
|
M.A. 1, 1<«3 |
|
|
» |
parentem meum [inier- Qo]8 in ezilium expoli mis ultus eorum [fa]«i- % bellum inferentiB rei |
|
•s a]cie. |
|
|
, '1 \ 1. |
|
|
arofss t<» n |
• |
|
* Cat's. -' |
' ^*e$€Uitae Divi. |
Aug. 10 iussusque comparato exercitui pro praetore praeesse et cum Hirtio ac Pansa, qui consulatum snsceperant, D. Bruto opem ferre.
Aug. 10 nihil convenientius ducens quam necem avunculi vindicare tuerique acta, . . . Brutum Cassiumque . . . legibus adgredi reosque caedis ab- aentis deferre statuit.
Aug. 13 Philippense quoque helium . . . duplici proelio transegit.
*€$ GtMtat Divi Augusti, Berol. 1883.
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THE EPIGRAPUIC S0URCE8 OF SUETONIUS
81
M.A. 1, 13 5. B]ella terra et mari c[ivilia exter]naque toto in orbe terrarum 8[uscepi].
^ti^. 9 Bella civ ilia quinque
M.A. I, 21, 22 6. Bis] ovans trium- pha[Ti, tris egi cjurulis triumphos.
Aug. 22 Bis ovaus ingressus est urbem, post Philip- peuse et rui*su8 post Siculum bellum. Curulis triumphos tris egit, Delmaticuni, Actiacum, Alexaudrinum, coutinuo triduo omnes.
i^.^. I, 24, 25
7. Ob res a [me aut per legatos] meos auspicis meis terra m[aviqu]e pr[o]spere gestas, etc.
3/.-4.I,31, 32
8. Dictaturajm et apsent[i et praesenti raihi datam ... a populo et seiiatu M. Marcejllo e[t] L. Ar- [niDtio consulibus uoti accepi.
M.A. I, 31^-35
9. Noil recusavi in suiimia fru- menti p]enuri[a c]uratio[ne]m an- [nonae, qu]am ita ad[ministravi, ut . . . paucis diebu]s metu et per[i]c[lo quo erat populu]m uni- v[ersura meis impensis liberarem].
Aug. 21 Domuit aiitem partim ductu par- ti m auspiciis suis Cantabriam, Aqui- taniam, etc.
Aug. 52 Dictaturam magna vi offerente populo, genu nixus deiecta ab ume- ris toga nudo pectore deprecatus est.
Aug. 41
Frumentuiii quoque in annonae difficultatibus saepe levissimo, inter- dum nullo pietio viritim admensus est tesserasque nummarias dupli- cavit.
Cf. also/It/*/. 42.
lf.^.I,35,36
10. Con[8ulatum turn dat]um aunuum e[t perpetuum non ac- cepi].
M.A. Gr. Ill, 14-19
11. rrjs [t£ &]wk\t^ov koI tou 8i//iOv rov 'PciifiaiW 6fu>Xay[o]vrra)v, Lv[a €7rifi€]XYjTr)^ rwv T6 vofiwv Kol Twv TpoTTtav i[irl rrj fif-^yicry [<f]oiKr[ta fL]o[vo]5 xtipOTOxrrjBiji^ opxqv ouSc- /A[ui]y ira[pa ra 7ra]Tp[ui] €[0]7i SiBofxivrfv
M.A. Gr. Ill, 19-23
12. a ^ Torc 8i e/xov ij ctwkXt/tos oIkovo- fidiT$ai IpovKvro^ Trj<i ^futpxifcq^ cfo[r](rtas «K €T€\rf[<Ta. K]ai ravrrp avrrj^ ttjs apX^5 (^vmpxavTa avT]o9 airo t^s ovvkXtJtov 7r[€v]Ta- «5 ouTrjtra^ [€A]a)3ov.
Aug. 26 treats of the consulships of Augustus, but nothing is said about the consulship for life being offered him.
Aug. 27 Recepit et moruni le- gumque regimen aeque pei'petuum . . .
Aug. 27 Tribuniciam po testa- tern perpetuam recepit, in qua semel atque ite- runi per singula lustra collegam sibi cooptavit.
Digitized by
32
WALTER DEXNISON
Jlf.^.Gr. IV, 1,2 13. Tpuov avBpS>v iy^vofirfv &7/U0- (riitiv TTpayfiaTiov KaTopOwnif^ crw€x«- aiv irca-iv Sckcu
Aug. 27 Triumviratum rei p. constituen- dae per decern aiiuos administravit.
M.A. II, 1, 2 14. Seuatum ter legi.
Aug, 35 Senatoruin af&uentem numerum deformi et incoudita turba ... ad niodum pvistinum et splendoretn redegit duabus lectiouibus; etc.
M.A. II, 2-11 15. et in consulatu sexto censum populi con- lega M. Agrippa egi. Lustrum post annum al- teram et quad ragensi mum fee [i]. Quo lustro civium Komauorum censa sunt capita quadra- giens centum millia et sexag[i]nta tria millia. [Iteru]ni consulari cum imperio lustrum [s]olus feci C. Censorin [o et C] Asinio cos. Quo lustro censa sunt civium Romauoru[m capita] quadra- giens centum millia et ducenta triginta tria m[illia. Tertiu]m consulari cum imperio lu- strum conlega Tib. Cae[sare filio feci] Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio cos. Quo lustro ce[nsa sunt civium Ilo]manorum capitum qua- dragiens centum mill[ia et nongenta tr]iginta et septem millia.
Aug. 27 Recepit et morum le- gumque regimen aeque perpetuum, quo lure, quamquam sine censurae honore censum tamen populi ter egit: primum ac tertiuin cum collega, medium solus.
Af..4. 11,12-14 16. Legibus novi[s la- tis complura e]xempla maiorum exolescentia iam ex nost[ro usu reduxi et ipse] multarum rer[um exe] mpla imitauda po- 8[teris tradidi].
Aug. 2^ In re militari et commutavit multa et insti- tuit, atque etiam ad antiquum morem nonuulla revocavit.
Aug. 31: Nonnulla etiam ex antiquis cae- rimoniis paulatim abolita restituit, ut, etc. A ug. 34 : Leges retractavit, etc. A ug. 40 : Etiam habitum vestitumque pristinum reducere stu- duit, etc. Aug, 43: Sed et Troiae lusum edi- dit . . . prisci decorique moris existimans.
M.A. II, 23-28 17. Pontif]ex maximus ne fierem in vivi [c]onle[gae locum, populo id sace]rdotium deferente mihi, quod pater meu[s habuit, re- cusavi. Cepi id] sacerdotium aliquod post annos eo mor[tuo qui civilis motus. o]ccasione occupaverat, cuncta ex Italia, etc.
Aug. 31 Postquam vero pontifi- catum maximum, quern numquam vivo Lepido auferre sustinuerat, mor- tuo demum suscepit.
Digitized by
THE EPIGHAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS
S3
M.A. II, :M-37 18. [Seiiatus consulto eodein t€mpor]e pars [praetorum et tri]buiioruin [plebi cum cou- sule Q. Lucretjio et pnuci[pi]bus [viris ob]viam mihi mis[s]a e[st in Campan]ia[ra, qui] honos [ad hoc tempus] neiiiini praeter rm]e es[t decretus.
Aug. 57 Revertentem ex pro- vincia nou solum faustis ominibus sed et modular tis carminibus proseque- baiitur.
>/.^. 11,42-45
19. [laiium] Quirin[um, quern cl]aussum ess[e iiiaiores nostri voluer]unt, [cum p]er totum i[mperium po]puli Roma[ni terra mari- que es]set parta vic[torii]s pax, cum pr[ius, quam] iiascerer, [a condita] u[rb]e bis om- nino clausum [f]uisse prodatur m[emori]ae, ter me princi[pe se»iiat]us claudendum esse ceDsui[t].
Aug. 22 lanum Quiriuimi, se- mel atque iterum a con- dita urbe ante memoriam suam clausum, in multo breviore temporis spatio terra marique pace parta ter clusit.
Af.A, II, 46-III. 1 20. Fil]ios nieos, quos iuv[ene8 rai]hi eripuit for [tuna, Gaium et Lucium Caesares honoris mei caussa, etc.
Cf. Tih. 23: Quouiam atrox for- tuna Gaium et Lucium filios mihi eripuit. Cf . also A ug. 26.
3f.^. Ill, 7-21 21. Plebei Romanae viritim US trecenos nu- meravi ex testamento patris mei, et nomine meo HS quadringenos ex bellorum manibiis consul quintum dedi, iterum autem in consulatu decimo ex [p]atrimonio meo HS quadringenos congiari viritim pernumer[a]vi, et consul undecimuni duodeeim f rumen tat iones frumento pr[i]vatim coempto emensus sum, et tribunicia potestate duodecimum quadringenos nnmmos tertium vi- ritim dedi. Qua« mea congiaria p[e]rvenerunt ad [homi]num millia nunquam minus quinqua- ginta et ducenta. Tribn[nic]iae potestatis duo- devicensimum consul XII trecentis et vigint[i] millibus plebis urbanae sexagenos denarios viri- tim dedi. In colon [i]s militum meorum consul quintum ex manibiis viritim millia nummuni singula dedi; acceperunt id triumphale congi- arium in colo[n]is hominum circiter centum et viginti millia. Consul tertium dec[i]mum sexa- genos denarios plebei, quae tum frumentum publicum accipieba[t], dedi; ea millia homi- nam paullo plura quam ducenta fuerunt.
Aug. 41 Congiaria populo fre- quenter dedity sed diver- sae fere summae; modo quadringenos, modo tre- cenos, nonnuniquam du- cenos quinquagenosque (here Mommsen conject- ures rather quadragenos- que) nummos.
Cass. 83 Viritim trecenos sester- tios legavit (Caesar).
Digitized by
34
WALTER DENNISOy
if.il. Ill, 35-39 22. et M. I-iep[i]do et L. Ar[r]unt[i]o cos. i[n] aerarium militare, quod ex cousilio m[eo] co[nstitut]um est, ex [q]uo praeniia dareiitur iiiilitibus, qui viceua [aut plujra sti[peiidi]a emeruissent, HS niilliens et septii)g[e]nti[ens ex pa]t[rim]oiiio [m]eo detuli.
Aug. 49
utque perpetuo ac sine difficultate sumptus ad tuendos eos pro.sequen- dosque suppeteret, aera- riuin militare cum recti- galibus novis constituit.
Cf. Dioy LV, 25.
M.A. IV, 1-4 23. Curiam et conti- uens ei chalcidicum, tern- plumque Apollinis in Palatio cum porticibus, . . . Lupercal, porticum ad Circum Flaminium, quam sum appellari pas- sus ex nomine eius qui priorem eodem in solo fecerat, Octaviam, etc.
Avff. 29 Publica opera plurima extruxit, e quibus vel praecipua: . . . templum Apollinis in Palatio, . . . Templum Apollinis in ea parte Palatinae domus excitavit . . .; addidit porticus cum bibliotheca Latina Graecaque. . . . Quaedam etiam opera sub nomine alieno, nepotum scili- cet et uxoris sororisque, fecit, ut . . . porticus Liviae et Octaviae.
Aug, 31: Nounulla etiam ex antiquis caeri- moniis paulatim abolita restituit, . . . ut sacrum Lu percale.
M.A. IV, 12-10
24. Forum lulium et basilicam, quae fuit inter aedem Castoris et aedem Saturni, coepta profligataque opera a patre meo perfeci et ean- dem basilicam consumptam incendio ampliato cius solo sub titulo nominis filiorum m[eorum i]ncohavi et, si vivus non perfecissem, perfici ab heredib[us iussi].
M.A. IV, 17, 18
25. Duo et octoginta templa deum in urbe consul sex t [urn ex decreto] senatus refeci, nullo praetermisso quod e[o] temp[ore refici debebat] .
M.A. IV, 10
26. Con [s]ul septimura viam Flaminiam a[b urbe] Ari[minum feci.
if.J. IV, 21,22 27. In privato solo Martis Ultoris templum [f]orumque Augustum [ex mani]biis feci.
Aug. '29 Quaedam etiam opera aut nomine alieno nepo- tum scilicet et uxoris sororisque fecit, ut porti- cum basilicamque Gai et Luci, . . .
Aug. 30 Aedes sacras vetustate conlapsas aut incendio absumptas refecit.
Aug. 30 desumpta sibi Flami- nia via Arimino tenus munienda. (Cf. C.I.L. XI, 365.)
Aug. 20 Publica opera plurima extruxit, e quibus vel praecipua : Forum cum aede Martis Ultoris . . . Aedem Martis bello Philippensi, pro ultioue paterna suscepto, voverat.
Digitized by
THE EPIGRAPHIC 80UBCES OF SUETONIUS
36
M.A. IV. 22, 23
28. Theatrum ad aede (52c) Apol- liuis in solo magna ex parte a p[r]i- [vjatis empto feci, quod sub nomine M. MarcellpJ generi niei esset
M.A. IV, 2a-26
29. Don [a e]x manibiis in Capi- tolio et in aede divi Iu[l]i et in aede Apollinis et in aede Vestae et in tern- plo Martis Ultoris consacravi, quae mihi constiterunt HS circiter mil- liens.
Aug. 29 Quaedam etiam opera sub nomine alieno, nepotum scilicet et uxoris soronsque, fecit; ut . . . theatrum Marcelli.
Auff. 20 Aedes sacras . . . refecit easque et ceteras opulentissimis donis adorna- vit, ut qui in cellam Capitolini lovis sedecim milla pondo auri gemmas- que ac margaritas quingenties sester- tii una donatione contulerit.
M.A. IV, 33-36 30. Bis [at]hletarum undique accitorum spec[ta]c[lum po]pulo pra[ebui meo] nomine et tertium nepo[ti8] mei nomine.
Attg. 43 Athletas quoque (edi- dit), extructis in Campo Martio sedilibus ligneis.
M.A. IV, 35, 36 31. L[u]dos feci m[eo no]m[ine] quater, alio- nim autem m [agist] ra- tu[um] yicem ter et vicie[n8].
Aug.iS Fecisse se ludos ait suo nomine quater, pro aliis raagistratibus, qui aut abessent aut non sufficerent, ter et vicies.
M.A. IV, 36, 37 32. [Pr]o conlegio XV virorum magis[ter conl]e[gi]i colleg[a] M. AgHppa lud[os s]a©- cl[are]8 C. Fumio C. [S]ilano cos. [feci.
Aug. 31 Nonnulla etiam ex an- tiquis caerimoniis . . . restituit, ut . . . ludos Saeculares.
if.^. IV, 3iM2 33. [Ven]ati[o]n[es] best[ia]rum A£ricauarum meo nomine aut filio- [ru]m meorum et nepotum in ci[r]co aut [i]n foro aut in amphitheatris popuI[o d]edi sexiens et viciens, qui- bus confecta sunt bestiarum circiter tna m[ill]ia et quingentae.
Aug. 43 [Circensibus ludis gladiatoriisque muneribus frequentissime editis in- teriecit plerumque bestiarum Afri- canarum venationes, roth] non in foro modo nee in amphitheatro, sed et in circo et in Saeptis . . . edidit.
M.A. IV, 43-45 :M. Xavalis proeli spectaclum populo de[di tr]aiis Tiberim, in quo loco nunc nemus est Caesarura, cavato [solo] in longitudinem mille et octingentos pedes, in latitudine[m mille] e[t] ducenti.
Aug. 43 item navale* proelium, circa Tiberim cavato solo, in quo nunc Caesarum nemus est.
Digitized by
36
WALTER DEN y I SOX
M,A, IV, 51-54
35. Statuae [mea]e pedestres et equestres et ill quadrigeis argeuteae steterunt in urbe XXC circiter, quas ipse sustuli exque ea pecunia dona aurea in aede Apol[li]ni8 meo nomine et illoruni, qui niihi statuarura honorem habu- erunt, posui.
M.A, V, 3, 4
36. luravit in mea verba tota Ita- lia sponte sua et me be [Hi], quo vici ad Actiuni, ducein depoposcit.
Aug, 52 in urbe . . . atque etiam argenteas statuas oliui sibi positas conflavit onnies exque iis aureas cortiiias Apollini Palatiuo dedica- vit.
Aug. 17 Bononiensibus quoque publice . . . gratiam fecit coniurandi cum tota Italia pro partibus suis.
