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6. ar PROCEEDINGS
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
“ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY | OF LONDON.
FOR THE YHAR
1898...
. PART: 1; CONTAINING PAPERS READ IN
i JANUARY sues FEBRUARY.
oe TMOES. ay ths : Veo ee my ons eke of JUNE 1st, 1898.
OP
PRINTED FOR THE, SOCIETY, - SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN’ HANOVER dees aieee :
He ‘LONDON: -> % MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER- Bee
aa < [Pribe Tnelve Shillings.) ae
LIST OF CONTENTS.
PART I.—1898.
January 18, 1898.
The Secretary. Report on the Additions to. the Society’s Menagerie in December 1897. (Plate 1.)
reek wb ishele sum leiey.e 0.0/6 i esate eae Gerars Whee feete wae 0) 048,00 Rie & 0) be 8 8a ahd (Oomub eS SOs Sa
The Secretary. Exhibition, on behalf of Dr. R. Collett, of a specimen of a _aupperes bebe brid between the Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) and the Redwing (7. iliaeus) .
Mr. W. E. de Winton. © Exhibition of a skin oe a Zebra (Equus boehmi) from British Hast Africa |. :
rr i i aaa ene Snr er eae Cea Mee rns i re a Ck ee ae ac
J. On the Parerennt of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Midwife-Toad (Alytes obstetri-
cans). By W. G. Ripuwoop, D.Sc,, F.L.S., Lecturer on adie at, St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London. (Plate Il. )
eee ee a ere a ae es
2. On the Cteniform Spiders of Africa, Arabia, and) Syria.
ey Frepx. O.' Prexarp Campriner, B.A. «(Plates ILI. & IV.)
ee ee ee eC i ray
3. On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part I. Stomatopoda: By Lancenor
Avexanper Borrapaite, M.A., Lecturer in Natural Sciences at Selwyn College, chara (Plates V. & VI.)
re a ee ee ee ee re ee ary
February 1, 1898.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a supposed new sub-
species. of Giraffe from West Africa, proposed to be named Giraffu camelopardalis OT DU TU Boa Sn SARIN, 0 die CES BELG operate 4 Seats Te A ais feel ode eae or AA n ha tre Vs Tos deta “
Mr. Selater. Wxhibition of photographs. of Serraties showing the differences in harks between the two recognized forms
ee eh a ee ee ee i i ee ar ae ad
Mr. J. Graham Kerr. | Notes on the dry-season habits of Lepidsiron, communicated to him in a letter by Mr. R. J. Hunt, of Paraguay 2.2.5. .0.0..00 0.
Page
39
Mr. G, yh Boulenger, F.R.S. Notice of a memoir on the Fishes collected by Dr. J. Bach
im the Rio Jurua, Brazil
SUS BES LS © is PARP Ore a exe ie 6 oO ‘obey ee 0)6lq\b (Siale/ Msi, 0056/9 ere @ ose oO v 6 pialls
Contents continued on page 3 of Wrapper.
PROCEEDINGS
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF LONDON
FOR THE YEAR
PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY, AND SOLD AT THEIR HOUSE IN HANOVER-SQUARE LONDON:
MESSRS. LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO, PATERNOSTER ROW.
j is es. ad
OF THE
COUNCIL AND OFFICERS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF LONDON.
1898.
COUNCIL.
(Elected April 29, 1898.)
Siz W. H. Frower, K.C.B., LL.D.,
Wiurtram Bateson, Esq., F.R.S.
His GracetHe Dux oF Beprorb.
Cot. Joun BrppuLeu.
Wittiam T. Branrorp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President.
Grorce A. Boutencer, Esq., F.RS.
Epwarp Norra Boxroy, Esq.
Hersert Dever, Esq., F.LS.
Cuartes Drummonp, Esq., Vrea- SUurer.
E.R.S., Vice-President. Gen. Tue Hon. Feitpine, K.C.B.
PRINCIPAL
P. L. Scuater, Esq., M.A., Frank E. Bepparp, Esq.,
Prosector.
D.C.L., Sce.D., F.R.S., President.
F. DuCanr Gopmay, Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President.
Dr. Abert Ginruer, F.RS., Vice-President.
Proressor Gerorce B. Howes, LL.D., F.R.S., Vice-President.
Lr.-Cor: Lnonarp H. Irpy.
ticHaRD Lypexker, Esq., F.R.S.
Dr. Sr. Georcr Mrvarr, F.R.S., Vice-President.
| Srr Tuomas Patye. Sir JoserH Fayrer, Br.,K.C.8.1.,
Howaxp Sacnpers, Esq., F.L.S.
| Painre Lurnty Scrarer, Esq., Srp Percy | | Cuartss 8, Tomes, Esq., F.R.S.
M.A.,Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary.
OFFICERS.
Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary. M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and
Mr. Crarence Bartierr, Superintendent of the Gardens. Mr. F. H. Waternouss, Librarian.
Mr. Jonn Barrow, Accountant.
Mr. W. H, Core, Chief Clerk.
LIST
OF THD
CONTRIBUTORS,
With References to the several Articles contributed by each,
Aucock, N. H., B.A., M.D., Assistant to the Professor of Institutes of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin.
On the Vascular System of the Chiroptera——Part I. Thoracic Vessels of Pteropus medius; with a Summary of the Literature of the Chiroptera ............00seeeee
AnpREws, CHARLES Witir1AM, B.Sc., B.A., F.Z.8.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some Bird-remains from the Lake-dwellings of Glastonbury, Somersetshire. .
Bepparp, Frank E., M.A., F.R.S., Vice-Secretary and Prosector to the Society.
On the Anatomy of an Australian Cuckoo, Scythrops
POUCA UNUCE) |) FTA), + Ws 6) SOMMER EIS fa clvan sds WS I9 6
On certain Points in the Anatomy of the Cunning
Bassarisc (Bassariscus astutus) -2...ccceereecseves Step
Page
iv Page Beprorp, F. P., B.A., King’s College, Cambridge.
Report on the Holothurians collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti and Rotuma. (Plates LII.& LIII.) 834
Bet, Francis Jurrrey, M.A., F.ZS.
On the Actinogonidiate Echinoderms collected by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti and Rotuma .......... 849
BuanrorpD, W. T., LL.D., F.R.S., V.P.Z.S., &e.
Notes on Lepus oiostolus and L. pallipes from Tibet, and mie, Keshinitt Vinca qUGiw..0- 52's. <6 ci Pearse oP Sais ye ae. 307
BorrRapdaiLe, LANcELoT ALEXANDER, M.A., F.Z.S., Lecturer in Natural Sciences at Selwyn College, Cambridge.
On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part I. Rramatapodda..- (Plates Vide Vi.) a came eee os cee he es 32
On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part II. Macrura anomala. (Plate XXXVI.) ...........005.. 457
On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part III. Macrura... (Plates LAUIL—LXV.) age ed= cole oa daca s ¢ 1000
BouLENGsR, GHorGE ALBuRT, F.R.S., F.Z.8.
Notice of a Memoir on the Fishes collected by Dr. J. Bach Thad oter I SuV0) Al ignr el siesVal len aaeee gee SNE Gy ae ee 44
Description of a new Sea-Snake from Borneo. (Plate crane eetncatns stag ttte ie: or REREAD eARnOT RO ool seco Sei 106
An Account of the Reptiles and Batrachians collected by Mr. W. F. H. Rosenberg in Western Ecuador. (Plates XR VU rai cae yee RI RNS on Wi ke. o qin alo g 107
Exhibition of a living specimen of a hybrid Newt between a male Molge cristata x M. marmorata and a female of MM OPRRUET cc Rte Neate ia ss >. Sty, s « Glecg h eiNA Lev
Ne
Bovnencer, GrorGe ALBert, F.R.S., F.Z.S. ( Continued.)
A Revision of the African and Syrian Fishes of the Family Cichlide.—Part I. (Plate XIX.)
a eMe, eo! <elte 6) a eda
Fourth Report on Additions to the Batrachian Collection in the Natural-History Museum. (Plates XXXVIII. & XXXIX.)
wa) sealers, a) ss lee) os 0M 66) wis elivice ey dienes) « 9\Ke' 9,6) a. (6 oe) =
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens of Polypterus
GS he does aot ev Cin wb a es eS
lapradw from the Lower Congo
Notice of a Memoir on the Fishes collected by Mr. J. E. S. Moore in Lake Tanganyika
re |
A Revision of the Genera and Species of Fishes of the Family Mormyride. (Plate LI.) 2... c..ce0e0dse0ss>>
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a dancing-stick from New Guinea to which two skulls of the Chelonian Caretto- chelys insculpta were attached ..¢..... . cee eee eee ee ee
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a specimen of a Sea- BUIaAON PERU a SUOIEERAN) iarce us, ou» nstile Ga alip net sa Be Dew
Third Report on Additions to the Lizard Collection in the Natural-History Museum. (Plates LV.-LVII.)....
Brapy, G. Strwarpson, M.D., LL.D., C.M.Z.S.
Notice of a Memoir on new or imperfectly known Species of Ostracoda, chiefly from New Zealand........
Brinpiey, H. H., M.A., St. John’s College, Cambridge.
On certain Characters of reproduced Appendages in Arthropoda, particularly in the Blattide. (Plate LVIII.)
Bunpeertt, Joun §., F.Z.S8.
Extracts from a letter from, on his Expedition to the DMM ETD merry ysstett 6.5. s<| a oiules coda mena! Mba > 0 sh aI
Page
851
912
203
924
vi
Burr, Matcorm, F.Z.8., Dixry, F. A., M.A., M.D., and CaMBRIDGE, Rey. O. Proxarn-, M.A., F.RS., C.M.ZS.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made by Mr. E. N. Bennett in Socotra, with Descriptions of new Species. (Plates XXX. & XXXI.)
Busnett, 8. W., C.M.G., M.D., B.Sc., C.M.ZS.
Extract from letter from, on the herd of Cervus david- ianus in the Imperial Hunting Park, Peking
Burier, Arruur G., Ph.D., F.LS., F.Z.8., &e., Senior Assistant-Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum.
On a Collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. F. V. Kirby, chiefly in Portuguese East Africa
On the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mr. G. A. K. Marshall in Natal and Mashonaland in 1895 and 1897. CENRIG eis. cocoa ac aa GP IRE Aiajsh Anais aaa’
On a Collection of Lepidoptera made in British East Africa by Mr. C.8. Betton. (Plates XXXII. & XXXII.)
A List of Butterflies obtained in the Harar Highlands byOapt, WoGa0. Swayne, BB nc ees wuss se cece
On asmall Collection of Butterflies made in the Chikala District, British Central Africa, by Mr. George Hoare .
On a small Collection of Butterflies from British East Africa, obtained at the end of 1897 and beginning of 1898 by Mr. R. Crawshay
On a Collection of Butterflies almost entirely made at
Salisbury, Mashunaland, by Mr. Guy A. K. Marshall, in 1898
€, 0 @,.0 Je © 0,4) e),u af e)¥) e 0, diisi elt eae a6005eim6 w Oe
Se) 6 Rie) Cate 6 ee 2-0 oa le 6, MEW © She we, «be 6,018 wie) 6a) Bia lee ae
Bynrnz, L. W., F.Z.8., and Hotz, Ernest W. L. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens and
drawings of a supposed new Sucker-fish (Lepadogaster stictopterya@) ........
Page
588
49
825
902
Vii
Gis Page Camepriper, FrepEricK O. PicKarp-, B.A.
On the Cteniform Spiders of Africa, Arabia, and Syria. CPAn eR PEEL ADV 2} isin ten eer ater ee toe ond os awake eee. 13
On new Species of Spiders from Trinidad, West Indies. Chie EVO Ip ae ied. ste ike cleat. IB Beat eae 890
CampBrinak, Rev. O. Pickarp-, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S. Note on the generic name Hatonia ........ 20.2004. 348 On some Spiders from Savoy. 4.0.5. cessinei see's os 487 CampBripGz, Rey. O. Prckarp-, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.ZS., Drxny, F. A., M.A., M.D., and Burr, Manco, F.Z.S.