M.A. V, 10-12
37. Gallias et Hispanias provicia[s (s/c) et Germaniani qua inclu]dit oceauus a Gadibus ad ostium Albis flumpnis pacavi.
MA, V, 12-U
38. Alpes a re]gione ea, quae proxima est Hadriano mari, [ad Tuscum pacari fec]i nuUi genti bello per iniuriam inlato.
M,A, V, 24-27
39. Armeniam maiorem interfecto rege eius Artaxe c[u]m posseni facere provinciam, malui maiorum nostrorum exemplo regn[u]m id Ti- grani regis Artavasdis filio, nepoti autem Tigrar nis regis, per T[i. Ne]ronem trad[er]e, qui tum mihi priv[ig]nu8 erat.
M.A, V, a&-38
40. Italia autem XXVIII [colo]nias, quae vivo me celeberrimae et frequentissimae fue- runt, me [is auspicis] deductas hab[et].
Aug. 21 Germauosque ultra Al- bim fluvium suuimovit.
Aug^ 21 Xec ulli genti sine ius- tis et necessariis causis bellum intulit.
Tih, 9
dein ducto ad Orienteni exercitu, regnum Arme- niae Tigrani restituit.
Cf. also Aug, 48.
Aug.^ Italiani duodetriginta colon iarum numero, de- ductarum ab se, frequeu- tavit
M.A, V, 40-42
41. Parthos triuni exercitum (»/c) Roman [o]inim spolia et signa re[d- dere] mihi supplicesque amicitiam populi Romani petere [coegi.
M.A. V, 44-49
42. Pannoniorum gentes, qua[s a]nte me principem populi Romani exercitus nunquam ad[i]t, devictas l>er Ti. [Ne]ronem, qui tumeiatpri-
Aug, 21
Parthi quoque . . . signa militaria, quae M. Crasso et M. Antonio ade- merant, reposcenti reddiderunt obsi- desque insuper optuleruut.
Cf. also Tih. 9.
Tih. 16
Ac perse verantiae grande pre-
tium tulit, toto Illyrico, quod inter
Italian! regnumque Xoricuin et
Thraciam et Macedoniam interque
Digitized by
THE EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS
87
vignus et legatus meus, imperio po- puli Romani s[ubiec]i protulique fines Illyrici ad r[ip]atn flurninis Dan[u]i, citr[a quod Dacorum tr]aii[s]gressu8 exercitus meis a[u]s- p[icis vie t] us profligatusque [est et postea traii]s Dan[u]yiuin ductus ex [erci t us me] u [s] Da [cor] um gen- tes in][peria popali Komani per- ferre coegit].
Jf.^.V, 50-52
43. Ad me ex In[dia regum lega- tiones sa«pe missae sunt, numquam an tea visae] apud qu[em]q[uam] R[omanorum du]oem. Nostram am[icitiam petierunt] per legat[os] B[a]starn[ae Scythae]que et Sar- nmtarum q[ui, etc.
M.A, VI, 9-12
44. A me gentes Parthorum et Medoru[m per legatas] principes earum gentium reges pet[i]to8 acceperunt, Par[thi Vononem regis Phr]atis filium, regis Orodis nepotem; Medi Ar[iobarzanem], regis Artavazdis filium, ragis Ariobarzanis nep[otem].
Danuvium flumen et sinum maris Hadriatici patet, perdomito et in dicionem redacto.
Auf/. 21: Coercuit et Dacorum incursiones, tribus eorum ducibus cum magna copia caesis.
Aug, 21 Qua virtutis moderationisque fama, Indos etiam ac Scythos, au- ditu modo cognitos, pellexit ad amicitiam suam populique Rom. ultro per legatos petendam.
Aug, 21
Parthi . . . denique, plu-
ribus quondam de regno
concertantibus, nonnisi ab
ipso electum probaverunt.
3£,A, VI, 13-15
45. In consulatu sexto et septimo, b[ella ubi civil] ia exstinxeram per consensum universorum [potitus re- rum omn]ium, rem publicam ex mea potestate in senat[us populi- que Romani a]rbitrium traustuli.
M.A, VI, 16
46. Quo pro merito meo 8enatu[s cousulto Aug. appe]llatus sum.
Aug, 28
De reddenda re p. bis cogitavit: primum . . . ; ac rursus. . . . Sed re- putans, et se privatum non sine peri- culo fore et illam plurium arbitrio temere committi, in retinenda perse- veravit, dubium, eventu meliore an voluntate.
Aug, 7
Augusti cognomen assumpsit . . . Munati Planci sententia, etc.
Af.A, VI, 24, 25 47. Tertium dec[i-] mum consulatu [m cum gerebam, senatus et equ]ester ordo populus- q[ue] Romanus uni versus [appellavit me patrem p]atriae.
Aug, 58 Patris patriae cognomen universi repentino maximoque consensu detulerunt ei : prima plebs, legatione Antium missa; dein, quia non reci- piebat, ineunti Romae, spectacula frequens et laureata; mox in curia senatus, neque decreto neque adclainatione, sed per Valerium Messa- 1am. Is mandantibus cunctis, etc.
Digitized by
38 WALTEB DENNI80N
The language ^ of Aug, 101 is strikingly similar to that of the heading of the Monumentum Ancyranum, and, because of this, Mommsen (op. cit. p. 1) asserts Apparet Suetonium ipsam commentarii inscriptionem in mente habuisse^ cum haec scripiit. But if we compare the words of Suetonius with the heading of the inscription which stood in Mome^ before the Mausoleum of Augustus, we shall find that in reality there are only /our words common to both, namely, rerum a Be ge%tarum. For the heading in Rome, as seems most probable, and as Mommsen himself suggests (p. 2), ran as follows : Res gestae divi Augusti, quihuB orbem terrarum imperio populi Romani ,Bvhiecit^ et im- pensae^ quaB in rem publicam populumque Romanum fecit} But I cannot believe that the historian copied the heading of the inscription that was set up in Rome, and then, after the examination of this evidence alone, wrote the passage in Aug, 101 above quoted. My reason lies in his own words, quern vellet incidi in aeneiB tabuliB^ quae ante MauBoleum Btatue- rentur^ which clearly point to some document written before the inscription was cut, and, in fact, directing the making and setting up of it ; they seem to me to refer to the volumen^ or, at any rate, to a copy of it, which was prepared by Augustus and deposited with the Vestal Virgins, by whom it was made public after the Emperor's death (^Aug. 101). This document may very well have been inscribed Index rerum a me gestarum quern volo incidi in aeneis tabulis quae ante Mausoleum Btatuantur, The opinion that Suetonius's source in writing the passage under discussion was either this volumen^ or a copy of it,, has been held also by O. Clason,^ by J. Schmidt,* and by Cantarelli.^
1 Cf. the words of Dio LVI, 33, whose sounce seems to be Suetonius: rd tfyya a Hirpa^e vdvra a koI it x^^^'^^' ffrijXas irpds rf rjp(^n> a^ov ^rraS^la-ai dvaypa<f>ijvai iKiXevce.
- On the wording of the title of the original inscription, cf. the articles of J. Schmidt, PJuIolnffus, XLIV, pp. 442 fE., XLV, pp. 393 ff., XLVI, pp. 70 ff. ; of E. Hormann, Uektorat9protjr. der Marburger Univ.y 1884; 0. Hirschfeld, Wiener Stndion, 188'), pp. 170 ff ; Wilamowitz-Mollendorff, Hermes, XXT, pp. 623 ff. ; Wolfflin, S'itziingsb. d. Milnch. Acad., 1880, pp. 253 ff.
8 Tacitus und Sueton, Breslau, 1870, p. 57.
* Philologns, XLV, pp. 402, 403. ^ n^ai, del. Com, Arch. XVII, pp. 64 f.
Digitized by
rUE EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 39
The latter, moreover, doubts that the document could have been inscribed Index rerum a me ffestarum^ etc., since this is too specific an expression. He says "mi fa suporre che, nel testamento o nei mandata de funere egli abbia usato, per mani- festare la sua ultima volunta, rispetto alio scritto da lui com- posto, non un termine speciale come quello che troviamo in Suetonio, ma una espressione generica, indeterminata, simile a questa: quae scripsi altero volumine volo incidi in duobus aeneis tabulis quae ante Mausoleum statuantur.'' Some such expression as Divi AuguBti index rerum a se gestarum^ Cantarelli thinks, was incorporated in the heading by the heirs of Augus- tus. Nissen conjectures^ that possibly copies of the original volumen^ or of the inscription itself, were in general circulation, entitled Divi AuguBti index rerum a se gestarum^ and that one of these came into the hands of Suetonius.^ Mommsen indeed says : " Indice ita Romae publice proposito, quem et auctoritas et brevitas commendaret, non mirum est usos esse rerum scriptores, quorum ex iis qui extant notitiam eius habuerunt Velleius et Suetonius . . . Ijibelli forma indicem publice edi- tum esse testatum non habemus ; et Velleius quidem Suetonius- que fieri potest ut eum legerint in ipso acre, neque grammatici eum citant. At cum ii citent testamentum, probabile est in- dicem quoque hominibus doctis aetatis posterioris in maiiibus fuisse " (p. ix), " Apparet Suetonium ipsam commentarii in- scriptionem in mente habuisse" (p. 1), "indicem videlicet secutus" (p. 50), "Haec ex ipso indice citat Suetonius" (p. 91). Apparently he maintains that the historian used the Index alone in his account, but in a later article ^ his views are more clearly expressed : " Die Worte Suetons scheiiien auch nach ihrer Fassung nicht aus der Denkschrift, sondern aus der die Aufstellung anordnenden Verfiigung entnommen zu sein und diese in indirecter Rede anzufiihren." He continues:
i Hhein. Mus. XLI, p. 492.
* See l.c, p. 407 (^».)» "Suetou muss eine Abschrift der Aufzeiclmug am Mausoleum vor sich gehabt haben." « Hist. ZeiL 1887, LVII, pp. 301 fiE.
Digitized by
40 WALTER DENNISON
" Ist dies der Fall, so bezeichnete der Kaisar selbst die Denk- schrift als 'indicem rerum a se gestarum' und soUte selbst diese Wortfassung von Sueton herriihren, so ist es, auch von ihm abgesehen, mehr als wahrscheinlich, dass der Titel, wie wir ihn lesen, an die in jener Anordnung gebrauehte Bezeich- nung sich angeschlossen hat." Finally, it needs to be noticed that in the passage in Suetonius the following words do not occur : " quibus orbem terrarum imperio populi Roniani subie- cit, et impensae, quas in rem publicam populumque Romanum fecit." These words were probably not inscribed upon the volumen prepared by Augustus, but were, rather, added later by Tiberius, when the inscription itself was cut.^
That all these volumina were opened in the Senate and read by Drusus we learn from Dio Cassius, LVI, 33, Tac. Ann, I, 8, Suet. Aug. 101 ; that they were then treasured up in some of the public archives, where Suetonius could have consulted them, is very probable ; finally that Suetonius had access to various private documents of this nature, we may conjecture from several passages, Av^. 50, 71, 87 (2) (seo below, p. 44) ; besides, from Spart. 12. 3, we know that Suetonius held the important post of epistularum maguter under the Emperor Hadrian.
Some passages in Suetonius correspond to the inscription, but with varying closeness.
(1) The correspondence is sometimes almost word for word; for example,
Aug. 27, Recepit . . . perpetuum, and
M.A . Gr. ni, 14-19, t^? \t€ <r]wicXi7Tau . . . dyc8c^af»7v (but see below, p. 42)
(see no. 11, in the table of parallel passages) ; A ug, 27, Triumviratuni . . . administravit, and M.A. Gr. IV, 1, 2, rptw aiSpCtv . . . Scica (see no. 13) ; A ug. 43, Fecisse . . . vicies, and M.A, IV, 35, 36, L[u]dos . . . vicie[ns] (see no. 31); Aug. 43, item navale . . . nemus est, and M.A. IV, 43-45, Navalis . . . ducent (see no. 34).
1 This is called into question by Geppert, Zum Monumentum Aneyranumj Prog. d. Berl. Gymn. zum Grauen Kloster. Berol. 1887, p. 12.
Digitized by
THE EPIGEAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 41
Three conjectures may be made to explain these close resem- blances. Suetonius's source in these passages was either (1) the inscription itself inscribed upon the bronze tablets, or (2) some earlier Iiistorian who had copied it or the original document, or (3) that original volumen (or a copy of it), the heading of wliieh (as we have seen, pp. 38 fif.) Suetonius was probably thinking of, when he wrote Aiiff, 101, indicem rerum a Be gestarum^ etc. The third conjecture seems to me by far the most probable.
The w^ords qui aut abessent aut non Bufficerent of Aug. 43, or language of similar content, are not transmitted by the Man, Anc. One wonders whether this phrase was not in the origi- nal document prepared by Augustus, but was omitted, as being unnecessary, from the final revision made by Tiberius before the inscription was cut. Possibly, however, it was taken by Suetonius from some other source.
(2) The correspondence manifests itself in a striking simi- larity of language :
Aug, 22, Bis ovans . . . triduo omnes, and
M.A . I, 21, 22, Bis] ovans . . . triumphos * (see no. 6) ;
A ug. 43, non in foro . . . edidit,^ and
M.A. IV, 39-42, [Ven]ati[o]n[e8] . . . quingentae (see no. 33);
Axtg. 21, nee . . . intulit, and
M.A. V, 12-14, Alpes . . . inlato (see no. 38);
Aug. 46, Italiam — frequentavit, and
M.A. V, 86-38, Italia . . . hab[et] (see no. 40).
(3) The correspondence is seen in excerpts, at times quite
full :
Aug. 27, Recepit et morum . . . solus, and
M.A. II, 2-11, et in consulatu . . . septem millia* (see no. 15);
1 But compare the very similar manner of expression in Tib. 9, Et ovans et cnrru urbem ingressus est; Cal. 49, ovans urbem . . . ingressus est; Oros. 6. 18, orans urbem ingressus; Livy, Ep. 133, tres triumphos egit. Besides, the addi- tional matter given in the passage of Suetonius permits us to think of other sources as well. Cf. the acta triumphorum of the years 40 and 36 b.c. {C.I.L. P, p. 180), which Suetonius does not seem to have examined.
- Et ill saeptis is clearly from some other source. Cf. Cal. 18.
* Cf. Gardthausen, Augustus, 11, 2, pp. 531 f.
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42 M^-ALTEH DENNISON
Aug, 31, Postquam vcro . . . suscepit, and
M.A. II, 23-28, Pontif]ex . . . occupaverat (see no. 17);
Aug, 22, lanuiu Quirinum . . . clusit, and-
M,A, II, 42-45, [lanum] Quirin[uin . . . censui[t] (see no. 19) ;
Aug, 41, Congiaria . . . nummos,i Caes. 83, viritim . . . legavit, and M.A, III, 7-21, Plebei Romanae . . . ducenta fuerunt (see no. 21) ;
Aug. 49, utque perpetuo . . . constituit, and
M.A. Ill, 35-39, et M. Lep[i]do . . . detuli (see no. 22) ;
A ug. 29, Quaedani etiam opera . . . Gai et Luci, atid
M.A.IV, 12-16, Forum lulium . . . heredib[us iussi] * (see no. 24);
Aug. 52, in urbe . . . dedicavit, and
M.A, IV, 51-54, statuae . . . posui (see no. 35);
Aug. 21, Germanosque . . . summovit, and M,A. V, 10-12, Gallias . . . pacavi (see no. 37);
Aug. 21, Parthi . . . probaverunt, and
M.A. VI, 9-12, A me gentes Parthorum . . . nep[otem] (see no. 44).
In the following passages, the statements of Suetonius differ from ^ those of the inscription :
Aug, 27, Recepit . . . perpetuum, and
M,A, Gr. Ill, 14-19, rrji [re a']vvK\i^ov . , . dvc8c^a/Ai7v (v. above, p. 40,
Mommsen, pp. 28, 29, and Gardthausen, Augustus II, 2, pp. 521, 522)
(see no. 11) ;
Aug. 27, Tribuniciam . . . cooptavit, and
M.A. Gr. Ill, 19-23, a^rore.,, [tXj^fiov (see Mommsen, p. 31) (see no. 12);
Aug. 35, Senatorum . . . lection ibus, and
M.A. II, 1, 2, Senatum ter legi (Mommsen, pp. 35, 36) (see no. 14) ;
A ug. 29, Quaedam etiam opera . . . Octaviae, and
M.A. IV, 2-4, porticum . . . Octaviam (Mommsen, p. 80; Festus. p. 178. speaks of these two porticus) (see no. 23) ;
1 Here again Suetonius records information that is not found in the inscrip- tion ; for, independently of the latter, he makes mention of the amomits of two liundred, and of fifty (Mommsen, p. 60, proposes the reading quadrageuosque) sestertii, gifts of AugustiLs to the people ; on tlie other hand, he says nothinc about the sixty denarii, which, according to the Man. Anc.^ Augustus gave to each of the plebs.
5i Cf., in general, all of Aug. 29, 30, 31, and M.A. IV, 1-26 (see nos. 23-29). curiam et cnntinens . . . cirriter miUiens. In the Ciise of some of these build- ings, Suetonius knew of their being constructed or restored by Augustus, very likely from an examination of their dedicatory inscriptions.
8 Some discrepancies are noted Jilso by Egger {op. cit, pp. 271, 272).
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THE MPIORAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 48
Aug. 28, De reddenda . . . voluntate, and
M.A. VI, 13-15, In consulatu sexto . . . transtuli (Mommsen, p. 146) (see 110.24).
Suetonius makes no reference whatever to some subjects that are treated fully in the Mon. Ane,, e. g. the number of soldiers and ships captured (M.A. I, 16-20), the priestly offices of the Emperor (^M,A. I, 45, 46), the vows undertaken (II, 15-20), the altar of Fortuna Redux (II, 29-33), the altar of Pax Augusta (II, 37-41), the rewards of the veterans (III, 22- 33), the aqueducts (IV, 10-12), the clearing of the sea from pirates (V, 1-3), and the fleet (V, 14-23). As regards the other passages of Suetonius, although their context is similar to that of the Mon. Anc,^ yet the language of the former is not such that we can assume that they depend directly upon the inscription.
A study of the parallel column above at once directs atten- tion to the noteworthy fact that all the close resemblances in the text of the historian to the Mon. Anc. IV, 1-26 (see nos. 23-29), occur in two consecutive ^ chapters, Aug. 29, 30. Sue- tonius seems, at one time, to have made brief notes in a sum- mary manner, as when he says, Quaedam etiam opera sub nomine alieno^ nepotum scilicet et uxoris sororisqiie fecit^ uU etc. ; at another time, to have added other interesting matter, taken from another source, e. g. the reasons for building the temple of liars Ultor, and for constructing the Forum Augusti ; and how it happened that Augustus consecrated the temple of lupiter Tonans.
It is worthy of note, also, that what is said about the Gauls is transmitted in consecutive text by both Suetonius {Aug. 43) and the Mon. Anc. (IV, 33-48) (see nos. 30-34), as well as the relations of Augustus with the barbaric nations {Aug, 21; M.A. V, 9-VI, 12) (see nos. 37-44).
From all this the conclusion may be drawn that we are in no
^ Nissen (/.c.) has tried to show that Suetoiiius^s wliole scheme of arranging his material for the life of Augustus depends upon the Mon, Anc, C. Waclis- muth, Einleitung in das Stttdium der alien Geschichte (Leipzig, 1896), p. 685, n. 2, is not convinced of the truth of Nissen \s theoiy.
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44 WALTER DENNISON
way authorized by the resemblances that plainly exist between the text of Suetonius and the 3Ion. Arte, to affirm that the historian read the inscription in ipso aere ; on the other hand, from what Suetonius says regarding the original volumen (^Aug. 101; cf. above, pp. 38 ff.), we may rather suppose that he con- sulted only this document, or a copy of it, and that from this he made all the extracts above cited. ^
Besides the will of Augustus, and the volumind prepared by him (^Auff. 101, Tib. 23), Suetonius was acquainted with the wills of Julius Caesar (^Caes. 83) and of Tiberius (2Vi. 76).
Finally, he not only made use of many letters of the Em- perors (see above, p. 28), but Imd access even to certain auto- graph letters of Augustus. In Aug. 87, he reports certain peculiarities, which litterae ipsius autographicae ostentant;^ and below he says, Notavi et in chirographo eius ilia praecipue : nan dividit verba nee ab extrema parte versuum abundantis litteras in alterum transferty Bed ibidem statim subicit circumducitque . In ibid, 88 he discusses the orthography of Augustus. We may compare also ibid. 71, autographa quadam epitstula . . . ait.^
The remaining passages will be treated under the follow- ing heads : (1) Passages that seem to refer to inscriptions actually examined by Suetonius ; (2) Passages referring to inscriptions that Suetonius may very likely have examined ; (3) Passages referring to inscriptions that, in all probabilit}', were not examined by Suetonius personally; (4) Passages referring in a general way to inscriptions themselves, or to
1 If the two other volumina (Attg, 101) were extant, we might possibly find that Suetonius had made use of these, too, as sources.
2 On the word domos^ used by Augustus in the genitive case for domus^ cf. Kitschl, Opusc. IV, p. 109, and Lindsay, Latin Language, pp. 380, 384 ; on i<imns for sumus, cf. C.LL. IX, 3473, I. 14, and Lindsay, L.L., p. 29. Compare (-^uint. Inst. Orat. 1,0, 19 and 1. 7, 22, for other orthographical peculiarities in tlie letters of Augustus. His style, neque praepositiones ttrhibus addere n^qne (ouiunctiones saepius iterare dithUavit; etc. (Aug. 80), and other peculiarities of diction are discussed with reference to the ^fon. Anc. by Wolfflin, Sitzungsh. d. kon. bayr. Akad. d. Wissensch., 1890, II, pp. 102 f., 174-170, 178, 180.
' Cf. also Nero 62, Venere in manus meas prigillares UheUique cum quibus- dam notissimia versibus ipsius chirographo scriptis . . . ,* ita multa et deleta et inducta et superscripta inrranf.
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THE EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 45
monuments often inscribed ; (5) Passages that exhibit a re- semblance to existing inscriptions; (6) Miscellaneous refer- ences; (7) The Cognomina and Titles of the Emperors, occurring in Suetonius's narrative, as confirmed by the in- scriptions.
1. PASSAGES THAT SEEM TO REFER TO INSCRIPTIONS ACTUALLY EXAMINED BY SUETONIUS
(«) Specific Reference
Augustus, 7
Infanti cognomen Thurino inditum est, in memoriam maiorum ovigi- nis, vel quod regione Thurina recens eo nato pater Octavius adversus fagitivos rem prospere gesserat. Thurinum cognominatum satis certa pro- batione tradiderim, nactus puerilem imagunculam eius aeream veterem, ferreis et paene iam exolescentibus litteris hoc nomine inscriptam, quae dono a me principi data inter cubiculi Lares colitur.
Tlie imaguneula may have been a very small image of the youthful Octavius, of the kind often noted to-day in modern museums of antiquities. Of the two reasons which Suetonius advances to explain this cognomen, the first, in memoriam maiorum originis^ must be rejected, because from no source do we learn that the Octavian getiB came originally from Thurii, or its vicinity. But, on the contrary, we are told by Dio Cas- sius (XLV, 1), and by Suetonius himself QAug, 1), that the Octavii were natives of Velitrae.^ The second conjecture is much more plausible. It is well known (App. B.C. I, 117; Flor. Ill, 20, 5; cf. also Suet. Aug. 3) that Spartacus took pos- session of Thurii in 72 B.C., and that the remnant of the famous gladiator's band was destroyed by Cn. Octavius, the father of Augustus, while he was on his way to his provincial post in Macedonia,^ that is, in 60 B.C., when his son was three years old. That Augustus bore this cognomen is known only from this passage in Suetonius, where the statement is based on three separate grounds, — (1) tlie imaguneula itself, (2) certain let-
1 Cf. Gardthanseu, Augustus, I, 1 , p. 45.
2 Cf. the inscription of Octavius, C.I.L. VI, ]311».
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46 WALTER DENNISON
ters of M. Antonius, (8) certain letters written by Augustus in reply to Antonius. These letters, of course, have not come down to us.
Thurinus was not, however, a cognomen, properly speaking, as Suetonius seems to have regarded it, but Augustus, if he had this title in his earlier days, took it doubtless from his father, who earned it as 'cognomen ex virtute.' Other exam- ples could be cited of similar cognomina, won by father and assumed by son. The two sons of P. Cornelius Scipio Afri- canus tlie elder were named : the one, L. Cornelius Scipio Africanus ; tlie other, L. (or Cn.) Cornelius Scipio Africanus (cf. ilarquardt, Privatleben der Md'mer^ p. 16, n. 6). The cognomen Thurinus was not, at any rate, a permanent one of the Octavian gena^ and was applied by Antonius to Augustus, rather as a term of abuse, as if he were provincial and boorish (^Auff, 7).^ In no inscription preserved to us is the cognomen Thurinus applied either to Augustus or to any member of tlie Octavian family.
Inscriptions upon imagunculae that have come down to us indicate the name, not of tlie person represented, but of the manufacturer, e, g. ChL. X, 6689. Possibly the letters in this particular imaguncula of Octavius were not sufficiently well understood by Suetonius, since he remarks upon their character, paene iam exolescentibus litteria. At any rate, the image was revered as that of the youthful Octavius because inter cuhiculi (^principiB) Lares colitur?
1 So, toOf the cognomen Aricina was applied in the same abusive way to Atia, mother of Augustus, Cic. Phil, III, vi, 16, where Cicero's reply reveals the meaning of the cognomen. Compare also CaU 23, Liviam Augustam . . . igno- hilitatis , . . arguere ausus est, quasi materno avo deeurione Fundano ortam. Concerning the cognomen Thurinus, Drumann {Geschichte Bonis, IV, p. 234) thinks that perhaps earlier in life Octavius, or his gens, placed a great deal of importance upon the achievement in the Th urine district, and so assumed Thu- rinus as a 'cognomen er virtute'; but that afterwards, when it was abandoned, the cognomen was applied to the members of the gens as a term of ridicule and abuse. Octavianus was called also Kaiir(at, according to Dio Cass. XLV, 1.
- Compare the note of Casaubon (ed. Wolf), III, pp. 239, 240, '* Quod in litterls eius imagunculae quam commemorat Suetonius non magis fieri poterat quam caelaturae aureae in its operibus quae hodie vocamus Damascena*'; cf. Dio Cass.
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THE EPIORAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 47
(b) More General Rbferencu
Tiberiiui, 5
Tiberium quidam Fundis iiatum existimaverunt, secati levem coniec- turam, quod inaterna eius avia Fundana fuerit, et quod inox simulacrum Felicitatis ex S. C. publicatum ibi sit. Bed ut plures certioresque tradunt, natiis est Romae in Palatio XYI. Kal. Dec. M. Aemilio Lepido iterum, L. Munatio Planco conss. per bellum Fhilippense. Sic enim in fastos actaque in publica relatum est.
Just what is meant by fasti here is not at once apparent, since the ancients used this term of various kinds of records. At first, those days were called fasti on which it was permitted fan apud praetorem; then it came to mean the series or se- quence of dies fasti^ in other words, the calendar ; and finally, as belonging to, or forming a part of, the calendar, the fasti came to mean the consecutive series or records of the consuls ; or also the records of different priestly offices (Marquardt, Romische Staatsverwaltung^ IIP, pp. 300, 301). The testimony of the passage of Suetonius in question is confirmed by the Fa%ti Anni luliani. Appended to the date of November 16 (XVI, k. Dec), we read QO.LL. P, p. 335) Natales Ti. Cae- taris^ FER. CVM ; Ti. Aug(usti) Natal(is^, ANT.^ Suetonius seems to have been familiar with fasti of this class, for he speaks (^de III. Oram. 17), of the fasti at Praeneste, as marmoreo pariete incisos (see C.I.L. P, p. 230). But it needs to be noted that Suetonius, in the passage in question, has quoted the fasti for the purpose of corroborating the account of the place where
XLIV, 7. On the cognomina, etc., of Augustus, see Weichert, Imp, Caes. Aug, fcript&rum reliquiae j pp. 61 ft.
* The birthdays of other emperors as recorded (Aug, 6, Cat. 8, Claud, 2) by Saetonins agree with the Fasti ; but the historian does not indicate the source of bis iaformation. On the other hand, the day on which Drusus, the son of Tibe- rins, was born, is not mentioned (Tib. 7), or the day on which Agrippa was born (Cal. 7), or the day when Augustus ajssumed the toga vinlis (Aug. 8), although the information could have been gained by an examination of tha Fasti. Finally, when Suetonius treats of subjects mentioned also by the Fasti, his language is not such as would lead us to believe that the latter were his source of information. Compare, for example, Aug, 31, and the Fasti pr. non. Mart,, concerning the office of pontifex maximus ; Tib, 2, and the Fasti pr. non, Apr., concerning the introduction into Rome of the worship of the Magna Mater ; Tib, 23, and the Fasti id. Sept., concerning the impious designs of M. Libo.
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48 WALTER DENNISON
Tiberius was born. Baumgarten-Crusius (/.(?. p. 267) considers the -que i^rjyrjTiKov, for "fasti sunt pars actorum publicoruir. '
Caligula, 23 Livium Augustam proaviam, Ulixeni stolatum ideiitidem appellans, etiam ignobilitatis quadain ad senatum epistula arguere ausus est, quasi materuo avo decurione Fuudauo ortam ; cum public is nionumentis cert una sit, Aufi- diuni Lurconein [A/w. Lyrgonem] Romae honoribus functum.
As a matter of fact, the nomen of Livia's grandfather on lier mother's side was Alfidiu9^ not Aujidius. See C.LL. IX, 3661,
ALFIDIA M. F. MATER AUGUSTAE ; ibid. II, 1667, ALFIDIAE
MAT. AUGUSTAE; Bull, dc iScolefranpaiae d'Athenes, 1868-71, p. 231, 0 Srjfio^ I *A\<f>iSuiv Tfjv iirijipa 0€a^ 'lovXta? ] 2€ySa<rT[^J?, etc. For an explanation of the discrepancy, see Pauly-Wis- sowa, Real-Ency,^ under Aufidius Lurco. The confusion be- tween Aljidiiis and Aujidiu8 suggests that there may have been a close resemblance in the vulgar pronunciation.
Claudius, 41
Novas etiam commentus est litteras tres, ac numero veterum quasi maxi-
me necessarias addidit; de quarum ratione cum privatus adhuc volumen
edidisset, moz princeps non difficulter optiimit ut in usu quoque promiscuo
essent. Extat talis scriptura in plerisque libris ac diurnis titulisque operum.
These so-called Claudian letters are discussed by Corssen, AusspracJie d. Lat. Spraehe^ I, pp. 26 f., and by Biicheler, De 2t Claudia Grammatico, Elberfeld, 1866. Cf. Tac. Ann, XI, 14. There is abundant epigraphical evidence for the character J to represent consonantal u (e,g, C.LL. VI, 355, 203-1, etc.); and for the character \- to represent the sound midway between i and u (e. g. the well-known inscription in the Capitoline Museum, C.L.L. VI, 553). No certain example exists of the letter 0, to represent the sound of the Greek letter '*'.
II. PASSAGES REFERRING TO INSCRIPTIONS THAT SUE- TONIUS MAY VERY LIKELY HAVE EXAMINED
Caesar, S5 (Plebs) postea solidara columnam prope viginti pedum lapidis Nuinidici in foro statuit scripsitque: Parenti Patriae. Apud earn longo tempore sacrificare, vota suscipere, controversias quasdam interposito per Caesarem iure iurando distrahere perseveravit.
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THE EPIGEAPHIC SOUHCES OF SUETONIUS 49
Whether this column was still anywhere to be seen in Sue- tonius's time, we do not know. The last sentence, Apud earn . . . perseveravity seems to point towards the hypothesis that the plebs had ceased to offer sacrifice, to make vows, etc., in the presence of the column. From a reference of Cicero (ad .1/^. XIV, 15, 2) it would appear that the column had been re- moved, but it may have been preserved. ^ The inscription is worded differently Cic. ad Fam. XII, 3, Parenti optima merito.