On a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made by Mr. E. N. Bennett in Socotra, with Descriptions of new Species: (¢Plates AUK. & OOK RT)! Wi, eee soe 372
Cotuett, Prof. Rosert, F.M.ZS.
On some Pigeons and Parrots from North and North-
west Australia. (Plates XXVIII. & XXIX.) ........ 353 CunnincHaM, J. T., M.A.
On the Early Post-larval Stages of the Common Crab (Cancer pagurus), and on the Affinity of that Species with Aiclecyclus heteradon.) (Plate ROM) is ciate hits in os vines 204
Dean, Dr. BAasHFrorp.
Remarks on the Affinities of Paleospondylus gunni. In
meply: to Ur oie Rag uait.) » daleitgcte poise e waisisjs ole alere « 343
DE Winton, W. E., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of a skin of a Zebra (Hquus bochmt) from Pe bet Pts ur A EPLC 5 hah ths che (hei MAE ee Peay ab aaa) & vi olate 3
vill
DE Winton, W. E., F.Z.8. ( Continued.) Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a head-skin of a Roan
Antelope (Hippotragus equinus) from British East Africa. 127
On a new Genus and Species of Rodents of the Family Anomaluride from West Africa. (Plates XXXIV. & DRONE NY Mir a So in cr dx 5 Goede Skene VO een rat ier gear 5 Aa 450
List of the Mammals obtained by Mr. R. McD. Hawker during his recent Expedition to Somaliland............ 761
On the Moulting of the King Penguin (Aptenodytes pennanti) in the Society’s Gardens .................. 900
Dixy, F. A., M.A., M.D., Burr, Matcor, F.Z.8., and CamBriper, Rev. O. Pickarp-, M.A., F.R.S., C.M.Z.S.
Ou a Collection of Insects and Arachnids made by Mr. E. N. Bennett in Socotra, with Descriptions of new Species... (Plates XXX. & RRNA We ie wie eee ho 372
Ducxworru, W. L. H., M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge.
Note onan Anthropoid: Ae \ ri. iecesig e = Mists sve ori wr 9&9
Ducés, Atrrep, M.D.
Description d’un Genre nouveau d’Ophidiens, Gea-
UEC Bons Stel ve, 6's. slo v' ain, od dle ee eRe ER 539 Frparp, Miss Sopuiz M. On some Earthworms from British India............ 445 Fiower, Sranuny 8., 5th Fusiliers, F.Z.8., Director of the Zoological Gardens, Cairo, Egypt. On the Identification of a Gecko from Penang ...... 455 Extract from letter from, on the locality of the Siamang (Hylobutes sindanigius) 3. 4.00: ss on) ecw ee hows Seales 924
ix
Fowrrr, G. Hurpert, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University College, London.
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. VI. Description of a new Mid- water Tow-net. Discussion of the Mid-water Fauna (Mesoplankton). Notes on Doliolum tritonis and D. na-
tionalis, and on Parathemisto abyssorwm .......0.0 000s
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. VII. A. General Data of the Stations. B. The Protozoa. C. The Meduse. (Plate ee NE: oo So eee waited AURAL vided Me nye Rares 4
Fowzer, G. Hurzert, B.A., Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University College, London, and THompson, Isaac C., F.L.S.
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. IV. Report on the Copepoda collected by Dr. G. H. Fowler from H.M.S. ‘ Research ’ in the Faeroe Channel in 1896 and 1897..............
Ganpiner, J. Srantny, M.A., Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.
On the Perforate Corals collected by the Author in the
South Pacific. (Plates XXIII. & XXIV.)............
On the Fungid Corals collected by the Author in the South Pacific. (Plates XLIIDL—XLV.). $26. decane'ss ls
On the Turbinolid and Oculinoid Corals collected by the Author in the South Pacific. (Plate LXII.) .......... Gortpi, Dr. Emin A., C.M.Z.S., Para.
Further Notes on the Amazonian Lepidosiren
GorHaM, The Rev. Henry S., F.Z.S.
On the Serricorn Coleoptera of St. Vincent, Grenada, and the Grenadines (Malacodermata, Ptinide, Bostrychide), with Descriptions of new Species. (Plate XXVII. figs. MESO Oa (US anges ais n ie ok «PRA Mose Sols poe
Page
567
1016
540
257
525
994
852
x
GorHam, The Rev. Henry S., F.Z.S. (Continued.)
On the Coleoptera of the Families Hrotylide, Endomy- chide, and Coccinellide, collected by Mr. H. H. Smith in St. Vincent, Grenada, and the Grenadines, with Descrip- tions of new Species. (Plate XXVII. figs. 6, 11,12.) ..
Hampson, Sir Grores F., Bart., F.Z.S.
A Revision of the Moths of the Subfamily Pyraustine and Family Pyralide.—Part I. (Plates XLIX. & L.) ..
Hickson, Sypnuy J., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S., F.Z.8.
On the Species of the Genus Millepora: a preliminary CommpURGSGN +... 2s! .45 07). ane eees er ipeietatn y= Silane ote
Notes on the Collection of Specimens of the Genus Millepora obtained by Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner at Funafuti Bip SEA MaEAIMURIN 0. 4. 55 ~ ncn ni vhahacs a meee eiaae ne Euegeaiche ies i
Hoxpine, R. E.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a pair of horns of the “Sunga” or Galla Ox of Abyssinia .
Remarks on the Zoological Gardens at Belle Vue, Wiaenester ssc 2b 6s Or. Sener ae ates ete etemns foe's er erate, tetera sie
Hour, Ernest W. L.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some advanced larvie of the luminous Fish Scopelus glacialis.........6-00 00.
On the Breeding of the Dragonet (Callionymus lyra) in the Marine Biological Association’s Aquarium at Plymouth ; with a preliminary account of the Elements, and some remarks on the significance of the Sexual Dimorphism. (Plate XXVI.)
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. V._ Report on a Collection of very young Fishes obtained by Dr. G. H. Fowler in the Faeroe Channel. (Plates XLVI. & XLVII.)
Ce rd
ee Sep, ¢ 0 &@ cle, ote ate) ele
Page
334
246
828
202
493
279
281
xi
Hour, Ernest W. L., and Byrne, L. W., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, specimens and drawings of a supposed new Sucker-fish (Lepadogaster SOMO BICFUI Metal. «aga tat eh Ck Ce CEE ENS eS ie ee ee
Howss, G. B., LL.D., F.B.S., V.P.Z.S.
Exhibition, on behalf on Mr. E. W. L. Holt, of a specimen of a new British Fish (Argentina silus) ......
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, series of embryos and living eggs of the Tuatera (Sphenodon punctatus) ......
Jacosy, Marrin, F.E.S.
Additions to the Knowledge of the Phytophagous Coleoptera of Africa.—Part I., (Plate XXII.) ........
Jounsron, Sir Harry H., K.C.B., F.Z.S.
On the Larger Mammals of Tunisia..... ..........
Kerr, J. Grawam, F.Z.S.
Notes on the dry-season habits of Lepidosiren, com- municated to him in a letter by Mr. R. J. Hunt, of A Peet Ss porch ab avehl ty + iaie's «5g 4 wp ate eareenea NS .
Exhibition of specimens of Lepidosiren and other Fishes collected in the Gran Chaco of Paraguay ..............
Lx Sovér, Duptry, C.M.Z.S.
Letter from, on the transfer by the mother of an embryo Kangaroo (Mucropus giganteus) by her mouth into SE OUCH a eink ue MMe! s oc soa 4 2h eR IR Se abel a
LyprxKer, Ricwarp, B.A., F.R.S., F.Z.S. On the Geographical Races of the Banting. (Plate DEORE og vt OR ge ale Re ARR gO VO Mircuewt, P. Coatmers, M.A., F.Z.S,
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some etched studies ox vounsOrans-OuLranes, oj. .cheepiodeatamiasians wstatele aids
Page
589
41
492
276
xil
NEUMANN, OSCAR.
On a new Antelope of the Genus Hippotrayus ....-+
Parsons, F. G., F.R.CS., F.ZS., F.L.S., Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital, and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons.
On the Anatomy of the African Jumping-Hare (Pecdetes caffer) compared with that of the Dipodide.........---
Parsons, F..G., F.R.CS., F.Z.8., F.L.8., Lecturer on Com- parative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital, and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of Surgeons, and Wrinptz, B.C. A., M.A., M.D., D.Sc., Professor of Anatomy at Mason University College, Birmingham.
The Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part IL...
Peracca, Count M. G., D.Se., Ph.D., F.Z.S. Note on an Italian Newt, Molge italica. (Plate XL.)..
Pocock, R. I., of the British Museum (Natural History). On the Scorpions, Spiders, and Solpugas collected by Mr. ©. Steuart Betton in British East Africa. (Plates LT RA): | sriate Seaisine.sk Jo SHON Sele 2 Rg
Pycrart, W. P. Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part I. Stega- nopodes. (Plates VII. & VIIL.) ........ see eee eee ees Contributions to the Osteology of Birds.—Part IL. Zm- pennes. (Plates LIX.-LXI.).....--.. 0. eee eee ee ents Ripewoop, W. G., D.Se., F.LS., F.Z.8., Lecturer on Biology at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School,
London.
On the Development of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Midwife-Toad (Alytes obstetricans), (Plate I1.)
On the Skeleton of Regenerated Limbs of the Midwite- Toad (Alytes obstetricans) .. 06. c cece ee eee etree
858
152
497
958
Xill
Page RoruscHitp, Hon. Water, F.Z.8. Exhibition of a mounted specimen of the Ribbon-fish, IEG aleGEs eT GAntGUe (2) i. erase GN ew widen wee A 280
Scuuster, E. H. J., F.Z.S.
Onanew Flagellate Protozoon of the genus Lophomonus, 242
Scrarer, Purrie Lurtey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Secretary to the Society.
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Degempertean.) Cewek.) . 2s lon vateoe eae ae oe se ele 1
Exhibition, on behalf of Dr. R. Collett, of a supposed hybrid between the Fieldfare (Zurdus pilaris) and the CWI CES QU MCREN Ts Aus eae ss <2 ok LOM nes ae. € 3
Exhibition of photographs of Giraffes showing the dif- ferences in markings between the two recognized forms.. 41
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in SARNAET LOIS) we wives ho bieleais oa 2 ahem ati ae 79
Exhibition of a series of Lepidopterous Insects showing the system of mounting adopted in ‘Denton’s Patent MILDER mba etS, ” iF EL Ss <0. a 2: dane eee ae Wee (es 81
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, two skins of the White- legged Falconet (Microhieraw melanoleucus) .........4.. 128
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in ern CEOS fora wena tins. 3 ca: 4s ROE Ee 201
Exhibition of, on behalf of Sir Edmund Loder, Bart., and remarks upon, some photographs of the Beaver-pond at lueonardslee,.Horshamin, . -)..<): 05: eee vos coencalo ee 201
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Maret 1898 ss oe oat be) 10. 2 FS 245
Remarks on the principal animals observed during recent visits to the Marseilles Garden, the menagerie of the Bey of Tunis at Marsa, and the Jardin d’Acelimatation, Paris. 280
XIV Scuaver, Purire Luriey, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S. ( Continued.)
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in Mepril SOS pk... 0 Skala ees teen pee meee ee
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, some specimens of Mammals from the Gambia, with a List of the Antelopes knows irom @nab COLONY Sef cite mc ee nists eee ee levels <<
Report on the Additions to the Society's Menagerie in May PB9G ci )oiic asia ce 3 4 om» mgeieteem wueetelm Sja)rie isleiiee Sue
Remarks on the arrival in the Society’s Gardens of four living specimens of the Australian Lung-fish (Ceratodus SOTSEOVE YN. stan» ww nti ainje 9) = een ie eae eons [ole ni a) suse)
Reports on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie
in June, July, August, September, and October 1898. Ub lnte VELL.) .5 eine ie lap naeied name Geico as x 0 oe
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a photograph of Grévy’s Zebra (Equus grevit) .. 1.6... weer eee Exhibition of a set of photographs of the Bangkok IN Peiiygiibi meets Aen Sos oaa6 . 5 Ku oe OMe emcee
Report on the Additions to the Society’s Menagerie in INovemmber USOS, cx ccesrosh oicete ore ea Meaiene aor 98% ise = pied a
Suarpe, Miss Emity Mary. On a Collection of Lepidopterous Insects from San Domingo. With Field-notes by the Collector, Dr. Curu- PUB TOORRISDY 5...) 5:2 0 la/ececaip eels aie reat ee a ie ee
A List of the Lepidopterous Insects collected by Mrs. Lort Phillips in Somaliland .............-.....-
Surptey, Arruur E., F.Z.S., Fellow and Tutor of Christ’s College, Cambridge, and University Lecturer in the Advanced Morphology of the Invertebrata.
Report on the Gephyrean Worms collected by Mr. J.
Stanley Gardiner at Rotuma and Funafuti. (Plate RR VE) eee Wek eee uel eee ieee see tes
Page
348
349
456
492
588
xV
THAYER, ABgorr H.
Remarks on his method of demonstrating the underlying principle of protective coloration in animals ..........
Tuomas, OLDFIELD, F.Z.S. Exhibition of, and remarks upon, the skull of a supposed new subspecies of Giraffe from West Africa, proposed to be named Giraffa camelopardalis peralta ...........4..
On some Mammals obtained by the late Mr. Henry Durnford-in Chubut, E. Patagonia .............-.02.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, a series of specimens of a Siamese Squirrel showing variability in coloration .. Description of a new Dik-dik Antelope (Madoqua) dis- covered in N.E. Africa by Mr. H. 8. H. Cavendish...... On a small Collection of Mammals obtained by Mr. Alfred Sharpe,'C.B., in Nyasaland —.. 2.22 s..0.6. 0%.
On Mammals collected by Mr.J.D. La Touche at Kuatun, DI Wer Pokien Oning 292. s.:. .'. Leen ou d cae.
Extract from letter from Sefior Ameghino on the newly- discovered Mammal Neomylodon .......... 0.000 eeee Tompson, IsaacC., F.L.S., and Fowiezr, G. Herzert, B.A.,
Ph.D., Assistant Professor of Zoology, University College, London.
Contributions to our Knowledge of the Plankton of the Faeroe Channel.—No. 1V. Report on the Copepoda collected by Dr. G. H. Fowler from H.M.S. ‘ Research ’ in the Faeroe Channel in 1896 and 1897
ee)
THomson, AnrHur, Head-Keeper of the Society’s Menagerie.
Report on the Insect-house for 1897
Wicteswortu, L. W.
Remarks on the Theories of the Origin of Secondary exnal Whatuiciers * <2: .5 No ee Ba) op de
Page
494
o40
80
xvi Page
Woot, B. C. A., M.A.,M.D., D.Sc., Professor of Anatomy
at Mason University College. Birmingham, and
Parsons, F. G., F.R.C.S., F.Z.8., F.L.8., Lecturer
on Comparative Anatomy at St. Thomas’s Hospital,
and Hunterian Professor at the Royal College of
Surgeons.
The Myology of the Terrestrial Carnivora.—Part II... 152
Woopwarp, Henry, LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S.
Exhibition of, and remarks upon, an abnormal pair of sritlercor the ed Deer 2. 7. 22s eaten ices 2 + as 924
LIST OF PLATES.
1898. riate Page I. Felis dominicanorum .....0.ccceccseeesuvccssess 2 II. Hyoid of Alytes obstetricans .....000ceeeccccuees 4 aa African Cteniform Spiders ..........00.sse0see0s 13 at Stomatopoda from the South Pacific .............. 32 VII. Osteology of Steganopodes.—Fig. 1. Fregata ariel. Fig. 2. Phaéthon flavirostris. Fig. 3. Phalacro- CONALSCOTDO Nveetlate vais s'a:.5 9 saan, oe Meare eave tie e eh 82 VIII. Osteology of Steganopodes.—Figs. 1, 1a, 5. Phaéthon flavirostris. Fig. 2. Sula leucogastra. Fig. 3. Phalacrocorax carbo. Fig. 4. Fregata ariel. Fig. 5. Pelecunus-rufescens . . salves vvsveessseles 82 IX. Hydrophis floweri ..... SPIN HG = Seen) eG 106 X. Fig. 1. Anolis peracce. Fig. 2. A. elegans. Fig. 3. | A. chloris. Fig. 4. A. lemniscatus........0600-5 XI. Fig. 1. Anolis maculiventris. Fig. 2. A. granuliceps. he OF OLUADES os 5 0: se EGA hat LL XII. Fig. 1. Synophis miops. Fig. 2. Leptognathus ellipsi- SPW ae Bone dae oddor o\e.0, e(ecalatersletaelete’shais eel share alse PAT, | FAAP PORCHOEL GE» oser ones wid tc A OE OAs Bice he XIV. Fig. 1. Phyllobates infraguttatus. Fig. 2 i, Bigjladea 107 anomalus. Fig. 3. Syrrhopus areolatus. Fig. 4. Leptodactylus pulcher ...ccreccciccssscrsteres XV. Fig. 1. Hylodes longirostris. Fig. 2. H. achatinus. Fig. 3. H. gularis. Fig. 4. H. latidiscus..,..... DEVIL, « EG ls. POSEMEEL GE SS. is See MME Oh tee eed ON XVI. Fig. 1. Nototrema inatifrne Fig. 2. Hylella parabambe CA aeRO) 00 U: HOE RONS etete GRO AVL: Nototrema corniuduin.'....\teeste. M61 Phe es ois nee XIX. Fig. 1. Pelmatochromis welwitschi. Fig. 2. Chromi- OURAN BICY CE” “a leltteeto: chain ets c ore aes 132 moe, "Battertises front Natal. sii fou eos esse ots ee oles os 186 XXII. Cancer pagurus. First Post-larval Stages, magnified. 204 Proc, Zoou, Soc.—1898. b
xviii
Plate Page XXII. New speciesof African Phytophagous Coleoptera .. 212 XXII. : ape XXIV. Corals from the South Pacific, .........seessseees 257 XXV. Heads of (1) Burmese and (2) Javan Races of the Banting (Bos sondatcus)....++essceesecscasees 276 OQ Fe OUP aL deen OC On hb onde aca” 281 XXVII. Serricorn and other Coleoptera from the West LTC ee TaN comet o Te acon o oo oer 315 & 334 RAVILL, ‘Petrophassa rifipengas: oc sey als acess ete see 353 XXIX. Ptilopus (Leucotreron) alligator...........0000005 DORK, Drinccta from Socutta Lifer Je: asain oa we oe ele 379 XXXL. Arancidea from Socotra. ...6.20vessceese see 3 XXXII. sas 1 Tact A fot : x XXXIL British-East-African Lepidoptera................ 395 eee DER ORB, POD BALOOB OO Gre 0 0o 200 OS Oe 450 XXXVI. Macrura anomala from the South Pacific ........ 457 XXXVII. Gephyrea from Rotuma and Funafuti............ 468
XXXVIIL. Fig. 1. Phrynobatrachus perpalmatus. Fig. 2, Ar-)
throleptis moortt. Fig. 3. Phrynixalus oxyrhinus.
Fig. 4. Mantophryne robusta «1... eee eens a
XXXIX. Fig. 1. Hylodes alfredi. Fig. 2. Borborocetes mexi- Pes canus. Fig. 3. Hyla microcephala. Fig. 4. Hyla |
JRNAE drs. den ALE. oes ee es 9d Ge dine J MibirenMolge staea «SSeS See ee ick ce ws ese aa 482 ES | British-East-African Necshnida cece ooo oms tae: 497 XLII. XLIV. Corals from the South Pacific ...........06. Skt eo XLV. pee Pl XLVIL ankton of the Faeroe Channel ............e055 550 XLVIDL, Cercopithecus Phoesti, QD ..sccccscccsccssscevcces 586 woe Pyralide of the Subfamily Pyraustine .......... 590 LI. Sciagraph of Gnathonemus rhynchophorus ........ 775 — Holothurians from Funafuti and Rotuma ........ 884 LIV. New Spiders from Trinidad, WL... ....eee eee 890 LV. Fig. 1. Phyllodactylus siamensis. Fig. 2. Anolis curtus. Fig. 3. Arthroseps wernert. Fig. 4, Tygos0mae alfredt... v-.agevaas vinnie vines sate 91 LVI. Fig. 1. Diploglossus nuchalis. Fig. 2. Varanus e 912 TE CTICHULG | 55-5: Sadler agate aa asusiio ain sis ees we eee LVI. Fig. 1. Lygosoma aignanum. Fig. 2. L. gastrostigma,
LVI. Tarsi of Blattide ..........04.. sisi teagan har (924
xix |
Plate Page
LIX. Osteology of the Impennes.—Fig. 1. Spheniscus magel- \ lanicus. Fig.2. Pygoscelis papua. Fig. 3. Apteno- dytes patagonica. Fig. 4. Eudyptula albosignata. Fig. 5. Catarrhactes chrysocome .......0++.005 =
LX. Osteology of the Impennes.—Fig. 1. Eudyptula ¢ 998
albosignata. Fig. 2. Catarrhactes ae. | Fig. 3. Megadyptes antipodum ...........00055
LXI. Osteology of the Impennes.—Figs. 1, 4, 5. Catar- rhactes chrysocome. Figs, 2,3. Pygoscelis papua. -
|
LXII. Corals from the South Pacific .......... Srarchnicscehe 994. LXIIL.
LXIV.} Macrura from the South Pacific ................ 1000 Lxv.{
LXVI. Plankton of the Faeroe Channel ..............-. 1016
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.
1898.