Caligula, 15
De sororibus auctor fuit, ut omnibus sacrameutis adiceretur : neque me lif*erosqu€ meos cariores habebo quam Gaium haheo et sorores eius ; item rela- tiotiibuB consul um: quod bonum felixque sit C Caesari sororibusque eius.
The formula, neque me liberosque meos cariores habebo quam Graium habeo et sorores eius^ has, so far as I know, no inscrij^- tional authority. But quod bonum felixque sit C, Caesari sorori- busque eius was proposed by Mommsen (^Eph. Epig. V, p. 158), as a conjectural restoration of the mutilated passage in the Acta of the Fratres Arvales. It was restored differently by Henzen (^CJ.L. VI, 2028' = ed. Henzen, p. xlii). On the oath taken in the name of the Emperor Caligula, see, in general, Eph, Epig. V, pp. 154 f . Cf . Dio Cass. LIX, 8.
Caligula, 24 Tres gladios in neoem suam praeparatos Marti Ultori, addito elogio, con- secravit
Caligula, 41
Eius modi vectigalibus indictis neque propositis, cum per ignorantiam .scripturae multa commissa fierent, tandem flagitante populo proposuit < in idem legem, sed et minutissimis litteris et augustissimo loco, uti ne cui describere liceret.
Claudius, 1
Xec contentus elogium tumulo eius (Drusi) versibus a se compositis in- Heuli)sisse, etiani vitae memoriam prosa oratione composuit.
One wonders if Suetonius did not make use of this elogium in writing the first chapter of the life of Claudius. Perhaps,
^ Cf. Baumgarten-Crusius, I, p. 155, sed potuit manere locoy ubi fuerat roiwnna. sanctitas quaedam^ donee Augustus^ teste Appiano, templum ibi extrxuit.
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50 WALTER DENNISON
however, the words versibus a »e compositis should lead us to infer that Suetonius's source for his statement was purely literary. Similar . elogia were, very likely, those of L. and C. Caesar dCLL. VI, 894, 895).
Nero, 10 Recitavit et carraina, non modo domi sed et in theatro, tanta universorum laetitia, ut ob recitationem supplicatio decreta sit, eaque pars carminum aureis litteris lovi Capitolino dicata.
An oratio inscribed upon a silver column is reported by Xiphilinus, LXI, 3. Dio Cassius (XLIV, 7) states that a decree, passed as a mark of honor to Caesar, was inscribed in ^ilt letters upon a silver pillar.
Oalha, 2 Neroni Oalba successit nuUo gradu contingens Caesarum domum, sed baud dubie nobilissinius magnaque et vetere prosapia, ut qui statuarum titulis pronepotem se Quinti Catuli Capitolini semper ascripserit.
Q. Lutatius Catulus, cos. 78 B.C. (^C.LL. VI, 1314), well known as a firm supporter of Cicero in suppressing the con- spiracy of Catiline, won the cognomen Capitolinus by his dedi- cation of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, destroyed by fire in 83 B.C. (Tac. Hist. 3, 72). No inscription is extant in which Galba is called pronepos of Catulus.^ Cp. Plut. Galba, 3.
Vitellius, 3 Defunctum (L. Vitellium, Imp. A. Vitelli patruum) senatus publico funere honoravit, item statua pro rostris cum hac inscriptione: pietatis immobilis erga principem.
No such inscription is extant, or is mentioned by Tacitus.
Vespasianus, 1 Locus etiam ad sextum miliarium a Nursia Spoletium euntibus in monte summo appellatur Vespasiae, ubi Vespasiorum complura monumenta extant, magnum indicium splendoris familiae et vestutatis.
This refers, I think, rather to buildings, etc., that the Ves- pasii had constructed than to tituli. See the notes on C.LL, IX, 4541.
1 Poplllia, the mother of Catulus, had, as second husband, L. lulius Caesar, the grandfather of L. lulius Caesar who was consul in 90 b.c.
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THE KriGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 51
DomitianvL$t 6, 13
Plarima et amplissiina opera incendio absumpta restituit, in quis et Capitollum, quod rursus arserat; sed omnia sub titulo tan turn suo ac sine uJla pristini auctoris memoria.
lanos arcusque cum quadrigis et insignibus triumphorum per regiones urbis tantos ac tot extruxit, ut cuidam Graece inscriptum sit : arci.
The text in the latter passage is not sound (see Roth, ed. Suet. p. 1), a condition no doubt due to the similarity of the word arci (apxei) to areu9. We should probably understand from this passage, however, that ard was not cut upon the public monument as an inscription, but was rather simply written or scratched upon it.
III. PASSAGES REFERRING TO INSCRIPTIONS THAT, IN ALL PROBABILITY, WERE NOT EXAMINED BY SUETO- NIUS PERSONALLY
Caesar, 80
Subscripsere quidam Luci Bruti statuae : Utinani viveres!
This, again, was rather written than cut on the base of the statue. There exists, to be sure, an inscription worded thus, but it has been shown to be false, C.LL. VI, Part V, *1'*. Cf. Plut. Brut. 9.
Caesar , 81
Paucos ante menses, cum in colonia Capua deducti lege lulia coloni ad extruendas villas vetustissima sepulchra dissicerent, idque eo studiosiiis facerent, quod aliquantum vasculorum operis antiqui scrutantes reperiebant, tabula aenea in monimento, in quo dicebatur Capys conditor Capuae sepultus, inventa est, conscripta litteris verbisque Graecis hac sententia, Quandoque Mta Capyis detecta essent, fore ut lido prognatus manu consanguineorum necaretur magnisque max Italiae cladibus vindicaretur. Cuius rei, ne quis fabulosam aut commenticiam putet, auctor est Cornelius Balbus, familiaris- simus Caesaris.
Such an inscription, of course, hardly existed, though there is no good reason to doubt that ancient tombs were found, in which there might have been some inscribed objects. Cf . CLL, X, p. 866 : " Sed, ut par est, non magis def uerunt, qui clarae urbi Troianum quendam Capyn conditorem adsererent eumque cum domo ea quae Romam condidisse fertur aliqua ratione coniunctum, in qua opinione et antiquissimus Hecataeus fuisse
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52 WALTER DENNISON
dicitur (fr. 27 Muell.) et posteriores complures (Coelius, apud Servium ad Aen. 10 ; Ovidius, faat 4, 45 ; Dionys. I, 73 ; Suetonius, Caes. 81 ; a/.)/' It should be noted that the in- scription is quoted in indirect discourse, and that Suetonius, by his last statement, euiue rei . . . Caesaris, implies that the truthfulness of the account had been questioned.
Augustus, 12
Et quo magis paenitentiam prioris sectae approbaret, Nursinos grand! peciinia et quam pendere nequirent multatos extorres oppido egit, quod Mutinensi acie interemptorum civium tumulo publice extructo ascripserant, pro libertate eos occubuisse.
Caligula, 8
(Plinius) addit etiam pro argumento, aras ibi ostendi inscriptas: ob Agrippinae puerperiura . . . Nee Plini opinionem inscriptio arae quicquam adiuverit, cum Agrippina bis in ea regione filias enixa sit, et qualiscumque partus sine uUo sexus discrimine puerperium vocetur, quod antiqui etiam puellas pueras, sicut et pueros puellos dictitarent.
The inscription has never been found. See below, pp. 58 flf.
Nero, 41 Leviterque modo in itinere frivolo auspicio mente recreate,, cum adnotas- set insculptum monumento militem Galium ab equite R. oppressum trahi crinibus, ad earn speciem exiluit gaudio caelumque adoravit.
Xero, 45 Statuae eius a vertice cirrus appositus est cum inscriptione Graeca, nunc demum agona esse, et traderet tandem! Alterius collo ascopera deligata, simulque titulus: Ego quid potuif sed tu culleum meruisti. Ascriptum et columnis, tam Gallos eum cantando excitasse.
These inscriptions, as the context shows, were written, and not of a permanent character.
Nero, 47 Duos scyphos gratissimi usus, quos Homerios a caelatura carminum Homeri vocabat, solo inlisit.
Vitellius, 10 Pari vanitate atque insolentia lapideni memoriae Othonis inscriptuni intuens, dignum eo Mausoleo ait, pugionemque, quo is se occiderat, in Agrippinensem coloniam misit Marti dedicandum.
With this passage we may compare Plutarch's statement (Otho, 18).
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THE EPIGRAPHIC S0U1WE8 OF SUETONIUS 53
Vespasian, 1 Manebantque imagines a civitatibus ei positae sub hoc titulo: KoAok TfXfovrjifmvTU
An inscription, | kXAqC TGAq'NHCA'NTI XYjJ, inscribed upon the base of a statue believed to be that of Vespasian, was reported first by Boissard, AtU. Rom, I, Tab. 51, then by Montfaucon, Ant. Expl. Ill, 1, 10, Tab. 1, afterwards by Franz, CLQ-. 5897, and recently by Kaibel, In%er. Oraec. Sieil. et Ital. 123*, who regards it as spurious.
Titus, 4 Tribunus militum et in Germania et in Britannia meruit summa indus- triae, nee minore modestiae fama, sicut apparet statuarum et imaginum eius multitudine ac titolis per utramque provinciam.
Not a single honorary inscription erected to Titus has thus far been found in Britain. The only three from that country that mention his name ((7./.i. VII, 1204, 1205; JEph. JSpig. VII, 1121) are on pigs of lead. From Germany, only one is reported by Brambach, O.I.Rh.^ Add. 2040. Suetonius knew of the existence of these tituli, very likely from the reports of the transactions of the Senate, preserved in the public archives.
IV. PASSAGES REFERRING IN A GENERAL WAY TO IN- SCRIPTIONS THEMSELVES, OR TO MONUMENTS OFTEN INSCRIBED
Reference is made in numerous passages to monuments that are, as a rule, inscribed, or, in a general way, to inscriptions. The most important instarces of the latter are :
Caesar, 28 Ac roox, lege iam in aea incisa et in aerarium condita, corrigeret errorem.
With this compare Venp. 8, below.
Avffustns, 81 Itaque et opera cuiusque manentibus titulis restituit.
Augustus, 97 Cum lustrum in campo Martio magna populi frequentia conderet, aquila eum saepius circiinivolavit, transgressaque in vicinam aedem super nomen Agrippae ad primam litteram sedit.
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64 WALTER DENNI80N
This building was perhaps the Pantheon ; see the inscription, C.LL. VI, 896. Cf. Dio Cass. LIV, 28.
Augusttu, 97
Sub idem tempos ictu f olminis ex inscrlptione statuae eius prima nominiB littera efiiuxit.
Cf. Dio Cass. LIV, 29.
Caligula, 14
Non defuerant qui depugnaturos se armis pro salute aegri quique capita 'sua titulo proposito voverent.
Caligula, 34
Statnas virorum inlustrium, ab Augusto ex Capitolina area propter angpis- tias in campum Martium conlatas, ita subvertit atque disiecit ut restitui salvis titulis non potuerint.
Vespasianus, 8
Aerearumque tabularum tria milia, quae simul conflagraverant, i-estitu- enda suscepit, undique investigatis exemplaribus ; instrumentum imperii pulcherrimum ac vetustissimum, quo continebantur paene ab exordio urbis senatus consulta, plebi scita de societate et foedere ac privilegio cuicumque concessis.
From this passage we may infer that Suetonius was acquainted with monuments of the character described; see Mommsen, Staatsreohty P, p. 257, n. 2. Cf. Oaes. 28 (above, p. 63), and Aug. 94: curasse ne senatus consultum ad aerarium deferretur.
Domitiamts, 16
Atque etiam e basi statuae triumphalis titulus excussus y\ procellae in monimentum proxumum decidit.
DomiHaniu, 23
Novissime eradendos ubique titulos abolendamque omuem memoriam decerneret.
The name of Domitian was not in all cases erased from his tituli, but very often. See C.LL. II, 2477, III, 812, 4013, VI, 398, etc. Cf. Macrob. Sat. 1, 12, 37.
Important references to monuments often provided with
inscriptions are:
AugiLStu8, 1
Ostendebatur ara Octavio consecrata.
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THE EPIGRAPHIC SOUBCES OF SUETONIUS 55
Augu8tU8t 31 Stataas omnium triumphali effigie in utraque fori sui portion dedicavit.
Of the inscriptions cut upon these statues, the so-called elo- gia^ some have been preserved, C.LL. P, pp. 185 f.
Augustus, 59 Medico Antonio Musae, cuius opera ex ancipiti morbo convaluerat, sta- tuam aere conlato iuxta signum Aesculapi statuerunt.
Tiberius, 6 £t quod mox simulacrum Felicitatis ex S. C. publicatum ibi sit.
Caligula, 7 Qaorum (Germanici et Agrippinae liberorum) duo infantes adhuc rapti, uniu iam puerasceus insigni festivitate, cuius effigiem habitu Cupidinis in aede Capitolinae Veneris Livia dedicavit.
Claudius, 1
Praeterea senatus inter alia complura marmoreum arcum cum tropaeis via Appia (Druso) decrevit.
Cf. Cohen, MSd. Imp. I, pp. 220, 221, nos. 1-6; Eckhel, Doc- trina Num. VI, pp. 176, 177, for coin type representing this monument. See also Jordan, Topogr. d. Stadt Rom^ I, 1, p. 365, n. 38.
Claudius, 2
Claudius natus est lulio Antonio, Fabio Africano conss. Kl. Aug. Lugu- dani, eo ipso die quo primum ara ibi Augusto dedicata est.
See Gardthausen, Augu9tus^ II, 2, pp. 864 ff., and cf. Strabo, IV, 3, p. 192.
Claudius, 11
Tiberio marmoreum arcum iuxta Pompei theatrum, decretum quidem olim a senatu verum omissum peregit.
Nero, 50
Reliquias (Neronis) Ecloge et Alexandria nutrices cum Acte concubina geutili Domitiorum monimento condiderunt, quod prospicitur e campo Mar- tio impositum colli Hortulorum. In eo monimento solium porphyretici mar- moris, superstante Lunensi ara, circumseptum est lapide Tbasio.
Beyond doubt, Suetonius saw and examined this monument, and an inscription upon it may have been the source of his information regarding those who paid the last rites of burial to
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Nero. For the location of the monument, see Lanciani, Forma Urhis Romae (Mediol. 1894), Fasc. II, Tab. I, and Beichrei- hung der Stadt Rom^ III, 2, pp. 569 fif.
VespananuSt 12 Quin et conantis quosdam originem Flavii generis ad condi tores Reatinos comitemque Herculis, cuius monimentum eztat Salaria via, referre irrisit ultro.
V. PASSAGES THAT EXHIBIT A RESEMBLANCE TO EXISTING INSCRIPTIONS
I have found three passages of tliis character, but the resem- blance cannot be considered specially significant.
Augustus, 57 Equites R. natalem eius sponte atque consensu biduo semper celebrarunt. Omnes ordines in lacum Curti quot annis ex voto pro salute eius stipem iaciebant, item Kal. Ian. strenam in Capitolio, etiam absenti, ex qua summa pretiosissima deorum simulacra mercatus, vicatim dedicabat, ut Apollinem Sandaliarium et lovem Tragoedum aliaque.
With this may be compared the inscription published in Notiz. d. Scavi, 1888, p. 224 : IMP • CAES/////DlVI • F • AVGVST | PONTIF • MAXIMVS • COS • XI | TRIBVNICIA • POTEST • XTTM | EX STIPE -QVAM • POPVLVS • ROMANVS | K • lANVARllS • APSENTI • El • CONTVLIT 1 IVLIO • ANTONIO • AFRICANO • FABIO • COS I MERCVRIO • SACRVM. See also C.LL. VI, 456-458. ^ .. «.
Claudius, 20 Claudiae aquae gelidos et uberes fontes, quorum alteri Caeruleo, alteri Curtio et Albudigno nomen est, simulque rivum Anienis novi lapideo opere in urbem perduxit, divisitque in plurimos et ornatissimos lacus.
With this we may compare the inscription which is still to be seen above the so-called Porta Maggiore^ in the wall of Aurelian, at Rome, CLL. VI, 1256: Tl • CLAVDIVS DRVSI F-CAISAR AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS PONTIF • MAXIM • | TRIBVNICIA POTEST ATE XM COS-V IMPERATOR XXVTT PATER PATRIAE I AQVAS CLAVDIAM EX FONTIBVS QVI VOCABANTVR CAE- RVLEVS ET CVRTIVS A MILLIARIO XXXXV | ITEM ANIENEM NOVAM A MILLIARIO LXII SVA IMPENSA IN VRBEM PER- DVCENDAS CVRAVIT.