Lepidosiren, Views of dry-season burrows of, as seen in section .. 42,43
Scythrops, Skull of, ventral View) .\..clecs telcos steele rca ccis «pees ss 47 MAYES SKUUL Ol eireiessi a sieve ajoistetetkslctetautteksteteladslcrate ote i slaccte ster aera Scythropes culo, lateral views... vestisesie sete elite wie veils oe > 49
Eudynamis, Skull of, lateral view...........0+.00005 ion Oa nciorc 49 Pteropus medius, Heart and lungs of, seen from the ventral aspect., 63
Pteropus medius, Heart and lungs of, dorsal aspect .............. 64 Pteropus edulis, Heart of, ventral surface ...............5005 .. 65 Pteropus medius, Heart of, dorsal surface ..........0....200000- 66 Pteropus edulis, Heart of, with portion of wall of right ventricle Purmed | Pacle cy, s95) 1-1) -ykayeiowi lo emaier Reinet ele eens ae Meester 68 Pteropus edulis, Heart of, with right auricle opened and wall of right ventricle TeMOVed:s.b..5:5j-.ctovrde/y ae ReMMeR Ite eratrentale cre chee 68 Pteropus, Internal Mammary Arteries and Veins of, from the dorsal RCD iu poe Bonn dn. acta Uo co ooO bed dno ond duenoa 71 Phaéthon flavirostris, Sternum of, left side view............+ eerie ey Phalacrocorax carbo, Sternum of, left side view.................. 88 Phalacrocorax carbo, Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of .............. 88 Phaéthon flavirostris (nestling), Dorsal aspect of the pelvis of...... 89 Phaéthon flavirostris, Anterior aspect of the proximal end of the TS) Een ORD. AGRE OOo botsoo Soo aaa ote sisnnerd 90 Pelecanus rufescens, Anterior aspect of the proximal end of the FHERIGRUS.O£ oy) 55-05 ass rk do pee eo. € inner a es enettla ieerene e Pela 90 Phalacrocorax carbo, Anterior aspect of the proximal end of the NDIMELUS OLE. aio 5 5 5 nsninin'e' = &.5 pata ei 2 Uap Re eae Commins 90 Steg ganopodes, Diagram showing the probable relationships between the various families of the ‘Sabarder BOD Cope oc otobddaoo Banos 92 Alytes obstetri veans, Skeleton of regenerated left hind limbs of Pete 103
Alytes obstetricans, Outlines of developing hind limbs (normal) of.. 104
Falconets, The White-legred ............000+000: vrevervenetelaeatae 128 Bassariscus astutus, Brain of ........ Seals abet? sfomeoaete ejerediemterete tg 130 Canis familiaris, External muscles of thigh of ............00e00- 156 Herpestes, Inside view of thigh-muscles of ............0eeeeesees 161 Herpestes, Muscles of hind foot of (dorsal view) ............000 166 Herpesies, Plantar tendons of foot Of ........:.20:seseeccerees . 170 Procyon, Plantar muscles of foot of ............ dia ayatomarersteverte laters 173 Tmétra,Musclesrotssalerol footeOl vc ais/0reiccys icheleluleke oe eet nee rate 174
Ox (Gall); EAGreBstQEe oi soca ts cals «vs abr cteca tel dco temnts Seiten aera ae 203
Page Dophomonas suleata,. ..cccssccrscccccccseccsssccescsssecescoes 243 Lophomonas sulcata, Possible cyst of ......... cece eee cece 244 Dragonets, Male and female, preparing to ascend, and bundle of pris- MAIC DOMES. 2.6. ase eae ae we meces ee ncicise wise sials svle siecle ele 289 Dragonets, Male and female, in coition .........eseeees scenes 250 Oreos derbianus, VAOTOS OF.) 5 ««s)elaiec) e+ sla /eclelthe) leheletateyelel\~\ = a7e)'s 349 Pericheta cupulifera, Ventral view of xvmmth segment of.......... 446
Pericheta crescentica, Spermatheca from vuth segment, right side, of 448
Gnaphosa molesta: Epigyne ... 6.02. sccs ence ee ss ecessisssceses 489 Gnaphosa molesta: eyes from above and a little behind .........- 489 DT CORL TUS ANTE s NEVIS NTC s/o) 61 <) o)e\o\.)-\a\el-1 4 1s felorelet=ae clnle\eteteye ats») dhatetatete 490 Tycosa riparia: portion of palpus and palpal organs .........-.... 490 Mowyenicts Mid—=wWwAber— % > c,syyeu'e aie A+ «0 wicacnols epee po <meta als 569, 572 Cp FTEOT NTS: OD FUSCULME, (vo ya,e 6 0,6 +20, ie onus le ebay phot sia ened e aeleke ee 604 WNeurophyseta clymenalisy G20. c.e noes ccscneccevacesislescvrise 605 Prephis MYTMrdonalesy Bo. 2 060 » 00+ v0.05 clsseajen s+ alaialeiridlals ... 605 GONOATECUS ANUPIAIES,: Sia ve, octyehsiereie. 4 =,0, :al'o\ babar delehel nyshataleysyotet obs) asiave 606 LEG EA AULT CCR OOD EDO ORE 60 AIO GnO CG aregnne 607 SEAT C GTLOP NS) ) OD AP OOOO RODE MOO OOO OED Son. ano aa 5 2608 SL LTEL LIDIA DI 6 a OEOTOOEERREIOOIEID Ons 0-0-0 cron ee cee 609 Monocoptopera ecmetallescens, So. .cc ces ececcccccraseessneeens 610 | EOD RE TEES) ch C5 Cone PORT S OC OCD OIGLOR, aio bE 611
EVOCOSTIUG) SCTE GS) co ioroe chagettsen sa, cies <4,\ «10, sjeleha teenie tal ots velvet a 611
CE EADEEDNIS UCIPUTECEO, 6S) | (seh ske vies 1-11 cs “}eeeneemiat ene la evelbh= at atel ee 612 ISTP EU OA SINTER GIES, hao o1ei eyes) 21+.0)0\ +. 3\e,«,0)>\>yelobeteystatalsuete\elehakelei Yes 615 LETTE TED oS (SRB CONO © COLE TASER Oo On ZOD OOo NO Oe 614 MISSED TU BOLULOLIS, | Sire oi aieicls «om «oa. a nie vlolaysseistayer= che veelors oo... 615 PAMMCOptera FUBCINETUBUS,, Bo 5c oes oie c's s os ood De pai e MI als wld Wawa 617 Manthomelena schematias, Go vec oe viens cnn c beeen be via ele os ales 617 Rhimphaleodes macrostigma, So... cctv cevncweeccettnenccses 618 Pinbephrid JAGUAT AUIS, Boo soe ecs scene eee renin ces ey vi sis selene ele 619 PEG AOU DUALS, Site a evsisiaia a o oie nce la.s vl oe D0 exaltation ole wtetehstelst eben 622 EBEHUIUEUD ST IOIGUS. Gi. icicieo « ais + 4 = ache aurkeue ented sie Oe errors 622 Zinckenia fascialis, S....... Weebl cdoe Map epee ae Neer eaninrs 623 DRAMA GIVER) Meer, 56 SOOM S C15) 5 TAME Seo ss Or 624 Eurrhyparodes bracteolalis, 0... cece cree rece cece ce teen enees 625 Heterocnephes lymphatalis, $1... sce c ete t eet eee 627 Agroptera magnificalis, GS vciccscecceccsrescescessnderies cevies 628 IDES RAAF UME AUS,” Gy, oc) dsialahe: =:2. «.sisyohe.s, »»,0)0) +a ckapetantte oko tale la aya ste) «hole 630 Aitholix flavibasalis, § ......-- CIR 58 Coban fo nbeo eh be 634 Pagyda salvalis, 3. ncccenccvcsencaereccceseneasanesccsien sees 634 TO RAEN GREER Sh GUO Ano HELO OOOO. ino: A Acrn orNar teenG3s Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, So... cece cence teen eee e neces 638 Moarasmia venilialis, SB sce eects cc cene teen ne asile cet ele yaoi 638 Rhimphalea trogusalis, GS ....e cece cence eeeeeeenes rsia tale eis yarn 640 Hyalea dividalis, So .. ss eee eee sateotee nett eh tay ha, aseasheve re Acoiaie 641 Leucochroma corope, Sw... ccsececcveerceceneeen reenter cnenes 642
Syngamia Moridalis, Go... sc cce recs ccc cere c wees cece cere nes 3
Page Hileithia decostalis, G ...... erave"eser plana te etesa%e;arauegeteee rover Oye ale ERENT 646 Bathnea ecclasaltay(G: ~ . «cis sesie- Seloinardiont ete oe © AeOHG eens eee eRe 647 Dr theyria, Gey Ualesyh Gis. Sota Laks MER ORO eS A AB SE eae 648 BSGCCHOVIS\ONY CHANGE, GB. «<< sidta ops elacieyn 0 sljepeeie dels ae en ae eee 650 Salbiomorpha torsalis, $ ....... SEDER UL ART ON aie cree 654 MMOCKOCIS TAMCNLAUS, © S- oaie sos vie he sstses « ret Oho eee 655 Opes AY Glis, Be Eee Paks Aone eae is Cee 660 iosophora altheatss;: B08 es OV ee fete wantats 661 CRE cudopter a: EMissGlis,. Goss stoi aiacivicterderee Oe Go sos Maat 664 Meésocondyla dardusalia; Ji. 0. boo cine wes Ok oa da ee eee 666 WREUCOPROCIS ULERY A, Si \accea sane ats eee ee oto toa eee os Gar Caprinta conchylalis, G43 beL iD a ae ee hae 668 Spilomela per sincdla, Bo stannic Woe Oh TR WES UR er TA SRE Free 669 PEER TOAPOT IG NS 5 ws Sine = ors -3e sae eh Od VERE PRES Dee ee 669 PLCVRAUTG Y9Y LU, Sy veiea a's 4: S10 Ph ia. o)s aye ctevelolove aaa Ree eee As Se Cae oe 670 MOL E8 SULUULOT SENS, «Gc isie oss 's Sas eee oie Gare AONE Re eae 671 Bympanodes fasciales, Ss cede scien Cheadutaedon st vhpemee yt ae 673 Gonchylodes diphtheralis;: Gi hack denlediendacy cee Ce ee tee eee 674 AVEW TUE PTOCODIG, Soi s-u.3thatrerteete Petes ENS ORL Ee ee 676 Wrnogamaredtienbachert, (Gi as ai cast ayes usin oe Ghat ee eats eS 676 Prpyganodes noctescens, Bois sie as Batons Hughes Pave e aed ee ee 677 ET OCOTICH NUT OCUANGUS, O° Gancrten enero nee Dales ett Hate 687 Obgocentris\deciusalis, Ss ccccteriohireieoetremetcroe eos «aes SORTS 687 Wirhocrocisipunetiferalis, So scape ele ek, eee et cee ee 688 FHCOUAG PRONG, So. sec thas ete ds «to Weve e es HE RS 694 Goniorhynchus plumbeizonalis, G .......2-00. Ria oisreto-ott 2 tres eee ed EPIUUNUSIOULAUES (O- . ia anwea ne Rec oe ee etter bine SER RE Re 706 ACRUNLOUESICETURCOSLR, Gf veawte Stee Coho Re) Shee ene ee 707 Piletosoma novalis, So... see eeee SYS ae RABIN od Se EE 707 Dota Sur TECEDUS Ss vs cs vie pero e eel as SRL ERTOR NETS Nave ti See 708 Cerararcha wumbrosa;. Basalt epe eee mentoniat ee hee eee 709 Bon/OdeEsIUSIAlisy Gy... 2s. 7 eee Ee Ca RcCe So Dee 709 PUIELT EUS CFLUONG,) So ssc SERS Eh Le ees 711 SPROT OOPS NEMNICE,| Gis. ss Jane SRR eR Dee eas ee AL | IS LEPE AISLES OI Se vx aie sw RD Sere Ee OER TE oe ie Le wwe Endographis acrochlora, $ .......... eins he net Stee ne ere 726 Kjjropia qQuaternadlis, Soo... dc «dau vtates «hee Mee ds Dee h a ee 726 PVGEEROAES!OSTETE GUESS baru. dcatd cjavore el oieie ei Pa VR ee Ht aS 730 GL phodes) OOF ales, |S. a's»: vulne Saleloin!o sl eeroMNe ata Aes nee ee 731 CUMAVOGES OPAIAUR IG. soo. 5:a-aievaravefsieeere ee hatte aloe ae ee 748 PYG Ospila COMEPETAlS, So. we edhe awt t OEE URE RON ae EE EEE BE 749 ROOT UR PALOSSOUES, 9S: 5. a casts OUR eR RE Nek mb Sane e es 751 Euclasta defamatalis, 3...... BOF aeveseac: 0 Gua as ARLES Oe RR DE 751 EGU thlpea COCR Soo ein sce va aia ertlets See EDN 752 TRPeyrodes UPN Sono 8% She casi sialere siare sie oh SERMRICR OS ERR 753 Syllepis marialis, So... cc cece M eansikMeaechovapomansts le chp SEWENG oXaN 764 Aphlyta singulalis, So. cc eve eww sisbrs Ae EINES PRR 765
PEACINOAES OFOONAHES So sx Sw vue oisteend a oN aN ON GAMER Rite OR 766
. Page WNTCET CO OSEDCONATES, orate" win'e eicinisi cia! afalaloint sPacoral aimiei afc, ota sie’, vis) sie ae) etare 757 Crocidolomia suffusalis, S ve... cece ee cee eee * Fino OCOD OTOP Cn oe 758 Ommatospila descriptalas, So. ieee c cs cee ucdeevcccnesesssesedar 759 SEV CUMULUS I ecialacad wa eee el caetrs atertare Sfetatare skcavo neba'sie 760 Pseudocucumis, Diagram of oral tentacles OE aaa trict s 65,9 Ware . 844 Pirisal at Dunas, Marajé araicaletesaieianerestek ciahsyateretmierenetteseegssole eas .. 854 Lepidosiren, Head of living, showing the ramifications of the fore-
ATID: Pade Aa reig aaa oe PPAR ra acta sesfale al cle sreharel se etelsioi</ aa OOD Lepidosiren, Head of living, on the left side ...............0.00. 855 Pedetes caffer, Dorsal view of carpus of ..........0.--e ec eueees 863 MONTES, UOLGAEMUME Dy apiiaictdid O96. <acc's SREB) oe sia se Oe asi DAH > Sitter 867 iPedetes, Vhe Pannigulus Of cick. ste eecsees eslears Brats cuesd Mepater dite 868 Pedetes, Inner view of wall of pelvis of ...... wieietptateiatatelss pdt 7. 870 Pedetes, Knee-joint of, with the femur removed ................ 875 Pedetes, Knee-joint of, from behind ............00eescscenseeces 876 Pedetes, Inner view of ankle and foot of ............000.cceeeeee 877 Redcies; PalateOle os cccae t's + i ssi set ars sola staresten tie ee ot te 879 eiches, NUTGSVOOPAATIS OF os. os wc as sass 5B aR COD eS eee 879 Pedetes, Ceecum of, viewed from behind ...............0secceees 880 iPeacres Winder surtachOL lyer' OL. 3.)...2. 1a, case teen sme ocleke 881 Pedetes, Heart of, with right auricle opened from in front ........ 884 Catarrhactes chrysocome, Lateral view of the innominate of a nestling,
to show the separate elements .....2....cceeeeescceves Heresy) Spheniscide, Diagram showing the probable relationships of the
WHTIONS Genera Of Une AMIE. 4), 4x oc eign naa DoREE te hidiehw bis a's 981 Apes, Outline tracings of the heads of various ............ era cicks 991 Haeroe’ Channel, Chart of the 50.22. .caceceses sce AIA CRC CRO 1017
LIST OF NEW GENERIC TERMS.
1898.
es Aclonophlebia (Lep.) ......+++++- 428 Aéthurus (Mamm.) ............+++ 450 Arthroseps (Rept.) .--.s.sesse+0++ 920 Bathybates (Pisces)......+++++++++ 495 Bettonia (Lep.) ....--sesesseeeee- 418 Catapsephis (Lep.) .......+- 594, 612 Cheiridisia (Coleopt.) .......--+++ 226 Chromidotilapia (Pisces) .....- 151 Betodus (Pisces) .....--.-ss0+++++ 497 Eretmodus (Pisces) .......-.++++++ 495 Erinothus (Lep.) ....--..-++- 595, 706 Bucratoscelus (Arachn.) ......... 500 Geatractus (Rept.) .........seeee+ 539 Hameopis (Lep.) ..-..sseeeeeeee 435 Julidochromis (Pisces) ......... 495 Lembopteris (Lep.) ........++++++- 438
Page Leptomyrina (Lep.) ...+.....+.- 405 Metabetzeus (Crustacea) ...... 1014 Metaculasta (Lep.) .........2+-++ 444 Monocoptopera (Lep.) ... 596, 610 Perissodus (Pisces) ........-+2-+++ 496 Petrochromis (Pisces) ........- 496 Piletosoma (Lep.) .......-. 595, 707 Pisenorodes (Arachn.)............ 504 Plecodus (Pisces) ....-...-.2.00+ 497 Proconica (Lep.) ......+.- 598, 686 Pseudedusia (Coleopt.) ......... 229 Simochromis (Pisces) ............ 496 Symphysa (Lep.) ......... 594, 609 Tarsocera (Lep.) .......ssscsseeeee 903 Telmatochromis (Pisces) ...... 495 Torynesis (Lep.) ......000..ses000s 903 Tropheus (Pisces) .........2+.40 496 Trotonotus (Lep.) .......0ssesees 431
ERRATUM AND ADDENDUM.
P. 486, 6th line from top, for ‘ Taranto’ read ‘ Otranto.’ P. 487, add EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.
The largest specimen, upper, lower, and side views, represents a breeding female of Molge italica, the others breeding males, The skull on the right hand is that of MW. italica, the one on the left is that of M. vulgaris var. meridionalis, both enlarged two diameters. The outline figures between the skulls represent sections of the body of M. italica, $ (lower figure), and M. vulgaris var. meridionalis, $
(upper figure).
2 &, AL ey k
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
GENERAL MEETINGS FOR SCIENTIFIC BUSINESS
OF THE
ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON.
January 18, 1898. Dr. A. Ginruer, F.R.S., Vice-President, in the Chair.
The Secretary read the following report on the additions to the Society’s Menagerie during the month of December 1897 :—
The total number of registered additions to the Society’s Mena- gerie during the month of December was 79, of which 45 were by presentation, 18 by purchase, 15 were received on deposit, and one was born in the Menagerie. The total number of departures during the same period, by death and removals, was 154.
Amongst these attention may be called to :—
1. Two White-naped Weasels (Pecilogale albinucha)* from Natal, presented by Mr. William Champion, F.Z.S., Dec. 1st. This curiously marked Weasel, which much resembles a Zorilla in its markings (see P.Z.S. 1864, p. 69, pl. x.), is new to the Collection.
2. A specimen of an apparently new species of Wild Cat from Foochow, China, presented by Messrs. Rickett and J. La Touche of that Port, and received December 6th, for which I propose to adopt (at all events for the present) Mr. La Touche’s suggested
1 Gf. Thomas, Ann. N. H. (5) xi. p. 370 (1883). Proc. Zoon, Soc,—-1898, No. I. 1
2 THE SECRETARY ON ADDITIONS TO THH MENAGERIE. [Jan. 18,
name of Felis dominicanorum, after the Dominican Monks from whom he received the specimen.
I exhibit a coloured drawing by Mr. Smit of this animal (Plate I.), and read an extract from a letter of Mr. La Touche’s to Mr. Thomas relating to it (dated Foochow, 10. vill. 97) :—
“T have lately acquired a wild cat which I suspect to be new. This cat was obtained at Kuatun last winter, and sold to one of the Spanish Missionaries, who kept it for several months and who eventually sent it to me.- It would appear to resemble Fels temmincki of India, but differs in some ways so far as I can see. The animal is of somewhat cross disposition, and won’t bear too close inspection. In size it would seem to be about 3 ft. from head to root of tail. The tailis long and of uniform width, perhaps may measure 20 inches. The height at shoulders is quite 18 inches. The marks on the face answer to those given in the description of F. temmincki; the chin is white, breast dirty white with not well- marked stripes ; ears black outside with paler centres. The general colour is a reddish brown; the hair would appear to be grey at base, brown in the centre, and tipped with grey or whitish, which gives the beast a greyish-brown appearance. The tail is, I believe, darker at tip and buff underneath. The nose is dull red, and the iris a brownish yellow, pupil round or nearly so.”
3. Two White-legged Falconets (Microhierax melanoleucus), presented by the same gentleman at the same date, being the first examples of this diminutive Bird of Prey received by the Society.
4, A Lucan’s Crested Eagle (Lophotriorchis lucani) from West Africa, presented by Dr. H. O. Forbes on December 18th. This rare Bird of Prey, originally based by Messrs. R. B. Sharpe and A. Bouvier (Bull. Soe. Zool. France, ii, p. 471, 1877) on an example from French Congoland, is new to the Society’s Collection.
5. A young Bear presented by Mr. William Crosley on the 28th December, which I have not been able to determine satisfactorily. As will be seen by its skin which I now exhibit, it does not show the characteristic markings of Ursus ornatus, the generally known Bear of the South-American Andes, being of a uniform black with a slight greyish-white patch on the throat. It may possibly be the young of a different species from the Colombian Andes, and in such case may be referable to that which I shortly described before this Society in 1868 (P. Z. 8. 1868, p. 73, pl. vill.) as Ursus nasutus. Mr. Crosley has kindly supplied me with the following note on the exact locality of this specimen, which it is proposed to deposit in the British Museum :—
“The little Bear I sent to you came from the banks of the Simitara, an affluent of the Magdalena on the western side. You will see that this is on the eastern slope of the Central chain of the Andes in their northern extremity.
“ Approximately you may fix the position as 7° 30' North latitude and 74° West of Greenwich long., on the meridian of Bogota more or less.”
“WOHONVOININOG SITH4 dutt* soag uta parry WATT 79 "Tep FAAS Pp
Ate See SZ acl
f ie oe =r eT WFiien PAP Sg Sa LJ
1898. } MR. W. E. DE WINTON ON THE SKIN OF A ZEBRA, 3
Dr. Forbes has also kindly sent us seven examples of the cele- brated Walking-Fish of the West Coast of Africa (Periophthalmus koelreuteri), which, however, we have unfortunately not been able to keep alive.
On behalf of Dr. R. Collett, of Christiania, F.M.Z.S., the Secretary exhibited a mounted specimen of a bird obtained in Norway, and believed to be a hybrid between the Fieldfare (Turdus pilaris) and the Redwing (7. ilacus). It was intermediate in size and colour between these two species.
Mr. W. E. de Winton exhibited the skin of a Zebra, obtained by Mr. 8. L. Hinde near Machakos, British East Africa, of the form described by Dr. Matschie as Equus boehmi (S.B. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin, 1892, p. 131). The only specimens from Brit. E. Africa hitherto received by the British Museum had been obtained by Dr. Gregory on the Thika Thika River, one of the headwaters of the Tana R., this form being named Z. burchelli granti De Winton (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1896, xvii. p. 319). The form £. 6. boehmi might readily be distinguished from £. b. granti by the presence of well- marked shadow-stripes upon the haunches, the body-markings generally being of much the same character and proportions as those of the Zebra of Mashonaland, Z£. b. seloust Pocock (Ann. Mag. N. H. 1897, xx. p. 45); but the feet of the present specimen being wanting, it was impossible to compare the pasterns; the dorsal stripe in this single specimen, from the saddle backwards, was not separated from the side-stripes by distinct white spaces as in the specimens from the Tana R., but how far this character would be found constant could not now be determined.
Mr. Hinde was of opinion that the two forms occur in separate herds in country not geographically separate but of different characters: one keeping to open plains, the other living in bush- country. Be this as it may, it was of very great interest to have undoubted evidence of these two apparently distinct forms occurring so close together, Dr. Matschie having described his species from a sketch of an animal from the neighbourhood of Kilimanjaro and from a living specimen in the Zoological Gardens at Berlin of doubtful origin.
It might be hoped that other specimens, with careful data recorded, would be brought home when it was realized how badly skins are wanted, and how little is known of the distribution and habits of these interesting animals.
1*
4 DR. W. G. RIDEWOOD ON THE (Jan. 18,
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Development of the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Midwife-Toad (Alytes obstetricans). By W. G. Rivewoop, D.Sc., F.L.S., Lecturer on Biology at St. Mary’s Hospital Medical School, London.
[Received November 15, 1897.] (Plate IT.)