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THE EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 57
The additional matter in Suetonius's account points to an- other source. Cf. Pliny, N. H. 36, 121, 122. Frontinus, De aquaeduct. 1, 14, reads Albudmu%, perhaps more correctly.
ClaudiuSf 21
Fecit et Saeculares, quasi anticipates ab Augusto nee legitime tempori reservatos, quanivis ipse in historiis suis prodat, intermissos eos Augustum inulto post, diligentissime annorum ratioue subducta, in ovdinem redegisse. Qtiare vox praeconis irrisa est, invitantis more sollemni ad ludos, quos nee spectasset quisquam nee spectaturus esset, cum superessent ad hue qui specta- verant, et quidam histrionum producti olim tunc quoque producerentur.
Compare 1. 56 of the familiar inscription commemorating the Ludi Saeculares, as celebrated by Augustus (^Uph. Epig, VIII, p. 229); hcL9 neque ultra quam semel ulli mor[talium eos spectare licet]. Cf. also Zosimus, 2, 5 : 7r€pu6vTe^ ol KtipvKei^ eU ttjp eofh rrfv avpievcu iravre; ix^Xevov iirl Oeav ffv ovre wpdrepov elBov ovt€ fierh ravra dedcrovrai ; and Herodianus, 3, 8, 10, KoXovvre^ ffK^iv KoX OecUraaOac irdvra^ h fii^TC elBov fiiqTe 6'^ovTai, The passage in Suetonius may possibly be taken from a Senatus- Consvltum passed in the time of Claudius, but worded like the one promulgated in connection with the celebration of Augustus.
VI. MISCELLANEOUS REFEREXCES
Caesar, 80
Peregrinis in senatum allectis, libellus propositus est : Bonum factum : ne quis senatori novo curiam monstrare relit !
VitelUns, 14
Statim libellus propositus est, et Chaldaeos dicere, bonum factum, ne Vitel- lius Germanicui intra eundem Calendarum diem usquam esset,
Bonum factum^ abbreviated B • F*, occurs in inscriptions ; cf. BulL Com. 1882, p. 159, and 1884, p. 58 ; see also the Acta of the Ludi Saeculares, celebrated by Augustus, 1. 80.
Augustus^ 29
Multaque a multis tunc extructa sunt, sicut ... a Munatio Planco aedes Saturn i.
With these words compare CLL, X, 6087.
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Tiberius, 20
Dedicavit et Concoi*diae aedein, item Pollucis et Castoris suo fratriaque nomine, de manubiis.
One wonders if Suetonius did not know this from an inspec- tion of the dedicatory inscriptions of the respective temples.
AuguBtuSt 60
In diplomatibuB libellisque et epistolis siguandis initio sphinge usus est, mox imagine Magni Alexandria novissime sua, Dioscuridis manu sculpta, qua signare iiisecuti quoque principes perseverarunt.
Compare the Acta of the Fratres Arvales for February 26, of the year 118 a.d. ^CLL. VI, p. 537).
Is it not possible that, in writing the account of the life of Germanicus (^CaL 1-7), Suetonius may have consulted the inscription, C.LL. VI, 911, or an oflBcial copy of it?
Caligula, 8
This is interesting in showing how Suetonius has treated the conflicting testimony of historians, of an inscription, and of the Acta.
C. Caesar natus est pridie Kl. Sept. patre suo et C. Font'eio Capitone coss. Ubi natus sit, incertum diversitas tradentium facit. CN. Lentulus Gaetulicus Tiburi genitum scribit, Plinius Secundus in Treveris, vico Am- bitarvio supra Confluentes; addit etiam pro argumento aras ibi ostendi inscriptas: ob Agrippinae puerperium. Versiculi imperante mox eo divulgati apud hibernas legiones procreatum indicant:
In casiris natusy patriis nutritus in armis, lam designati principis omen erat.
Ego in actis Anti editum invenio. Gaetulicum refellit Plinius quasi menti- turn per adulationem, ut ad laudes iuvenis gloriosique principis aliquid etiam ex urbe Herculi sacra sumeret, abusumque audentius mendacio, quod ante annum fere natus German ico filius Tiburi fuerat, appellatus et ipse C. Caesar ; de cuius amabili pueritia immaturoque obitu supra diximus. Fli- Ilium arguit ratio temporum. Nam qui res Augusti memoriae mandarunt, Germanicum exacto consulatu in Galliam missum consentiunt, iam nato Gaio.
Nee Plini opinionem inscriptio arae quicquam adiuverit, cum Agrippina bis in ea regione filias enixa sit, et qualiscumque partus sine ullo sexus dis- crimine puerperium vocetur, quod antiqui etiam puellas pueras, sicut et pueros puellos dictitarent. Extat et Augusti epistula, ante paucos quam
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THE EPIGBAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 59
obiret menses ad Agrippinam neptem ita scripta de Gaio hoc (neque enim quisquam lam alius infans nomine pari tuuo supererat) : Puerum Gaium XV, KL lun. si dii volent ut ducerent Talarius et Asillxui^ heri cum iis con- stUuL MiUo praeterea cum eo ex seroU meis medicum^ quem scripsi Germanico si vellet ut retineret. Valebis, mea Agrippinay et dabis operam ut valens per- venias ad Germanicum iuum, Abimde parere arbitroi*, non potuisse ibi nasci Gaium, quo prope bimulus demum perductus ab urbe sit. Versiculorum quoque fidem eadem haec elevant et eo facilius, quod ii sine auctore sunt. Sequenda est igitur, quae sola restat publici instrumenti auctoritas, praeser- tim cum Grains Antium, omnibus semper locis atque secessibus praelatum, non aliter quam natale solum dilexerit tradaturque etiam sedem ac domi- cilium imperii taedio urbis transferre eo destinasse.
Thus Suetonius values the testimony of the acta highest. Cf. Tac. Ann, I, 41, confirming .the evidence of the inscrip- tion. See above, p. 52.
Caligula, 15
The titvli sepulcrales of Agrippina and of Nero are extant {C.LL. VI, 886, 887), but it is impossible to assert that Sue- tonius saw them.
CaUgvla, 23
Agrippae se nepotem neque credi neque did ob ignobilitatem eius vole- bat, suscensebatque, si qui vel oratione vel carmine imaginibus eum Caesarum insererent.
See Cohen, MSd. Imp. I, p. 241, n. 31, and De Ruggiero, Diz. Epigr. II, p. 32 (jin.).
Claudius, 17
Ac sine ullo proelio ant sanguine intra paucissimos dies parte insulae in deditionem recepta, sexto quam profectus erat mense Romam rediit, tri- umphavitque mazimo apparatu.
Smilda^ thinks that Suetonius seems here to have followed the titulus triumphalis, O.ZL. VI, 920. Cf. note on Vesp. 4, p. 60.
Claudius, 24 Triamphalia omamenta Silano, filiae suae sponso, nondum puberi dedit.
With this compare O.I.L. XIV, 2500.
1 C. JShietoni Tranquilli vita Divi Claudii, Groningae, 1896, p. 70.
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Claudius, 25
Equestris militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam, post alam tribu- natum legion is daret.
With this compare the note of Cagnat (^Cours d^ Spiff, latine. p. 110), " cet ordre hi^rarchique, qui n'est pas confirm^ par les inscriptions de cette epoque, fut, en tout cas, bientSt inter- verti"; but C.LL. XIV, 2960 seems to be an example. So, too, what follows : stipendiaque instituit et imaginariae militiae ffenus^ quod vocatur Bupra numerum^ quo absentes et titulo tenu8 fangerentur^ is hardly confirmed by the inscriptions ; but cf. Mommsen, Staatsrecht^ III, p. 552, n. 1. On the milites Bupernumerarii^ cf. Marquardt, Organisation Mil, (Paris, 1891), p. 223, n. 4.
It is interesting also to note here Nero^ 25 : item statuas suas citharoedieo habitu (jqua nota etiam nummum percussif).
For coins with this type, see Cohen, MSd. Imp. I, p. 292, n. 196-203.
VespaHanuSf 4
Claadio principe Narcissi gratia legatos legionis in Grermaniam missus est ; inde in firitanniam trauslatus, tricies eum hoste conflixit. Duas vali- dissimas gentes superque vigiuti oppida et insulam Yectem Britanniae proximam in dicionem redegit, partim Auli Plauti legati consularis partim Claudii ipsins ductii.
"Worte denen," says Hiibner, referring to this passage (^ffermes^ XVI, p. 528, n. 5), " wohl der Text einer Triumphal- inschrift zu Grunde liegt."
There are some passages which, although they may have been taken from books as sources, still are expressed in language peculiar to inscriptions, e. g. Aug. 30 : Aedes sacras veUistate conlapsas aut incendio absumptas refecit; Cal. 21 : Syracush conlapaa vetustate moenia deorumque aedes refectae; Claud. 25: templumque in Slcilia Veneris Erycinae vetustate coniapsum ut ex aerario pop, R. reficeretur^ auetor fuit ; Aug. 59 : statuam aere conlato . . . statuerunt ; Caes. 26 : Forum de manubiis ^ inchoavity etc.
1 Cf . Aug. SO, ex manubiali pecunia, which is not the language of inscriptions.
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THE JEPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 61
VII. THE COGNOMINA AND TITLES OF THE EMPERORS, OCCURRING IN SUETONIUS'S NARRATIVE, AS CONFIRMED BY THE INSCRIPTIONS
I have investigated this phase of the subject, so that, if pos- sible, it might appear whether, in obtaining his knowledge of these titles or cognomina, Suetonius made use of literary evi- dence only, or corroborated what he foimd in written docu- ments, by an inspection also of epigraphical evidence.
Caesart 76
Non euim honores modo nimios recepit ; continuum consulatum, perpe- tuam dictaturam, praefecturamque moruin, insuper praenoraen Imperatoris, oogDomen Patris patriae.
Of these offices, we have inscriptional evidence for only dictator, O.LL. II, 5439, IX, 2563, 4191; tov pater patriae, IX, 34 ; and imperator, IX, 2563, II, 5439, c. 104, where imperator is not a praenomen. Cf. Josephus, Ant lud. 14. 10. 2 ; 14. 10. 7, and on the other hand, CLG. 3668, O.LL. I, p. 398 (iv. non. Aug.). See in general C.L.L. I, pp. 451-453, and Mommsen, StaaUrechU II, p. 767, n. 1.
Auguattu, 7 Infanti cognomen Thurino inditum est.
See above, pp. 45 fif.
Augustus, 7 Postea 6ai Caesaris et deiiide August! cognomen assumpsit.
This does not need to be confirmed by inscriptions (cf. Cagnat, Cours d'Spigr. lat. p. 171).
Augustus, 58
Patris patriae cognomen uuiversi repentino maximoque consensu detulerunt ei.
Cf. Cagnat (I.e.'), and Fa9t. Praen., non. Febr. (^CLL. P, p. 309).
Tiberius, 17
Censuerunt etiam quidam ut Pannouicus, alii ut Invictus, nonnuUi ut Pius cognominaretur. Sed de cognomine intercessit Augustus, eo content um reproniittens, quod se defuncto suscepturus esset.
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None of the tituli of Tiberius show these cognomina, not even those erected after the death of Augustus. See C.LL, IX, p. 698, n. to 4192, May 26.
TihwiuSf 26, 67
Praenomen quoque imperatoris cognomenqae pair is patriae, et civicam in vestibulo coronam recusavit; ac ne Augusti quidem nomen, qaamquam hereditarium, ullis nisi ad reges ac dynastas epistolis addidit.
Ideoque, ut imperium inierit, et patris patriae appellationem . . . recusasse.
The praenomen of Imperator nowhere occurs in the inscrip- tions of Tiberius of Italian provenance, but appears in three entire inscriptions from Africa (^O.LL, VIII, 685, 10023 ; JEph. Hpig. V, 1486 ; and in two that are mutilated, VIII, 6205, 10018 (perhaps also 10492).
There has been found, so far as I know, no Latin titulus of Tiberius in which he is called pater patriae (see C.I. Q^. 2087), although Cagnat (p. 160) makes the statement that all the Emperors bore this title; but cf. Mommsen, Staat^recht^ II, pp. 779, 780. The phrase in § 67 (exiatimant quidam) seems to refer to some written source of information. Suetonius's state- ment is corroborated by Tac. Ann. I, 72 ; Dio Cass. LVII, 8.
Tiberius is often called Augustus in inscriptions, although it is to be noted here that Suetonius's source was the letters of the Emperor. ^.^ ^ ^^
^ Tiberius, 60
Tulit etiam perindigne actHm in senatu, ut titulus suis quasi Augusti, ita et Liviae filius adiceretur. Quare non par en tern patriae appellari, non ullum insignem honorem recipere publioe passus est.
Tiberius's filiation is nowhere expressed thus in his inscrip- tions, although Livia is occasionally called mater 2V. Caesaris^ as in C.I.L. II, 2088; IX, 3304; X, 7340, 7501; Eph. Epig. IV, 366. There is no epigraphical evidence for Livia being parens patriae^ but she has the title of mater patriae on the coins of the colonies. See Eckhel, Doctrina Num. VI, p. 155.
Caligula, 22 Compluribus cognominibus adsumptis (nam et plus et castrorum filius et pater exercituum et optimus maximus Caesar voca- batur) . . . et quidam eum Latiarem lovem consalutarunt.
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THE EPIGRAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 63
Noae of these cognomina are, of course, found in the tituli of Caligula, while in our passage no mention is made of the cognomen of Germanicus which alone has epigraphical evi- dence ; so, too, the fact that Caligula refused the praenomen of Imperator is passed by in silence.
ClaudiuH, 1 German ici cognomen (senatus decrevit) ipsi (Druso patri) posterisque eius.
Drusus is often called Germanicus in his tituli, Claudius nearly everywhere ; but it is clear that Suetonius knew this from a decree of the Senate.
Clauditts, 12 Praenomine ImperatoriB abstinuit.
This is generally confirmed by the monuments ; exceptions are in the Acta of the Fratres Arvales, C.LL. VI, p. 467% 1. 10 f.
Nero, 8 Ex immensis, quibus cumulabatur, honoribus tantum Patris patriae nomine recusato propter aetatem.
Nero assumed the title at the end of 65 a.d. (Egbert, Latin Inscriptions^ p. 128), but quod notabile est^ it does not occur in the privilegium of the year 60, July 2 {C.LL. Ill, p. 845).
Oolha, 4 Adoptat usque (Galba) a noverca sua Livi nomen et Ocellae cognomen assumpsit, mutato praenomine; nam Lucium mox pro Servio usque ad tempus imperii usurpavit.
The inscriptions of Galba are, of course, very few in num- ber, especially those that were erected before he was saluted Emperor, so that upon no monument inscribed in Latin is he called Lucius Livius Ocella. In (7./. (?. 4957, however, his name is given Aou/tto? Xlfiio^ Se^ao-ro? 2ot;X7r/«t09 Takfia^ kinoKpOTfop and Xovklo^ A€t/8t09 '^ovkirUio^ TdXfia^ Kalaap leffcurro^ Avro/cpdroop. See C.LL. VI, 1446, and Eckhel, Doctrina Num. VI, pp. 299, 300.
Galba, 4, Ser. Galba Imp.
OthOf 2, Otho imperator.
Vit. 3, A. Vitellius L. iilius Imperator.
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The praenomen Imperator regularly precedes the Domen on the eoins of Otho (Cohen, M^d. Imp. I, pp. 852-354), and regularly follows the nomen on the coins of Vitellius (Cohen, Lc. pp. 355 f.); on the coins of Galba, however, it is very often put after the nomen, sometimes also before it (Cohen, pp. 319 flf.; Eckhel, op. cit. pp. 291, 292). This order is confirmed by the few existing inscriptions, C.I.L. Ill, p. 1958; X, 770, 771 ; VI, 929, pp. 496, 498; XIV, 2496- (cf. Bull. delV Inst. 1871, p. 21); with the exception of C.I.L. X, 8016, where see the note. Cf. Mommsen, Staatsrecht^ II, p. 769, n. 5, and Eckhel, op. cit. VIII, p.' 349, § 1.
ViteUiiu, 8 Cognomen Germanic! delatam ab universis capide recepit, Augusti distu- lit, Caesaris in perpetuum recusavit.
In the inscriptions Vitellius is regularly called Qermanicus ; he is called Augustus in the mutilated inscription, C.I.L. XIV, 2496*, if it has been rightly restored by Dessau (see Index, III), and also in the fragmentary Acta of the Fratres Arvales, a.d. Ill non. lun., C.I.L. VI, p. 499, Tab. II, 1. 12 ; yet he is not given this title in the Acta of IIII kal. lun., and it is not found upon coins (Eckhel, op. cit. VI, p. 309). There is no epi- graphical evidence that Vitellius bore the cognomen Caesar^ with the exception of the mutilated inscription, X, 8016, a TVRRE XLIIII | imP • A • VITELLIVS • C/////. Cf. Tac. Hist. 1,62; 2,62; 3,58.
ViUlliuB, 11 Seque perpetuum consulem (ordinavit).
This is confirmed by C.I.L. VI, 929, A • VITELLIVS | • IM- PERATOR • I COS • PERP. Cf. Mommsen, Staatsrecht, II, p. 1097, n. 2.
Vespasianus, 12 Ac ne tribuniciam quidem potestatem * patris patriae appellationem nisi sero recepit. [Roth supplies aut before patris.']
Vespasian received the tribunicia potestas for the first time on July 1, 69 a.d. The inscription in which he is first called pater patriae^ C.LL. X, 8005, belongs to the year 70 (some time before July 1), and yet in the militum privilegium VI
Digitized by
THE EPIORAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 66
(C.I.L. Ill, p. 849), dated March 7 of the same year, he does not have this title. But this is not important, for, although the Emperor is named pater patriae in the privilegia (^C.I.L. Ill, pp. 850, 1959) of April 5, 71 a.d., he is not in later inscrip- tions, C.LL. X, 3828 (77 a.d.), 3829 (78 a.d.), XIV, 3485.
Titus, 6 TriamphaTit cum patre censuramque gessit una, eidem collega et in tribaoicia potestate et in septem consulatibus fuit.
Titus was censor together with his father in the years 73 and 74 a.d. (Mommsen, Staatsrecht^ II, p. 338, n. 1). Also, having had his father as colleague throughout, he was holding the tribunicia poteatas for the eighth time, and was consul for the seventh time, when Vespasian died on July 28, 79 a.d.
Domitianus, 13 Pari arrogautia, cum procuratorum suorum nomine formalem dictaret epistulam, sic coepit: Dominus et deus noster hoc fieri iubet. Unde institutum posthac, ut ne scripto quidem ac sermone caiusquam appellaretur aliter. . . . Consulatus septemdecim cepit, quot ante eum nemo ; ex quibus septem medios continuavit, . . . Germanici cognomine assampto. ,
In the inscriptions, at any rate, Domitian is nowhere named BominuB et Deus. See Mommsen, Staatsrecht^ II, pp. 760-763; Eckhel, VIII, pp. 364 fol. ; and cf . Aug. 63, Tib. 27.
It is shown by epigraphic evidence also that Domitian, sur- passing all previous records, held the consulship seventeen times, and from the year 82 to 88 continuously. In the year 84 he assumed the cognomen G-ermanicuSj which occurs gener- ally in his inscriptions.
It is necessary merely to refer to the other consulships and censorships mentioned by Suetonius. See Oaes. 76; Cal. 17; Claud. 14, 16; FJe. 2; Vesp. 4, 8.
If we consider it certain that the resemblances existing between the text of Suetonius and the Monumentum Ancy- mnum were due to the fact that the historian made extracts, not from the inscription itself, but from an original document providing for its erection, or a written copy of that document.
Digitized by
66 WALTER DENNISON
there are only four passages (Awy. 7; CW. 23; Tib. 5; Claud. 41) which clearly show that Suetonius made use of epigraphic sources.
In the case of the other passages, although the account of Suetonius often agrees with what is found in inscriptions (matter, however, which could be taken as well from literary sources), there are yet some passages which prove that Sue- tonius not only did not make use of the most ordinary and commonly occurring tituli, but did not even read them care- fully; if he had done so, we should hardly expect him to make the statement he does with regard, for instance, to the prae- nomen Augustus being refused by Tiberius (^Tib. 26), and with regard to other matters, such as those dealt with in Tib. 60 (see above, p. 62); Nero, 8 (p. 63); Oalba, 2 (p. 60).
On the other hand, we cannot know definitely how many inscriptions, of which he has made no mention, Suetonius may have examined and used as sources. In one instance, Cal. 8 (see above, p. 68), it is noteworthy that he has quoted an inscription as deserving some consideration.
Suetonius, as we have seen, held the important position of epistolarum magister under Hadrian (^Spart. 12, 3), and so, doubtless, Iiad access to all important state documents and writings that were preserved in various archives. A wealth of written historical material was to be found in these archives and in the libraries ; he was not therefore under the necessity of consulting epigraphic monuments directly. In these times, however, the amount of documentary evidence available is comparatively small, and we must rely much more largely upon inscriptions than the ancients did. Finally, as G. Becker remarks (J. J. 81, p. 195), " Suetonius potius grammaticus erat quam rerum scriptor, et Caesarum Vitas eisdem rationibus quibusdam composuit quibus res grammaticas scribebat.'' ^
Walter Dennison.
1 Cf. H. Lehmann, Claudius und Nero und ihre Zeit, Gotha, 1858, pp. 49, 50.
Digitized by
TUE EPIGBAPHIC SOUBCES OF SUETONIUS 67
INDEX OF PASSAGES
PAOK
Caesar 6 28
9 28(2)
26 28(2), 60
28 63
80 28
31 27
42 28
49 28
60 27,28
62 28(2)
56 28(2)
66 28(6)
76 61,66
77 28
80 .... ; 61,57
81 .... 61
83 33, 42, 44
86 48
86 27
Augustus 1 . 46, 64
" 2 28, 29
3 27,28,29,46
** 4 28
5 29, 47
»» 7 28, 37, 45, 46, 61 (2), 00
*» 8 30,47
** 9 31
10 28, 30 (2)
11 28
" .12 62
13 30
»* 16 27
" 16 28
" 17 36
21 ... . 31,36(3), 37(3), 41, 42 (2), 43
22 31, 33, 41, 42
" 23 27
" 24 32
»* 26 27, 31, 33
** 27 . . . 28, 31 (2), 32 (2), 40 (2), 41, 42(2)
' " 28 28, 37, 43
** 20 31 (3), 36, 42 (3), 43, 67
30 34 (2), 35, 42, 43, 60 (2)
Digitized by
G8 WALTER DENNI80N
PAGE
Augustus SI 32 (2), 34, 35, 42 (2), 47, 63, 65
»» 34 32
" 36 28, 32, 42
** 40 32
41 31, 33, 42
'•' 42 31
t* 43 32, 35 (4), 40 (2), 41 (2), 43
•' 46 36, 41
'• 48 36
« 49 34, 42
" 60 40, 68
" 61 27, 28
** 62 31, 86, 42
" 63 65
** 67 29, 33, 56
*' 68 29, 37, 61
*» 69 65,60
*» 63 28
«* 68 28
*» 69 28
*» 70 28
71 28(3), 40, 44
»» 76 28(3)
** 77 28
" 79 28
»» 86 28
** 86 28,44
87 28,40(2)^44
" 88 28, 29, 44
" 92 28
94 .28(3), 64
" 97 63, 64
99 27
" 101 30,38-40,44(2)
Tiberius 2 47
** 5 27, 29, 47, 66, 66
*» 7 47
9 27, 36 (2), 41
*' 16 36
*» 17 01
20 68
21 28, 29
" 23 33, 44
24 27
" 25 47
** 26 62, 66
*» 27 65
28 27
Digitized by
THE EPIGBAPHIC SOURCES OF SUETONIUS 69
PAGE
Tiberius 60 62, 66
" 61 28
'' 67 28, 62
»' 76 44
Caligula 1-7 68
4 27
7 41, 66
8 27, 28 (2), 29 (2), 47, 62, 68, 66
'' 14 54
'' 15 49, 59
" 17 66
" 18 41
*^ 19 29
" 21 60
" 22 62
" 23 27, 28, 46, 48, 69, 66
'* 24 49
*' 25 27
" 34 54
*» 41 49
»* 47 27
*» 49 ... , 41
*♦ 61 29
aaudiua I 29 (2), 49, 55, 63
2 28,47,56
" 4 28(3)
" 11 55
" 12 63
»' 14 65
»' 16 27, 65
** 17 59
»« 20 56
»« 21 28, 57
" 24 59
*» 26 60(2)
" 33 28
*« 38 28 (2)
*» 41 28,29,48,66
*» 42 28
*' 44 27
Nero 8 63,66
** 10 50
«* 23 28
** 24 28
" 26 60
" 29 27
Digitized by
70 WALTER DENNISON
PAGR
Nero 41 28, 62
*' 45 52
** 47 62
49 27
»* 50 66
62 44
Galba 2 60, 06
** 3 2ft
" 4 03 (2)
0/7*0 2 03
9 27
*» 10 29
Vitellius 1 27
2 28, 06
3 50, 63
*• 8 04
10 62
*' 11 04
** 14 67
Vespasian 1 29, 60, 63
4 00, 66
" 8 27, 54, 66
12 50,04
" 16 27
Titus 4 53
»* 6 66
Domitian 6 61
** 12 29
13 ' . . 28, 61, 66
15 , .... 54
23 ' .... 64
De III Gram. 11 47
Digitized by
9rd)arotogtcal 5nj5titute of aimerica
CRETAN EXPEDITION^
IX
INSCRIPTIONS FROM GORTYNA, LYTTOS, AND LAT6 pros KAMARA2
It gives me pleasure to contribute to the Cretan Series of the Journal some inscriptions which have recently come to light from among the rich archaeological strata of our island. These inscriptions were for the most part found by peasants while at work in the fields, and were copied by me in the course of a visit to the interior in 1897.
GORTYNA
1. Block of common stone found near the so-called Kcirto fivXo^ and brought into the garden of Georgios Iliakis at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.25 m.; length, 0.70 m.; thickness, 0.39 m.; height of letters, 0.038 m. to 0.042 m.
* Cojitinued from Vol. I, 1897, p. 312.
2 Although the inscriptions here published were not actually discovered by members of the Cretan Expedition of the Institute, it is by the courtesy of Professor XanthoudidLs and the kind offices of Professor Halbherr that the Editors have the privilege of including them in the Cretan Series. — Editors.
American Journal of Archneolojfv, Second Series, tlonrnal of the 71
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. II (1S98), Nos. 1, 2.
Digitized by
72 STEPHANOS A. XANTHOUDIDIS
(ra7r(^?}o\iBa 'E\€V0€pPialo<:
• . . . Mjevomo? Tvp^a/iei/ow [A . . . . .... K'\\i]Ta>p 'A;^ai^o) X€/0d'OJ/[ao-tO9 .... 4>]tXrfSa/io[9 . .](^ta/c/<ca[£]to . . ,
This inscription is broken on all sides. On the right, tlie lost portion was slight ; but at the top, on the left, and probably also at the bottom, a larger amount appears to be lacking.
The part preserved contains a list of proper names, each with patronymic and ethnicon. The first three names are of Cretans from Eleutherna, L[yttos?], and Chersonesos. The patronymic and ethnicon of the fourtli cannot be certainl}' made out or re- stored. The lettera still legible at tlie end of the fourth line lend themselves to the restoration 'XpKdhio[^^y and in tliat case would suggest a citizen of the Cretan city Arcadia. But the ethnicoyi of tliis city was *Apfcd<;^ as we learn from Stephanu.s Hyz., not 'Ap«aSto9. Furtliermore, if we adopt 'ApKdBLo<:, we shall have for the genitive of the patronymic of the preceding name an impossible form terminating in ••••<^t. Tliese consid- erations lead us to distribute the letters in such a way as to begin the ethnicon with Ato---, and to end the patronymic with •••/(ca. In the latter we have a i)roj)er name with the ending '•"dpKTf^ (Doric, "-dpxa^^^ like HoXvdpxtf^^ IlavTdp/crf<;^ etc. We might tlierefore read [fi<f>i'\dpKa, — cf. the Boeotian p<t>idSa^, — but the indications of letters on the stone before <f>i are too obscure to make this reading certain.
Equally uncertain is the reading of the proper name in the first hue. The names Mci/oiVto? (cf. Polyb. XXIII, 15, etc.) and Tif%a/i€V?/9, in the second line, are already recorded among Cretan names. 'A;^aKro9, in the third line, occurs here — so far as I know — for the first time. The mark |, which appears on the stone after this name, cannot be a letter, and there is no reason for looking for a sign indicating division at this point. It is either an accidental mark or is a stonecutter's bliuider.
The persons here named probably belong to a list of proxeni
Digitized by
INSCRIPTIONS FROM LYTTOS
73
of Gortyna, and this list must therefore be grouped with many others of this class which have come to light in the excavations of the Institute near the Vigles.
2. Slab of common stone, 0.24 m. high, 0.44 m. long, and 0.10 m. thick, found in the same place as No. 1. Now in the garden of Georgios Iliakis at Haghioi Deka.
ZTPATONIKA E IT Y O E
"Epyvo^,
The name "E/^tw, -vov occurs here for the first time.
LYTTOS
The four inscriptions from this city here published are all sepulchral, and, like the greater part of funereal monuments from Lyttos, belong to the Roman epoch. They were dis- covered in the locality known as V tcl BijaaaXay near the vineyard of Georgios Stathakis,, priest of Xidha, upon a little hill northwest of the ancient acropolis. Perhaps here was the cemetery, or one of the cemeteries, of the Roman epoch.
3. Sepulchral slab of common limestone, with raised borders. Height, 0.75 m. ; width, 0.47 m. ; height of the letters, 0.036 m. to 0.04 m. In the entrance of G. Stathakis's house at Xidha.
NEIKAIA AfAGH/IE POYKAni TQNOZ
NeiKCLia pov Kairt-
Ta>J/09.
Digitized by
74 STEPHANOS A. XANTHOUDIDIS
Below the inscriptiou are cut a wreath (ar4^vc/fi) and a monogram, the signification of which is obscure to me. Tlie stone terminates above in a small aetoma with a rosette in its centre.
The name Kairircov occurs also on another inscription from Lyttos, which was copied by Mr. J. Alden, and has been pub- lished by Dr. Halbherr in this Journal^ First Series, XI, 1896, p. 556, No. 29.
4. Square slab of common stone in the same house at Xidha. The inscription is written in the middle of a cir- cular field which has a diameter of 0.30 m. Height of the letters, 0.03 m. to 0.035 m.
^ 'Eira<f>pov9
HAPKLJMNH ^■^'<'^'^
MHEXAFIN
M^ X^pti'.
The female name 'Ewa<f>pov^ has been also found in an in- scription of Praesos published by Dr. Halbherr in the Museo Italiano, III, p. 601, No. 31.
5. Slab of limestone, with raised borders, in the same house at Xidha. Height, 0.50 m. ; wddth, 0.36 m.; height of letters, 0.025 m. to 0.03 m.
ECIAQPAZOnYPO AYKACQTA A A
Kvxa 'S^oDTciSa,
Note the form of the name 'Ea-tBtopa for lo-t£a>pa, 'ElaiSaypa. The name ZcoTrvpov occurs also in an inscription of the same city published in Mus, IL III, p. 673, No. 88. Iumdhwi is
Digitized by
INSCBIPTI0N8 FROM LTTT08
75
common in Crete, and quite peculiar to it, both in Hellenic and in Roman times. We find a Cretan Sotadas in Demos- thenes, LIX, 108 ; another amongst the Olympionikai in the &>\i;^09, in Pausanias, VI, 18, 6; a Sotades (gen., SiaraSoi;?) in the rock inscription at Haghios Thomas (Roman times), published in this Journal^ First Series, XI, p. 674, No. 68.
6. Stele of common limestone with raised borders, in the same house. Height, 0.84 m.; width, 0.41 m.; thickness, 0.25 m. Height of the letters: lines 1-8, 0.035 m. to 0.04 m.; lines 9-12, 0.020 m. to 0.026 m. Some letters at the end of lines 9-10 are written on the border.