The object of the present investigation was to ascertain how far the peculiarities of the hyobranchial development of Pelodytes, already detailed in the Proceedings of this Society (9), are to be considered normal for phaneroglossal Anura generally. The adult hyobranchial skeleton of Pelodytes is so aberrant in structure that it is natural to suspect that the mode of development of the parts may not conform very closely with that of a more generalized type of Anuran. Since the arciferous type of shoudler-girdle, the presence of free ribs, the frequent persistence of postcardinal veins, and the primitive nature of the carpus and tarsus show Alytes to be one of the most lowly organized of the Anurous Batrachians, and in consideration of the larger size of the tadpoles of this genus as compared with those of the otherwise equally suitable genus Discoglossus, Alytes was chosen to supply the test.
The material for the investigation was, as before, generously provided by Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., of the Natural History Museum, London. Twenty-one specimens were dissected, and from these the eight here described and figured were so selected as to exhibit the most even gradations from the youngest stage to the adult condition. The stages are numbered 1-8 to distinguish the order in which they succeed one another ; but the use of these figures does not imply correspondence with any stage bearing a similar number in the previous descriptions of the hyobranchial skeleton of Xenopus, Pipa (8), and Pelodytes (9). In order to facilitate comparison the figures are not drawn to the same scale, but as nearly as possible of the same absolute size. The approxi- mate magnification is given in each case. Figures 1-7 exhibit the dorsal surface of the hyobranchial skeleton, but fig. 8, of the adult, is drawn from the ventral surface, so that the ventral splint-bone may be more clearly seen. The method of procedure was the same as in the two earlier investigations; and as the nomenclature of parts adopted in this paper is the same as that previously employed in the description of the hyobranchial apparatus of Pelodytes, a lengthy introduction is here unnecessary,
The adult skeleton of <Alytes (Plate II. fig. 8) is not very remarkable. The hyoidean cornua (h) are thin and continuous, but rather more flattened than in the Common Frog. The posterior cornua or thyrohyals (t) are normal, and in the middle of the ventral surface of the body of the hyoid is a V-shaped
1898.] HYOID OF ALYTES OBSTETRICANS. 5
superficial bone (v) which is related to the hyoglossus muscle in the same way as the H-shaped splint-bone of Pelodytes. The antero-lateral or alary processes (pal) and the postero-lateral processes (ppl) are feebly developed, but they are hardly so reduced in size as to justify the statement by Stannius (10. p. 65, footnote) : “bei Alytes ist, statt zweier Seitenfortsiitze, jederseits eine breite Platte vorhanden.”
Of the published figures of the hyoid skeleton of Alytes, that by Parker (7. pl. 24, fig. 4) is the most reliable. This author regards the splint-bone as an ectosteal basibranchial (p. 134), and describes (p. 133) the hyoidean cornua as having small hypohyal lobes (= proe. ant. 9. p. 589), lobes which I find to be altogether wanting in the Discoglossid genera Alytes, Discoglossus, and Bombinator. The much earlier figure of Henle’s (5. pl. 2, fig. 24), reproduced by Hoffmann in the‘ Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs’ (6. pl. 46, fig. 24), is not much inferior to that of Parker's; but the one given by Dugés (2. pl. 3, fig. 20) is decidedly poor. Only the proximal ends of the hyoidean cornua are shown, and the lateral parts of the basal plate are represented in the figure, and described in the text (2. p. 56), as ossified in the same manner as in Bombinator. Cope (1. pl. 76, fig. 3) endeavoured to compromise matters by combining the figures of Dugés and Parker, from which fact it is evident that he had never seen the hyoid of Alytcs, or he would have rejected Dugés’s ficure entirely. The statement by Cope (1. p. 234) that “ some- times the third ceratobranchial is ossified, as in Alytes (pl. 76, fig. 2),” involves a confusion of Alytes with Bombinator, for the figure referred to is that of the latter genus. The statement would, however, in neither case be correct.
Stace 1. Specimen measuring from snout to root of tail 20 mm. Length of tail 40 mm. Length of hind limb 2 mm. (Plate I. fig. 1.)
The ceratohyals (ch) are broad and flat at their mesial ends, while their lateral extremities bear each a convex surface for articulation with the palatoquadrate cartilage and a terminal process for muscular attachment. ‘They are not in contact with one another in the median line, but between them occur first an elliptical cartilage, the anterior copula (ca), then a space, then a fibrous mass, the “ pars reuniens” (pr), and finally a posterior copula (cp) of larger size than the first. The postero-internal edges of the ceratohyals abut on the hypobranchial cartilages (hb). The anterior copula (“erste Copula” of Gaupp, 3. pp. 411 and 412, to whom the discovery of this cartilage is due) is elliptical in shape, the long axis of the ellipse being disposed at
1 Gétte (4. pl. 18, fig. 332) gives a figure of the larval hyobranchial skeleton of Bombinator showing three axial structures which probably represent the first and second copulx, with the pars reuniens between. The relations, however, are not clearly indicated, and no special description is given of these parts in the text, so that the credit of the discovery of an anterior copula in Anuran tadpoles must be accorded to Gaupp.
6 DR. W. G. RIDEWOOD ON THE (Jan. 18,
right angles to the length of the body. It is united by fibrous tissue with the ceratohyal of each side, and is separated from the pars reuniens by a space or foramen. This latter is closed by loose connective tissue, and must not be confounded with the hyoglossal foramen of the aglossal Toads, transmitting the hyoglossus muscle. The pars reuniens is a dense mass of whitish fibrous tissue, with a straight anterior edge, slightly convex lateral margins, and a notched posterior border. It is slightly broader than long, and serves to bind the ceratohyals together. The second mesial cartilage, the posterior copula, corresponding with what was called “ basihyal ” in Pelodytes (9. p. 583), is much larger than the first. It is pentagonal in shape and considerably longer than broad. The pointed anterior end can be traced on the ventral surface of the pars reuniens, reaching as far forward as the foramen above mentioned, so that the length of the cartilage is greater than appears in a dorsal view. The antero-lateral edges abut on the ceratohyals, the lateral edges on the hypobranchial plates, while the posterior and smallest edge forms the anterior boundary of the laryngeal sinus. This complete separation of the hypobranchial plates by the second copula, which, like the presence of the anterior copula, is, I believe, peculiar to the Discoglosside, was incidentally referred to in my previous contribution (9. p. 581). There is in Alytes no triangular space on either side of the posterior copula such as occurs in Pelodytes (9. pl. 38, figs. 1, 2, and 3, s), Pelobates, and a great number of other genera.
The hypobranchial plates (hb) are approximately triangular in shape, and the posterior extremity of each bounds the laryngeal sinus laterally. The anterior angle runs up to the point where the ceratohyal and posterior copula touch one another, while the lateral angle is attached to the base of the first ceratobranchial (cb 1). The four branchial bars or ceratobranchials are united with one another at their proximal ends and at their distal ends. The last (cb 4) is the shortest and the broadest. The distal part of the third ceratobranchial is somewhat expanded, and is continued beyond the commissural cartilage into a pointed process which is much larger than those into which the ceratobranchials 1 and 2 are produced. There is no corresponding process to the fourth ceratobranchial. Five to eight warty outgrowths of cartilage occur on the anterior and posterior edges of the bars, but, while those on the posterior border of the fourth ceratobranchial are almost obsolete, those on the anterior border of the first ceratobranchial are greatly prolonged, so as to form a sort of palisade. There is a tendency for these latter processes to fuse in an irregular manner to form an anterior protective wall, as in Pelodytes (9. p. 584). Only three pairs of spicula are present. Those which constitute the free, recurved proximal ends of the third ceratobranchials are long (sp 3), but those of the second ceratobranchial are short and stunted. There are no spicula at all to the first ceratobranchial, and those of the fourth are continued back, as usual, over that posterior part of the
1898.) HYOID OF ALYTES OBSTRTRICANS. 7
hypobranchial cartilage which will ultimately develop into the thyrohyal.
There is not the same continuity of ceratobranchial and hypo- branchial cartilage as is found in Pelodytes ; such coalescence, in fact, only occurs in the case of the fourth ceratobranchial. The third ceratobranchial is attached to the postero-lateral edge of the hypo- branchial cartilage by fibrous tissue, while opposite to the place where the second ceratobranchial should be attached is a small foramen, the proximal end of the bar being kept in position only by its connections with the first and third ceratobranchials. Cerato- branchial 1 is attached by fibrous tissue to the lateral angle of the hypobranchial plate at some distance outward from the posterior cusp of the ceratohyal', and does not during later development become fused with it. There is thus an interesting difference between the relations of the proximal end of ceratobranchial 1 in Alytes and Pelodytes, for while in the latter genus it is fused with the hypobranchial cartilage and bound by connective tissue to the proximal end of ceratobranchial 2 (9. p. 584), in Alytes it is united with the hypobranchial by connective tissue and is fused with the end of the second ceratobranchial. The difference is important as well as interesting, inasmuch as the basal portion of the first ceratobranchial of Pelodytes can be clearly seen to persist as the postero-lateral process of the adult hyoid, while in Alytes the whole of the first ceratobranchial becomes absorbed, and the process of the hypobranchial cartilage to which it was attached broadens out into a plate from the edge of which the postero- lateral process (ppl) subsequently grows out (see figs. 5-7).
SwaGe 2. Specimen measuring 21 mm. from snout to root of tail. Length of tail 41 mm. Length of hind limb, eatended, 19 mm. Fore limbs extruded and measuring 8 mm. when extended. (Plate I. fig. 2.)
Although at this stage the tadpoles have four well-formed legs, and have shed their horny jaws, but slight changes have occurred in the hyobranchial skeleton. The ceratohyals are larger and slope a little more posteriorly than in the first stage. The front copula is still present, but is smaller in proportion to the adjacent parts. The width across the hyoid region is now equal to the width across the branchial, whereas in the first stage it was less. The first ceratobranchial exhibits a wrinkling at its distal end, the absorption of cartilage having already begun in this position; and the laryngeal sinus is larger than before.
1 Herein probably lies the explanation of the view propounded by Gaupp in his paper ou Rana (3. p. 403), that the part of the first branchial arch between the spiculum and the hypobranchial plate belongs to the latter cartilage rather than to the ceratobranchial. There is no indication of any separation of the cartilages in Rana tadpoles, but as this author had, judging by his remarks on page 411 of his treatise, already made an examination of the larval hyobranchial skeleton of Alytes, it is just possible that his determination was influenced by the division which in this genus occurs in the position in question. The division is no more present in Pelodytes than in Rana, whence my hesitation (9. p. 584, footnote 2) to accept Gaupp’s theory.
8 DR. W. G. RIDEWOOD ON THE (Jan. 18,
Stace 3. Specimen measuring 19 mm. from snout to root of tail. Length of tail 29 mm. Length of hind limb, extended, 21 mm. Length of fore limb, extended, 10 mm. (Plate II. fig. 3.)
The ceratohyals are more massive than before, and have acquired a distinct backward slope. Examined from the ventral surface, the two ceratohyals are seen to meet in the median line and to be overlapped (ventrally) by the tapering anterior end of the larger copula, although in the two preceding stages they were separated from one another by a distance equal to one-halt of the total width of the pars reuniens. The pars reuniens itself is less conspicuous than before. The anterior copula has disappeared, and the hyoglossal sinus (Ags) thus makes its first appearance.
The posterior copula is now thicker than the hypobranchial plates ; the two are flush above, but the copula projects ventrally. The future thyrohyals are assuming shape and are thicker than the surrounding cartilage. In fact, the cartilage immediately external to the middle part of the rod is already so much resorbed as to present an incipient foramen (¢f), the “thyroid foramen” of the previous communication (9. p. 586). The fenestration does not begin exactly at the region of attachment of the thyroid bodies, but more posteriorly ; the absorption, however, continues in a forward direction and also externally (see figs. 3 and 4). Since both the developing thyrohyals and the copula are thicker than the sur- rounding cartilage, the former appear to be processes of the latter, for the line of junction is no longer to be seen on the ventral surface, and is barely visible above.