KPHZKHI KPHIKEism
TnyaMNH
MHEXAPIN £ E i^H KPH TKH XAIPE §1B
NEIKHKPHIKE TilANAPIMWHl
XAPIN ZYM(f>EPOYIA
NTl
(a) Kp^(r/ei;9 KprjaKepri
(6) Y^pritTKri xP'lp^ iri^&ii) ((?) Nc^ci; Kpi^cKevTi ((2) 'S,vfi<f>€pova-a.
This stele belonged, as may be seen from the many names successively inscribed upon it, to the burial place of a family.
Digitized by
76 STEPHASOS A. XASTHOUDIDIS
The last person to be buried was perhaps a female servant or slave, bom in the house and laid in the family sepulchre ; this view receives support from the name Sv/i^/rai/o-a. Kpi^iCfj^ is the Latin Crescent.
LATO nP02 KAMAPAI
{Haghios Xieolaot)
7. Fragment of limestone embedded in a wall of the stable of Georgios Pediaditis and Mrs. Stephanis at Haghios Nicolaos. Height, 0.15 m.; length, 0.28 m. Letters slightly apicated. The inscription is turned upside down.
-^T^:^^
iNAlZXEriNKOZMIC
^^T \rLMOT AUOAAZ
K A 1 T O A r A^i^;:'
*Aya0\_at Tv^ai. 'EttI t&Iv Al<rj(€(ov Koa'fu[6vT<ov r&v trvv t&i Selpi
TO) *Api](rTuovo^ a iroKi^
Kol TO aya\[iia
5 ifcoafiiop Se ojtSc
This inscription belongs to a class of texts often recurring in tlie cities of the region of Hierapytna and of Lato. Like the inscriptions, Nos. 37, 54, 58, etc., of the Miis. Ital, III, and like that published by Dr. Mariani in Mon, Ant, VI, pp. 277, 278, etc., this inscription contains a dedication, made by the cosmi, of a statue and of sometliing else — perhaps a monument, a temple, or some restored sacred edifice. The fragmentary third a* d
Digitized by
INSCRIPTIONS FROM LATO PROS KAMARA
77
fourth lines may be restored after this fashion : a iroXi^ [rbv vaov . . . hreaKcvaaev] koX to aya\\^fia aveOtfKep^j Hhe city has restored the temple of such and such a divinity, and has dedi- cated his statue.'
The tribe, or 76^09, of AtV^^ei?, to which the cosmi here named belong, is already known from the inscription copied by Dr. Mariani, cited above — an inscription which also aids us in restoring the fifth line. In our text, as in the other, occurs a repetition of the name of the official body : iirl r&v Alcx^oov KO(rfjLi6pT€ov and i/coa-fiiop Be otSe.
8. Small slab of common stone embedded in a wall of the same stable. Height, 0.37 m.; width, 0.23 m.
^t\0^€P\_0V
Xalpe.
X A I P E
9. Small slab of black stone walled in above the door of the house of Georgios Stephanakis at Haghios Nicolaos.
* Y A A ^^^^
B 0 Y A I A Bov\(a
MENOKAHS McpokXtj^
B 0 Y A I A BovXia.
The name 4>i5Xa occurs also in the next inscription.
10. The right portion of a sepulchral stele, of common stone, found in the walls of the demolislied Turkish bar- racks at Haghios Nicolaos, and brought into the house of Dr. Manousos Syngelakis, the physician of the village. Height, 0.46 m.; width, 0.29 m.; thickness, 0.185 m. The
Digitized by
78 STEPHANOS A. XANTHOUDIDIS
surface is so damjiged that only a little remains legible. The letters of the three first lines are 0.025 m. to 0.02 ra. high.
'I7r7rt]a9 ical 4>uXa oi Mva^oTOKXeo^
X]aif}€T€.
There follow these names two hexastich epigrams, each of which is composed of three elegiac distichs. The former was perhaps in praise or in memory of Hippias, the second of Phyla; or perhaps both inscriptions refer to both dead persons. It would be a vain task to attempt a restoration of these verses, which have almost completely disappeared from the surface of the stone through constant attrition.
I have supplied ['I7r7r/]a9 as the name of the man in the first line, since it seems to me to occur in the first four letters of the second line of the first epigram.
Stephanos A. Xanthoudidis.
Athens.
Digitized by
Srd)arological Institute of America
CRETAN EXPEDITION X
ADDENDA TO THE CRETAN INSCRIPTIONS
In this article I have collected a few texts and all the fragments that I did not find it convenient to include in my two preceding epigraphical articles 'Inscriptions from Various Cretan Cities,* ^ and * Epigraphical Researches in Gortyna.'^
Some of the pieces here published are both so defective and so small that of the inscriptions on them very little can be made out. But in epigraphy nothing is to be neglected. A small fragment which seems insignificant to-day may to-morrow acquire its value, when, by reason of fresh excavations, it may be added to other pieces, and thus contribute to the reconstruction of a text. So in the present article a new fragment (No. 24) completes and renders important a Christian inscription (No. 8)
1 Am. Journ. Arch. First Series, XI, 1896, pp. 539 ff.
* -4m. Journ, Arch. Second Series, I, 1897, pp. 159 ff. I regret that in thia article, for reasons for which I am not wholly responsible, several typographical errors escaped correction. Some of these, such as the omission of accents in Greek words, lack of marks of punctuation or of division (-), etc., can be readily detected and need not be specified here for correction. The following, however, should be mentioned :
Page 168, No. 3, line 3, read Kopfubvnav (for Koptdomav).
Page 179, line 13, read AAIK0Y2 (for AAIKOYE).
Page 195, line 7, read (rvv€Ti\J/rj<f>L<rai (for ffvv€\l/yi<pi<rdai).
Page 202, line 5, read Ao.uo04[i^f (for Lafuo^t&y^^i).
Page 205, line 33, read h rA Ovfiara (for Is Mvixara).
Page 213, lines 15, 16, read *' what does not belong to him" (for " what does belong to him ").
Page 228, line 8, read ^h<nM[y (for <ti6<rfu)lv).
American Journal of A rchoeolaf^y. Second Series. Journal of the 79
Archaeolofflcal Institute of America, Vol. II (139S), Nos. 1, 2.
Digitized by
80
FEDERICO UALBHERR
of the preceding series,^ and another (No. 4) similarly supple- ments an isolated portion of a treaty from the Pythion, which was obtained in 1887.
Inscriptions on small objects, on terra-cottas, on articles of domestic use, local or imported, are a class that has hitherto been scantily represented in Crete. The researches of the Insti- tute have made slight additions also to this store. Numbers 26-34 are various marks on terra-cottas, Rhodian vase-handles, sling-bullets, etc.^
With these texts the product of the Cretan Expedition, from the point of view of epigraphy, is nearly exhausted. There remain only a few Latin inscriptions, and some Archaic Greek fragments. The former will be published in a special article ; the latter, having been discovered in the course of the exca- vations at Praesos, Haghios Ilias, and Prinia, will find their natural place in the report to be published in a later number of this Journal on these works.
1. Gortyna. — Fragment of a block of limestone in the garden of Manoli Iliaki at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.225 m.; length, 0.41 m. Letters 0.09 m. to 0.10 m. in height.
9 6ii[y
2 (a and 6). Gortyna. — Two pieces of the usual limestone with lines running bouBtrophedon and letters of the same height (0.07 m. to 0.08 m.) and character. Probably two contiguous fragments of one and the same block. Found amongst the ruins of the ancient city by Manoli Iliaki. Fragment h :
1 Am, Journ. Arch. First Series, XI, 1896, p. 610.
2 Cf., also, Nos. 62 and 77 in the * Inscriptions from Various Cretan Cities,* Am. Journ. Arch, First Series, XI, 1896, pp. 579, 693.
Digitized by
ADDENDA TO THE CRETAN INSCRIPTIONS
81
dimensions, 0.18 m. by 0.22 m.; fragment a: dimensions, 0.185 m. by 0.29 m.
a .
BWa
• vrai . a7 (?) .... . varov ; .
3. Gort3rna. — Fragment of the usual limestone in the house of A. and P. Kouridaki at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.10 m.; length, 0.34 m. ; thickness, 0.30 m. Letters 0.023 m. to 0.025 m. in height.
The boustropJiedon writing is divided into columns and re- sembles that of the Great Inscription and of the other texts of the same group.
Right column: perhaps 7r]a[T]^-
f>[«
Left column : Ka ^e
ovrai.
This fragment comes without question from the Lethaeus, while the two preceding belong to the class from the Pythion.
4. GoTtyna. — Fragment of limestone in the garden of Manoli Iliaki at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.12 m.; length, 0.34 ra. Height of letters, 0.012 m. to 0.016 m.
This fragment belongs to a lost inscription from the Pythion, a part of which is also the fragment No. 1 of Monumenti Antichi^ I, pp. 68, 59, which was found by me in the excavation of that precinct in 1887. With the new fragment I here reproduce the earlier one, giving the two in the position that they origi- nally occupied.
Digitized by
82
FEDEBICO IIALBHERB
is
s ^
H
is,
^c;!
I
11^
3.\t»Ho
>;
V,
o
r— I a l5
'•«
o
;^ I — I b I — I
-It
vs : ±i
/^ U-J
?e I.
o
^^ P o
^ § 1
b ^ '^
^ s -
cj >e o
^
tf
These lines contain the conclusion of a treaty of alliance made by Gortyna with the Cretan city Elyrus. Here recur, with few variations, the stereotyped phrases usual in this now well repre- sented class of Cretan inscriptions.
The detached line, of which traces appear on the lower part of the fragment, was probably tlie l)eginning of another treaty.
5. Gortyna. — Small fragment from the fields near the Vigles. Letters apicated.
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ADDENDA TO THE CRETAN INSCRIPTIONS
K€<f>a\o[^ K]€<^a\[ft> 4>tX,]tt)T€[/J€U9 (?)
Cephalus was probably a proxenoB of Gortyna.
6. Gortyna. — Fragment of the usual limestone in the garden of Manoli Iliaki at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.21 m.; width, 0.015 m.; thickness, 0.095 ni.
The last letter of the second line looks more like a p or a p than an Q.
The lack of vowels, both before p (or p) and before ^ of the first line, suggests that we here have abbreviations.
The third line is by a different hand, and belongs to a dif- ferent period.
7. Gortyna. — Fragment of a large disk with raised border, perhaps a lecane^ of hard blackish stone, found not far from the Vigles in the very centre of the ancient city. Now in Manoli Ili- aki's garden at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.25 m.; width, 0.26 m.; thickness, 0.07 m. Letters, 0.027 m. to 0.029 m. in height.
The beginning of the second word suggests that we have here the remains of a dedication to the Cretan goddess Britomartis.
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FEDElilCO HALBUERR
A Latin inscription lately discovered, which is soon to be published in the last Additamenta of CLL. Ill, informs us that at Gortyna tliere existed a sanctuary of this goddess, worshipped with the epithet Dictynna, which is peculiar to her. It is probable that this circular object, on which our inscrip- tion is written, was one of the votive offerings of this temple (hvaOrifMLra) .
8. Gort3rna. — Fragment of slab of gray marble, embedded in the exterior wall of the KOAfx^^evelov of the Kouridaki brothers at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.20 m. ; width, 0.16 m. Letters, 0.03 m. high, in the first and second line ; 0.019 m., in the third and fourth.
A.ii]TOKpdropo^ • . 'AvT]a)i/e[tVov(?) ,
9. Gortyna. — The following inscription has already been published in O.I.Q-. no. 2587, from Pococke's copy (^Inscr. Ant. pt. I, chap. 4, s. 2, p. 43, no. 1). I have been able to find it again in a wall of the field of Nicolis Kyriakaki adjoining the road from Haghioi Deka to Mitropolis, and I reproduce it here in a better and more perfect copy, which preserves the peculiar forms of the letters and their ligatures. Height, 0.80 m.; width, 0.65 m.; thickness, 0.53 m. The letters of the first line are 0.06 m. to 0.07 m. in height and are well spaced; in the third line they are of equal height, but are more erect and less spaced ; in the other lines they are more crowded and are shorter (0.05 m. in height).
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ADDENDA TO THE CRETAN INSCRIPTIONS 85
*AataTi]tcrjv B[a\6- p{ov ^AataTiKOV y^y- vdixa, BU inrdrov teal [^-
a-<D<f>poavvr)^ €P€Ka koI <f>tXavBp[{a^
teal T^ \oi7rrj{r))<; ap\_€']Trp; #c[a]l t^9 7r/o[69 rffP
iroXiv eifvoia^ •
10. Gortyna. — From the field of Nieolis Kyriakaki, near the Kara) /mvXo^, The inscription is on the ui)per part of a column of gray marble, which perhaps supported a bust. All the lines are broken off at the right except the last ; the first line is almost wholly gone. The letters are long and erect, and the sigma has a peculiar form. The inscription is almost illegible because of the corrosion of the surface, which has almost wholly removed it. The height of the column is 1.25 m.; the diameter, 0.43 m. Letters, 0.055 m. to 0.075 m. in height.
TONeni<j>ANeCTATONKAIANAPG lOTATOK
TONeAYTOYKAlTHi^OJKOYMENHeOeia MAPKOGAYPHMOaY/HCOAlACHKOl^ THgKFHTHr
TOP itri^aveararov koI avSpeidraTOV
Tov iaVTOv /cal tt)? oiKOVfievr)^ [^ ?]€0" . . . Map/co? AvprjXio^ Au)?;? o Siaar)fi6[^TaT0<; T^9 Kp-qTT)^.
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FEDEHICO HALBHERR
This is an honorary dedication to a Roman whose name has been lost from the first line. The cognomen of the dedicator, with the peculiar abbreviation of the first syllable, is enigmati- cal to me. I must leave to scholars specially devoted to Roman antiquity further attempts to elucidate this text.
11. Gort3rna. — Fragment of an architrave, of the usual local stone, in a field belonging to Manoli Savuidaki at Haghioi Deka. Length, 0.64 m.; height, 0.35 m. Letters, 0.065 m. in height.
\ f
0^
J
Evidently the remains of two proper names, the first in the nominative, the second in the genitive : 'O &ii/a rov h€lvo^,
12. Gortyna. — Fragment of an architrave or some other architectonic piece, about 1.00 m. in length, and 0.25 m. in height ; walled in above the balcony of Manoli Alezizaki's house at Haghioi Deka.
^^EPg S EN__1
The inscription contained the dedication of a building — o helva or fi ttoKl^; .... a<f>]L^p<oa'€V — probably to some divinity: *A[7rrfXXa)w, 'Af/rre/itSi (?).
13. Gortyna. — Fragment of a block, of the usual limestone, in a wall of the house of Ilias Iliaki at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.10 m.; length, 0.37 m. Letters, 0.035 m. to 0.025 m. in lieight.
T IN O S T.AiM i A
rVN AIKI
TON4
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87
14. Gortyna. — Small fragment of limestone in a wall of the ruined house of loannis Kalogerias, in the village of Mitropolis. Height, 0.255 m. ; width, 0.215 m. Letters, 0.04 m. in height.
15. Gortyna. — Fragment of a slab, of the usual limestone, in the garden of Manoli Iliaki at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.275 m. ; width, 0.16 m. Letters, 0.035 m. to 0.05 m. in height.
16. Gort3rna. — Fragment of a marble slab in the same garden. Height, 0.20 m.; width, 0.19 m.; thickness, 0.05 m. Letters, of late Roman times, 0.035 m. high.
17. Gortyna. — Fragment of common stone in the same garden. Height, 0.11 m.; length, 0.23 m.; tliickness, 0.15 m. Bad letters, of late Roman date, 0.03 m. to 0.04 m. high.
BOjAHrOPT lAXTMONiNj^
#ca]l /3ov\t) TopT[yv{a>v • . Md^ifiov iv K
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FEDERWO HALBHERR
18. Gortyna. — Fragment of a marble slab, 0.11 m. wide, and 0.07 m. thick. Letters of the same epoch as No. 17, 0.025 m. high. In Iliaki's garden at Haghioi Deka.
PAOYC-l
19. Gortyna. — Small fragment of a marble slab with verj^ small letters; in the same garden. Height, 0.08 m. ; width, 0.05 m.; thickness, 0.02 m. Letters, 0.01 m. to 0.012 m. in height. Late Roman times.
20. Gortyna. — Small fragment of a slab of porphyry in the house of Manoli Savuidaki at Haghioi Deka. Height, 0.11 m. ; width, 0.07 m. ; thickness, 0.025 m. Apicated letters of Roman times.
21. Gortyna. — Fragment of a stele of common limestone in Iliaki's garden. Height, 0.255 m.; width, 0.28 m.; thickness, 0.065 m. Bad letters of late times.
N]i#c[a](rt[a)
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89
22. Hear Gortyna. — Small slab of common stone found in the locality called \ ra 'EXXiywica, between Bobia and Mires ; now in the house of Nicolaos Katzoulaki at Bobia. Letters, of late Roman times, 0.03 m. high.
CUJC I Bl A NONM N H M HC XA PIN
VOV /JiVlf'
piv.
28. Gortyna. — Sepulchral stele from the western side of the Acropolis. Height, 0.75 m. ; width, 0.34 m. ; thickness, 0.89 m. Letters, 0.04 m. to 0.06 m. in height.
MNHMff^
The upper part of this inscription is lost, and of what re- mains only the final formula [eV T]a)[i/ | lS{oi>[v \ fivi^fir}^ \ x^P^^ is clear to me. To judge from the forms of the letters the inscription must belong to late Roman times.
24. Gortjrna. — In my article on 'Christian Inscriptions'^ I published a copy of a fragmentary inscription from Gortyna,
1 Am. Journ. Arch. First Series, XT, 18^, p. 610.
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90 FEDERICO IIALBHERR
containing the right half of a sepulchral inscription, which at that time seemed to be of slight importance. Dr. Hazzidaki, with the aid of peasants, has succeeded in finding the missing part of the inscription, and has sent me an impression of the whole from which our facsimile has been prepared.
The text now becomes one of the most interesting of the Christian inscriptions of the city, since it adds a new name to the list of bishops of Gortyna, as given by Cornelius, Creta Sacra., I, p. Ixvii, and Gams, Series Episcoporum^ etc., p. 400.
'AverrawraTO 6 ixa- Kapioi>(raT(yi) ^^K\r}auii<of)o^ i'n'l(TK(^oir(yi)n^ fir)vl ^lovXiov
Kvpca/c^.
'EKKXijaiSScopo^ was supplied by me in the publication of the former fragment, but the spelling on the stone is far from cor- rect. In the fourth line el should have been written Ci.
25. Gortyna. — Inscription from the field of il. Savuidaki. The facsimile is from an impression furnished by Dr. Hazzidaki.
Koovaravrlve Avyova-TCy Toif ff(vKa<; (viz. tu vincas !)
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ADDENDA TO THE CRETAN INSCRIPTIONS 91
This inscription records one of the Latin "acclamationes" which were in use in the Byzantine court and church,^ and of which a collection is made in the work of Constantine Por- phyrogenitus "E^^ecrw t^ BaaiXeiov Td^eto^ (i>e Cerimoniis Atdae Byzantinae). We have in our inscription a more correct transliteration of the Latin words in use than that in the manuscript of the "Eic^ecrt? published by Reiske (CorpuB Scrip- torum HistoHae Byzantinae ^ Bonn, 1829), where we read : 6 tAva KaX 6 Seiva aGyovaroi, rovfiffiKU^ (book I, ch. 76 : ^v<f>r)/M{a afia irpoA inro tov arparo'Trdhov itc^ooDfiivrf),
I have not attempted to establish to which of the emperors named Constantine this inscription belongs. One may perhaps think of Constantine the Great, and may find some connection between our salutation and the tradition about the famous " in hoc aigno vinces,^^ But the only evidence on which we can date our text is the writing, and this does not carry us far, as I have already remarked,* in a country where the entire number of Byzantine inscriptions hardly exceeds twenty.
VARIA SUPELLEX
26. Hilatus (?). — Inscription scratched upon a vase brought from the village of Milato (the ancient Milatus) into the col- lection of the late Russian Consul (Mr. Mitzotaki) at Candia.
Perhaps not of Cretan origin.
27. Cnossus. — Fragment of the lip of a large vase ( pithos') found at Cnossus, and now in the Museum of the Syllogos at
^ I am iudebted to Professor Kruinbacher for several valuable suggestions that have guided me to the interpretation of the inscription. Cf. his Byzanti- nische literaturgeschichte, 2te Aufl., pp. 254-250.
* Am, Journ, Arch. First Series, XI, 1896, pp. 603, 604.
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FEDERICO HALBHERR
Candia. The facsimile is of about the size of the original. The letters were stamped in the clay before the first firing.
EJTrl Ti^fiepiov) KX(ai;Sioi;)
Probably one of the emperors or one of the princes of the Claudian gens.
28. Handle of a vase (Rhodian) found by me in the ruins of Sybrita. The letters are in relief.
'EttI AdfioDvo^, Tlavd/jiov,
This is a well-known mark. Cf. /. G. Ins, I, no. 1120 (British Museum).
29. Another Rhodian vase-handle found at CnosBus. The letters are in relief.
'Efaiic€<rT09.
30. Fragment of a similar handle found at Xerocambos^ on the eastern coast of Crete (ancient Ampelus ?).
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ADDENDA TO THE CRETAN INSCBIPTIONS
93
SdvO I ITTTTOlj:
or
Havd I (7nro[y,
31. Mark in relief on a fragment of a vase-handle found in the same place as No. 30. The facsimile is slightly smaller than the original.
^tXiov.
32. Mark on a fragment of a brick found at Palaekastron of Siiia^ on the eastern coast of Crete, and now in the collec- tion of the Syllogos of Candia. The writing is from right
to left.
33. Rhaucus(?). — Mark upon a terra-cotta water pipe (^- tvla aquaria) found at Haghios Myron (ancient Rhaucus?), and now in the house of Zacharis Alatzaki, in the same village. The writing is from right to left.
DoTV\OnA*YO
Ovd^ovro^,
The inscription is complete, both on the right and on the left, but the name is new to me.
34. Leaden sling-bullet {iioKv^hk) found at Xerocamhos (Arapelus?).
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94 ADDENDA TO THE CRETAN INSCRIPTIONS
A I Nt^ AW.
Probably the imperative of the obsolete verb atW, an equiva- lent of xdirrw or tvttt©, as we may infer from the Hesychiaii glosses atvmv • irrlaa<ov ; and irrCaafo • to rthrrfo ; irrUrcu • K&ijrai. Cf. the imperatives XajS^ and B^^ai on other Hellenic slmg*-
buUets.
Fedebico Halbhebk.
Rome, June, 1898.
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1898 Jannarj, February
ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS^
NOTES OF RECENT EXCAVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES; OTHER NEWS
GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
THE 80CIBT7 OF DUaETTANTL — The members of the Society of Dilettanti, now in the one hundred and fifty-sixth year of its existence, determined some time ago to compile and print, from the archives of the Society, a full history of its activity since its foundation. The work was entrusted to Mr. Lionel Cust, under the editorship of Mr. Sidney Colvin, who was secretary of the Society from 1891 to 1896. It will show fully the place which the Society has held both in the pronsotion and publication of archaeological discoveries, and in tlie social historv of the country, and will be illustrated with photogravures of some fifteen of the Society's historical portraits, including the three famous Sir Joshuas, seven or eight by George Knapton, two by Lawrence, the admirable portrait of J. S. Morritt by Sbee, and the well-known *' Sir Edward Ryan " of the late Lord Leighton. A limited number of copies will be offered during the present autumn to the general public through Messrs. Macmillan. (Athen. September 18, 1897.)
THE EXPORTATION OF ANTIQUITIES FROM IT ALT. — The
Rome correspondent of the Times writes under date November 26: "An important decision regarding the export duties laid on such articles of com- merce as fall under the very vague and elastic heading of * antiquities * has just been rendered by the Court of Appeals in Rome. As is known to all who have attempted to purchase such articles here, the export duty of 20 per cent, levied on them by a law which is an inheritance from the Papal Government is not only a grave charge but one which it is sometimes
1 The departments of Archaeolo^cal News and Discussions and of Bibliography of Current Archaeological Literature are conducted by Professor Fowler, Editor-in- oharge, assisted by Miss Mary H. Buckingham, Professor James C. Egbert, Jr., Professor Elmbr T. Merrill, Mr. George N. Olcott, Professor James M. Paton, Dr. Gkorgb a. Rbisnbr, Professor Herbert Weir Smyth, and the Editors.
No attempt is made to include in the present number of the Journal material published after March 1, 1898.
For an explanation of the abbreviations, see p. 158.
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96 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [Vol. II, 1898
embarrassing to determine, the value of such things being purely fantastic. The law, known as the Pacca edict, applies only to the late Papal territory, each one of the ancient realms of Italy having still its ancient regulation, the duty from Tuscany being 1 per cent., and that from the former Austrian possessions niL The Roman Court has decided that it only applies to such objects as are recognized as ' precious,^ i. e. as of exceptional artistic or his> torical value. The limit<ation is as vague as the old definition, and perhaps the best results of the decision will be to compel the Government to pass a general and rational law, under which the possessor of an object having value from its antiquity shall be free to carry it out of Italy. Professor Villari, when Minister of Public Instruction, proposed a sensible and com- prehensive law which, while imposing a small duty and the necessity of a permission to export, for the purpose of controlling the exportation of the heirlooms of the nation, made it indispensable for the Government either to purchase or permit the exportation. This law, like most of those which the public good has called for, has ever since lain covered by the petty legislation for electoral purposes, which impedes all useful reforms other than those demanded by the constituents of the ministerial deputies. If an object is precious and indispensable to the honor or history of Italy, it is reasonable that its exportation should be prevented, but only by purchase, for it is an outrage that a man may not dispose, according to his interests or necessities, of articles which are his unquestionable property." (The Archi- tecty quoted in American Architect and Building News, January 8, 1895.)
AUSTRIAXT ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE. ~ The Austrian Archaeological Institute has been founded, with headquarters at Vienna. Professor Otto Benndorf has been appointed Director. The Institute began its activity with the year 1898. Its official organ is the Jahreshefte des OesterreichiscJien Archdologischen Institutes in Wien, the first number of which appears March 31, 1898. This publication supersedes the Archdologisch- epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich-Ungam,
ITALIAN NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. — The Italian Society of Numismatists will begin shortly, under the patronage of H.R.H. the Prince of Naples, the publication of the Corpus Numorum Italicorum, in which all the coins struck by the ancient and modern mints of Italy will be collected and illustrated. {A then. January 8, 1898.)
GERMAN ORIENTAL SOCIET7. — Prominent representatives of Oriental and Biblical research in Germany, among them Wellhausen, De- litzsch, Kittel, Socin, Hommel, Noldeke, and others, have united in the pub- lication of an Appeal, the object being the organization of a "Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft." This society proposes to be national in character, and by the establishment of local unions in the larger cities, and by securing a large number of contributing members throughout the empire, expects not only to awaken a wider and deeper interest in the remnants and remains of ancient civilization in the Tigris-Euphrates valley, in Mesopotamia and
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Western Asia in general, as well as in Egypt, but, further, to secure the necessary funds to make excavations and bring monumental relics of these civilizations to the museum in Berlin. Hitherto German scholars have been compelled, as a rule, to depend for their working materials in this depart- ment on the expeditions which the governments or private liberality in England, France, and America have sent to the East. Lack of funds and of organization and cooperation has made the Germans mere lookers*on iu this eager search and research. The Appeal in question draws attention to the wealth of Oriental antiquities deposited in the museums of London, Paris, and New York, silently contrasting this with the lack of such raw and original material in German collections. A preliminaiy commission has already been sent East by the *' Orient-Komit^," an organization on a smaller scale that has in recent years been supported by a few wealthy Germans. The Appeal declares that it shall be the purpose of the new society (1) to study Oriental antiquities in general, and Biblical archaeology in particular ; (2) to secure monuments of Oriental antiquity especially for the Berlin museum, and possibly for collections that may be founded in other parts of the empire ; (3) to popularize the results and investigations in Oriental research and arouse a general interest in these investigations. The Prussian Cultus Ministry has warmly approved of this project, and Prince Heinrich von Schonaich-Carolath has accepted the Presidency of the Geaellschaft. (Nation, March 17, 1898. Cf. BerL PhiL W. February 19, 1898; Athen. February 19, 1898.)
CONGRESS OF ORIBNTALISTS. — Home has been designated as the place for holding the twelfth international congress of orientalists, to be held in 1899. A report of the organization of the Italian executive com- mittee is contained in J. Asiat, neuvi^me sdrie, X, pp. 244-246.
THE R07AL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTTTUTE AT DOR- CHESTER. — The 1897 meetings of the Archaeological Institute were held early in August at Dorchester. General P. M. Rivers gave an address con- cerning certain square camps which he had excavated. The Society visited the Roman amphitheatre, the area of which is about 210 feet by 150 feet. The site of the Roman Walls of the ancient Durnovaria was traversed and examined. The churches of St. George and St. Peter, as well as the Mu- seum, were visited. Professor Boyd Dawkins gave an address upon the present stage of prehistoric archaeology, in which he contended that the bridge over the gap between paleolithic and neolithic man is to be sought in Southern Asia rather than in Europe. The Society made several other excursions to neighboring points of archaeological interest. Addresses were made by Dr. Cox on the " Treatment of English Cathedral Churches during the Victorian Age," and the Reverend Sir Talbot Baker on the ** House of the Vestals in the Forum at Rome and the Discovery of Anglo-Saxon Coins in the Excavation thereof," the Reverend A. Du Boulay Hill on the " Recent Discovery of a Saxon Church at Bremore Church, Some Four Miles from Salisbury." (Athen. August 7, 14, 1897.)
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98 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [Vol. II, 1898
NECROLOG7. — Von Bcdlet. — ^^We ought to have recorded earlier the decease of Professor von Sallet, the Keeper of the Coins at the Berlin Museum, and editor of the ZeiUchrift fiir Numismatik, who died on Novem- ber 25, in his fifty-sixth year." {A then. December 25, 1897.)
R. Adamy. — Dr. Rudolf Adamy, the Inspector of Darmstadt Mu- seum and Professor of the History of Art, has just died at the early age of not quite forty-eight years. Dr. Adamy was the author of a number of pub- lications on art; but his principal work is Die Architektonik auf historischer und (isthetischer Grundlage, published in two volumes. {A then. January 22, 1898.)
J. Burckhardt. — The well-known author of Ctdtur der Renaissance in Italien and of the Cicerone^ died at Basel, August 8, 1897. A sympathetic notice of his work is given by H. Wolffliu in Rep.f. K. 1897, pp. 341-346.
▲. Poatolakas. — The distinguished Greek numismatist, Achilleus Postolakas, died at Athens at the beginning of this month. He pursued his studies mostly in Germany, and having been in constant communication with the German Archaeological Institute, he bequeathed to it his valuable library. Postolakas was for many years Director of the Numismatic Mu- seum of Athens, and when the great theft of coins took place there ten years ago he had the mortification of being arrested, and was only set at liberty when the actual thief was caught at Paris. Postolakas was, how- ever, so deeply hurt that he resigned his post. At the funeral the Vice- Director of the Numismatic Museum delivered an oration, and Professor Dorpfeld made a speech in honor of the deceased in German. (A then. August 28, 1897.)
EGYPT
RECENT DISCOVERIES. — The last year has been a most remarka- ble one in the history of Egyptian archaeology. The objects of the " New Race" (Petrie) class found by Petrie and Quibell at Ballus and Negadah have been brought into connection with those found at Abydos by Amdli- neau by means of the results of De Morgan's excavations at Negadah. Thereby the "New Race" is proven to be not only Libyan, but Egyptian. This whole group of discoveries has been shown by Sethe and Borchardt to belong to the first three Egyptian dynasties. One tomb at Negadah has been shown by Borchardt to belong to Menes. Thus, we have in the last year recovered sufficient archaeological material to establish the character- istics of the art of the oldest known period of Egyptian history. (Letter from G. A. Reisner, February 17, 1898.)
AB7DOS. — The Tomb of Oairla. — M. E. Amdlineau, the French Egyptologist, who announced recently the discovery of the tomb of Osiris at Abydos, in Egypt, has sent to the Journal £gyptien the following account of his find :
"Everybody who has had a little education, or has read a little, knows, or at least has heard of, the legend of Osiris. The benevolent god, benig-
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