Considerable reduction has occurred in the branchial skeleton, and it is chiefly this which is responsible for the new aspect which the whole hyobranchial skeleton has assumed. The ceratobranchials are not only thinner, but shorter than before, judging by the diminution in the length of the branchial clefts, so that a shrinkage of cartilage must occur as well as absorption, a fact already pointed out in the case of Pipa (8. p. 105) and Pelodytes (9. p. 588). The distal end of the first ceratobranchial has separated from its commissural cartilage, but the second and third clefts still remain enclosed. The spicula have practically disappeared, and the warty outgrowths on the ceratobranchials are mostly absorbed.
Stacu 4, Specimen measuring 18 mm. from snout to cloaca. Tail reduced to 3mm. Length of hind limb, extended, 21 mm. Length of fore limb, extended, 10 mm. (Plate II. fig. 4.)
The hyoglossal sinus is wider than before, and the ceratobyals slope more backwardly and are much more slender, especially at their distal or posterior ends. Here the surfaces of articulation with the palatoquadrate cartilage are no Jonger distinguishable. The pars reuniens has entirely disappeared, and the two ceratohyals can, in a dorsal view, be seen to unite in the median line. In Stage 3 this was only visible ventrally. A central oval area is differen- tiating in the middle of the hyobranchial skeleton. Its outline, though faint and ill-defined in front, is sharply marked behind, and
1898.] HYOID OF ALYTES OBSTETRICANS. Go)
is caused partly by the now indistinct lateral limits of the second copula, but mainly by the white fibrous tissue, from which the ventral splint-bone will later develop, showing through the thick- ness of the cartilage.
The absorption of cartilage in the hypobranchial plates has proceeded apace, and the thyroid foramina are now quite large crescentic spaces. One of the consequences of this absorption is that the lateral promontory of the hypobranchial plate to which the first ceratobranchial is attached now stands out boldly at right angles to the median plane. On the anterior edge of this process a new cartilage is developing. It is as yet distinct from the hypobranchial cartilage, but in Stage 7 it fuses on, and forms part at least of, the alary or antero-lateral process of the adult hyoid (see figs. 4-7). A pair of cartilages similarly placed are figured by Parker in the hyobranchial skeleton of a recently metamorphosed specimen of Rana palustris (7. pl. 5, fig. 9), but he speaks of them (p. 37) as “ remains of the branchial pouches,”’ a determination which their position shows to be untenable.
The absorption of hypobranchial cartilage by the enlargement of the thyroid foramina causes the ceratobranchials to be drawn in, so that the proximal ends of ceratobranchials 2 and 3, which in Stage 3 were ina line with the extremity of the thyrohyal and the proximal end of the first ceratobranchial, are now much closer to the middle line. This, of course, is partly to be accounted for by the growth in length of the thyrohyals. The general result is that a transverse line drawn through the posterior ends of the thyrohyals now passes behind the branchial skeleton, whereas in the preceding stage the line passed through it. The fourth ceratobranchial has almost disappeared, only its distal end, fused with the external edge of the posterior extremity of the thyrohyal, remaining.
Stace 5. Specimen measuring 17 mm. from snout to cloaca. Stump of tail 1mm. Length of hind limb, extended, 23mm. Length of fore limb, extended, 10 mm. (Plate II. fig. 5.)
The ceratohyals are slightly longer than before and considerably thinner. The distal or posterior end is curved, and the part which forms the lateral boundary of the hyoglossal sinus is quite slender. The hyoglossal sinus itself is both broader and deeper. In Stage 4 the ceratohyals were in contact in the middle line, but they are now considerably separated, and the extent of their divarication is marked by two slight notches at the bottom of the hyoglossal sinus. There is evidently an absorption of cartilage taking place here, which causes the posterior copula to extend into the sinus. The side margins of the posterior copula are still to be seen, but since the fibrous predecessor of the ventral splint-bone underlies them, it is only possible to obtain convincing proof of the fact after removal of this superficial tissue. The lines run down to the antero- internal border of the thyroid foramen, and reach the hyoglossal sinus in front at the notches already indicated.
10 DR. W. G. RIDEWOOD ON THE (Jan. 18,
The new growth of cartilage (c) in front of the pointed lateral process of the hypobranchial plate is larger in size and has assumed a triangular shape. The thyrohyals are also larger and their posterior extremities are dilated. The thyroid foramen does not yet open, since the ceratobranchials, although separated from one another at their distal ends, remain connected proximally. These last remnants of the ceratobranchials are short and stunted, but, seeing how near to the completion of their metamorphosis larve with tail reduced to a mere knob must be, it is surprising that any branchial arches should be found at all. The first ceratobranchial is triangular in shape, but the other two are more rod-like. No trace of the fourth is now to be seen.
Sraae 6. Specimen measuring 20 mm. from snout to cloaca. Stump of tail 1mm. Length of hind limb, extended, 23 mm. Length of fore limb, extended, 11 mm. (Plate II. fig. 6.)
The ceratohyals are more slender than in the previous stage, and are of more uniform diameter throughout. They are thinnest where they bound the hyoglossal sinus laterally. The sinus itself is much wider than before, but not appreciably deeper. A couple of slight notches in its border still serve to show how far the ceratohyal cartilage is now situated from the median line. The ceratobranchials have entirely gone, and the thyroid foramen has opened out into a sinus. The thyrohyal (¢) is thus formed by the persistence and evlargement of that part of the hypobranchial plate of the larva which forms the inner boundary of the thyroid foramen. It is a matter of great satisfaction to me to be able by the results of the present investigation to confirm the view which I first propounded in the case of Pipa (8. p. 106), and subsequently upheld in my paper on Pelodytes (9. p. 586).
Since the first ceratobranchial has in all the earlier stages been distinguishable from the hypobranchial plate, and has now dis- appeared, it is evident that it cannot form any part of the postero- lateral process of the adult hyoid as it does in Pelodytes. It cannot even be said that the pointed process of the hypobranchial cartilage to which it was attached becomes the aforementioned process, since this broadens out and fuses with the autogenous cartilage marked ¢ in fig. 6, and only differentiates into antero-lateral and postero-lateral processes later.
Stace 7. Completely metamorphosed specimen measuring 20 nun. from snout to cloaca. No trace of tail. Length of hind limb, extended, 23mm. Length of fore limb, extended, 11 mm. (Plate II. fig. 7.)
Although the specimens which form the basis of the descriptions of Stages 6 and 7 are hardly distinguishable by their external characters, it is evident from the hyobranchial skeleton that the one now under discussion is considerably the older. The cartilage is much bluer, and more transparent and hyaline, than in the preceding. The ossification of the thyrohyals is just beginning, a small differentiated tract being discernible in the middle part of
1898. ] HYOID OF ALYTHS OBSTETRICANS. 11
the rod. The ventral splint-bone has also begun to ossify. The ceratohyal is extremely slender and delicately curved ; its thickest part lies just external to the body of the hyoid. The notches in the hyoglossal sinus have disappeared, so that it is now impossible to define the limits of the posteror copula and the ceratohyal cartilage. The pointed lateral process of the hypo- branchial plate is no longer distinguishable as such, but has broadened out into a plate. ‘The antero-lateral (pal) and postero- lateral (ppl) processes are already disposed as in the adult. Both are evidently secondary outgrowths, as Gaupp (3. p. 433 (4)) has already shown to be the case in Rana. The antero-lateral process is probably formed in great measure by the independent cartilages (c, fig. 6), which remained free until the present stage.
Stace 8. Adult specimen measuring 33 mm. from snout to cloaca. Length of hind limb, extended, 46 mm. Length of fore limb, extended, 20 mm. (Plate II. fig. 8.)
It is surprising how slight are the differences between the hyo- branchial skeleton of the just metamorphosed animal and that of the fully-grown adult. The hyoglossal sinus has deepened con- siderably, so that it is now behind the antero-lateral sinuses, instead of being at the same transverse level with them as in Stage 7. The broadest part of the ceratohyal lies, as in Stage 7, just off the antero-lateral process. The ventral splint-bone is completely ossified, but the ossification does not extend into the subjacent cartilage. The bone is quite superficial, and can readily be dissected off. The thyrohyals are well ossified, the posterior extremities remaining cartilaginous and boot-shaped.
SUMMARY.
In the hyobranchial skeleton of the early larva of Alytes there is an anterior copula which subsequently disappears and forms no part of the adult hyoid.
The posterior copula extends backward to the laryngeal sinus, and thus completely separates the two hypobranchial plates. It persists as the central part of the body of the hyoid.
The postero-lateral process of the adult hyoid cannot be identified with the base of the first ceratobranchial as it can in Pélodytes, but both the antero-lateral and postero-lateral processes are new formations, as in Rana.
The branchial bars or ceratobranchials of the larva form no part of the adult hyoid, but are entirely resorbed.
The thyrohyal is developed from that part of the hypobranchial cartilage of the larva which constitutes the inner boundary of the thyroid foramen.
List oF AUTHORITIES REFERRED TO.
(A more complete bibliography on the Hyobranchial Skeleton of Anura will be found in papers 8 and 9 of the following list.)
1. Corr, E. D.—“< Batrachia of North America.” Bull. United States National Museum, No. 34, 1889.
12
Fig. 1.
ON THE HYOID OF ALYTES OBSTETRICANS. (Jan. 18,
. Duets, A.—* Recherches sur l’Ostéologie et la Myologie des
-Batraciens.” Mém. (des savans étrangers) de |’ Acad. des Sci., t. vi., Paris, 1835, pp. 1-216.
. Gaurp, E.—* Beitriige zur Morphologie des Schidels. II. Das
Hyo-Branchial-Skelett der Anuren und seine Umwandlung.” Morph. Arbeiten (Schwalbe), Bd. iii. Heft 3, Jena, 1894, pp. 399-438.
. Gorre, A.— Die Entwickelungsgeschichte der Unke. Leipzig,
1875.
. Hentz, D. J.—Beschreibung des Kehlkopfs. Leipzig, 1839. . Horrmann, C. K.—Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs
(Bronn): Amphibien, Bd. vi. Abth. 2. Leipzig und Hei- delberg, 1873-78.
. Parker, W. K.—*“ On the Structure and Development of the
Skull in the Batrachia. Part III.” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 172, London, 1881 (1882).
. Ripewoop, W. G.—* On the Structure and Development of
the Hyobranchial Skeleton and Larynx in Xenopus and Pipa.” Journ. Linn. Soe. (Zool.), vol. xxvi., London, 1897, pp- 53-128,
. Rmewoop, W. G.—“ On the Structure and Development ot
the Hyobranchial Skeleton of the Parsley-Frog (Pelodytes punctatus).” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1897, pp. 577-595.
. Stannivs, H.—Handbuch der Zootomie, Th. 11. Buch 2.
Zootomie der Amphibien. Berlin, 1856.
EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.
Hyobranchial skeleton of Alytes obstetricans. Stage 1, p. 5. Dorsal view. (X44.)
Same. Stage 2,p.7. Dorsal view. (X4}.)
Same. Stage 3, p.8. Dorsal view. (X5}.)
Same. Stage 4, p.8. Dorsal view. ( X53.)
Stage 5, p.9. Dorsal view. (53.)
Same. Stage 6, p.10. Dorsal view. ( X73.)
Same. Stage 7, p. 10. Dorsal view. (Xx7z.)
Same. Stage 8, adult, p.11. Ventral view. ( x4.)
Rererence LETTERS.
c. Autogenous cartilages in figs. 4-6. ca. Anterior copula. cb 1. First ceratobranchial. cb 4, Fourth ceratobranchial. ch. Ceratohyal. ep. Posterior copula. h. Hyoidean cornu. kb. Hypobranchial plate. hgs. Hyoglossa] sinus. Js. Laryngeal sinus, pal. Processus antero-lateralis. ppl. Processus postero-lateralis. pr. Pars reuniens, sp 3. Cartilaginous spiculum of the third branchial arch. t. Thyrobyal. : tf. Thyroid foramen. v. Ventral splint-bone.
_
0 I Or ym G9 9 m i) 5 [a')
P ZS. 1898. Pl IL
ign
ae ‘ é j a West,Newman imp. Ye ao ; p _ Hyoid of Alytes obstetricans.
1898.] ON THE CTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA. 13
2. On the Cteniform Spiders of Africa, Arabia, and Syria. By Frepx. O. Pickarp Campriner, B.A.
[Received November 15, 1897.] (Plates III. & IV.)
CONTENTS.
I, Two-clawed Cteniform Spiders. a, Introduction, p. 13. 6, Bibliography, p. 13. ce. List of Species already described, with Notes on their Identities, 14
d. Diesee tio of New Species, p. 20. II. Three-clawed Cteniform Spiders. a. Introduction, p. 27. b. List of Species already described, with Notes on their Identities, 28
p. 28. ¢, Descriptions of New Species, p. 29.
I, a. Introduction.
The following pages include a note on every species belonging to the Cteniform Spiders which have been described from Africa and Western Asia, besides descriptions of eight new species of the two-clawed form and four of the three-clawed form. On page 3517 of my paper on the Ctenidw of Burmah I expressed myself as “satisfied that one cannot restore Thorell’s genus Dolopeus for the Eastern Asiatic forms” of the three-clawed specimens. Since this was written, however, more material has come to hand, which enables me to reverse my decision in this respect. The following list contains the names of the new species described :—
Ctenus johnstoni, sp.n. Zomba, Lake Nyassa. » kingsleyi, sp.n. Cameroons, W. Africa. », occidentalis, sp.nu. W. Africa. » spencert, sp.n. E. London, 8. Africa. » carson, sp.n. Tanganyika, &c. » burtoni, sp.n. Cameroons, W. Africa. » marshalli,sp.n. Umfuli River, S. Africa, » corniger,sp.u. Natal, S. Africa. Thalassius jayakari, sp. un. Muscat, Arabia.
+3 cumming, sp.n. Fao, Persian Gulf. Ps phipsoni, sp.n. Dorun, India. a spencer, sp.n. HE, London, S. Africa.
I. b. Bibliography. 1833. M. Perty. Del. Anim. Braz. (Spix and Martius), Brazil. 1837: C. A. WatckENsER. Ins. Apt. i. p. 364. S. Africa. 1865. J. Buackwatt. Amn. Mag. N. H. (8) xvi. p.336. Africa,
1 Ann, Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xx. Oct, 1897,
14 MR. F, 0, PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE (Jan. 18,
1866. J. Buackwatt, Ann. Mag. N. H. (8) xviii. p.451. Africa. 1872. O. Pickarp CamBrinen. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 320.
Palestine. 1873. E. Gersracknr. Von der Decken’s Reisen in Ost-Africa, iii. 2, p. 483. Africa.
1875, L. Kocnu. Aegypt. und Abyssin. Araneiden, p, 84. Egypt. 1876, Evans Simon. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. p. 222. —-R. Congo. 1876. O. Pickard Campripen. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 596. Egypt. 1879. F. Karscn. Zeits. ges. Nat. p. 347. W. Africa. 1884. Evakne Stmon, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx. p. 326. Egypt and Abyssinia, Congo, Cape of Good Hope.
1885, Evens Stmon. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. p. 13. Africa. 1886. H. Lmnz. Zool. Jahrbuch, i. p. 379. Madagascar. 1889. Evaknn Srmon. Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. p. 233. Mazotte. 1891. H. Lenz. Jahrbuch Hamburg. Wissen. Anstalt, ix. p. 170. Madagascar.
1895. H. Bosensere. Jahrbuch Hamburg. Wissen. Anstalt, xii. p. 12. East Africa.
1896. Eucknn Simon, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixv. p. 465. 1897 (Feb. 15th). Eveknn Stuon. Hist. Nat. Ar, éd. 2, tome ii. fase. i. p. 104. 1897 (Jan.). FRepK. CAMBRIDGE, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xix. . 52. 1897 (et.). Frepx. Campripek. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xix. pp- 329-356.
I, c. List of Species already described, with Notes on their Identities.
1837. Ctenus fimbriatus Walck. Insect. Apt. i. p. 364. Cape of Good Hope.
1865. Ctenus velow Blackw. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xvi. p. 336. Nyassa and Zambesi.
1865. Ctenus vividus Blackw. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xvi. p. 336. Nyassa and Zambesi.
1866. Ctenus vagus Blackw. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (3) xviii. p- 451. Africa.
1872. Ctenus syriacus Cambr. ‘Spiders of Palestine,’ p. 320. Jordan Plains.
1875. Ctenus pallidus L. Koch. Aegypt. u. Abyss. Ar. p. 84, vii. 7. Habab, Egypt.
1879. Ctenus spinosissimus Karsch. Zeits. f. d. ges. Nat. t. li. p. 845. Congo.
1884. Ctenus torvus Pav. Ann. Mus. Genova, xx. p. 74. Shoa.
1896. Ctenus modestus E. Sim. Sub Leptoctenus, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixv. p. 492. Zanzibar, East Africa.
1896. Ctenus pulchriventris E. Sim, Sub Leptoctenus. Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr. Ixv. p. 493. South Africa.
1896. Ctenus lycosinus E. Sim. Sub Leptoctenus. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. lxv. p. 494. West Africa, Rio Pungo.
1898.] OTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA. 15
1896. Ctenus aculeatus E. Sim. Sub Leptoctenus. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixy. p. 494. West Africa, Rio Pungo.
1873. Phoneutria decora Gers. Von der Decken’s ‘ Reisen in Ost- Africa,’ iii, 2, p. 483, pl. viii. fig. 7. Mbaramu.
1876. Phoneutria erythrochelis B. Sim. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. 1. p. 222. Landana, Congo.
1879. Phoneutria auricularis Karsch. Zeitschr. ges. Nat. p. 347. West Africa.
1879. Phoneutria capulina Karsch. Zeitschr. ges. Nat. p. 348. West Africa.
1886. Phoneutria fasciata Lenz. Zool. Jahrbuch, i. pp. 379-408. Isl. Nossi-Bé, Madagascar.
1895. Phoneutria melanogastra Bésenb. Jahrbuch Hamburg. Wissen. Anstalt, xii. p. 12 (sep. copy), t.i.f. 14-14d. E. Africa.
1895. Phoneutria debilis Pav. Ann. Mus. Genova, xxxv. p. 523. Galla Country, East Africa.
1896. Caloctenus guineensis E. Sim. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixv. p. 496. Sierra Leone.
1896. Anahita lineata E. Sim. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixv. p. 497. Landana, Congo.
1896. Anahita lurida E. Sim. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. Ixv. p. 497. Sierra Leone, Rio Pungo.
Crmnus Fimpriatus Walk.
9. Hab. Cape of Good Hope.—This is a three-clawed form which has been selected by M. Simon as the type of Thalassius (Titurius), Sim.
Crenvs vetox Bl. (Plate III. figs. 1, 2.)
@. 20mm. Adt. Type in coll. 0. P.C. Hab. Zanzibar, S.E. Africa.
Q. Total length 20mm. Cap. 10x8. Legs absent. Pat.+ tib. i. 13—iv. 13°5. Prot. iv. 12°5.
Colour. Abdomen brown freckled with yellowish grey, with a broad dentated yellow band, bordered with black, along the dorsal area, comprising a longitudinal anterior yellow band. Ventral area black anteriorly, with two unequal white oval spots.
Structure. Eyes of second row straight ; line passing through centres of centrals cuts posterior margin of laterals. Ocular quadrangle broader than long, broader behind. yes closer together, otherwise similar to those of allied forms.
The vulva consists of a long, dark, chitinous, raised, central tongue, dilate before the middle, slightly emarginate and again broadly dilate, depressed in front, convex in middle, again de- pressed behind; slightly but broadly grooved in centre longi- tudinally. Sides rugulose or impunctate, fringed with fine pale hairs. Posterior angles of tongue guarded on each side by a stout, slightly curved, blunt spur, black on margins, convex at apex, its
16 MR, F, 0. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE (Jan. 18,
base set with a tuft of fine clustered pale hairs, curving inwards and backwards.
This form, of which two adult females remain, is obviously quite distinct from C. vagus and C. vividus, and from every other South- African forms which have come before me. I have taken this opportunity of redescribing and figuring the species, since the original descriptions are inadequate.
Crenvs Vivinvs Bl.
Q juv. 25mm. Type in coll.O. P.C. Hab. 8.H. Africa.
Q. Total length 25 mm. Cap. 13x10. Legs: i. 49—ii. 45, iii, —, iv. 49. Pat.+tib. i. 17—ii. 11, iv. 15, Prot, i. 11—iii. 8 —iv. 8.
Colour. Carapace brown, with a broad yellowish-brown band (whose superior margin is somewhat dentated) extending along each side, and a narrow longitudinal one in the middle. Abdomen pale yellow, streaked and spotted with brown. A broad dentated, dull yellow band bordered with brown, and comprising a longi- tudinal row of brown spots, extends along the dorsal surface, and on each side is a series of brown spots.
Structure. Tib. i. and ii. with 2—2—2—2—2 spines beneath ; one or two lateral external basal spines; one lateral internal basal spine. Patelli. and ii. sometimes with, sometimes without lateral spines, iii. and iv. with one small spine on each side. Prot. i. and ii, with 2—2—2 spines beneath, and a single small central apical spine beneath. yes. Second row almost straight by anterior margins, laterals slightly behind; otherwise the eye-formula is the same as in C. vagus Bl. Clypeus 14 diameters of anterior central eye.
Out of thirteen examples of this species from the relics of Mr. Blackwall’s collection, there is not, unfortunately, a single adult specimen. Except in the difference in the height of the clypeus, and a slight difference in the curvature of the second row of eyes, these two forms, C. vividus and C. vagus, are exceedingly alike.
Crenvus vacus Bl.
@ juv.33mm. Type incoll.O.P.C. Hab. Zambesi, 8. Africa.
. Total length 33mm. Cap.16x12. Legs, i. 55—1i1. 49-5— iii. 42—iv. 56. Pat. +tib. i. 19°5—ii. 13—iv. 17. Prot. i. 12— iv. 15.
Colour. The specimen being very old the colour is merely a uniform yellow-brown. Abdomen densely covered with brownish- yellow hairs, having a series of broad, curved, angular lines of a brown colour, with their convex sides towards each other and their vertices directed forwards.
Structure. Tib. i. and ii. with 2—2—2—2—2 spines beneath ; 1—1 outside, lateral; 1 inside lateral, basal. Prot. i. and ii. with
side. Eyes. Second row straight by anterior margins; diameter of centrals more than three times transverse diameter of laterals.
1898.] CTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA. 17
Centrals 4 diameter apart. Laterals 1 transverse diameter from centrals, over one transverse diameter from lateral posteriors. Diameter of lateral posteriors } less than of central posteriors, one diameter from them. Ocular quadrangle broader than long, broader behind. Posterior 3 larger than anteriors (by diameters). Ante- riors 3 diameter apart, 7a diameter from posteriors. Clypeus two diameters of anterior central eye. Inferior margin of fang-groove with four stout teeth, superior with three. ‘arsals claws 2.
This fine Spider is unfortunately immature, but is obviously closely allied to the males taken in the Nyassan district of S.E. Africa, described below (p. 21) as C. johnstoni. The colours in the type specimen have faded, and I have therefore given the characters as described by Blackwall. I am indebted to the Rev. O. P. Cambridge for kindly allowing me to examine this and others of Blackwall’s types.
Crenus syriacus O. P: Cambr.
Q juv.45 mm. Hab, Plains of Jordan. P. ZS. 1872, p. 320.
There is no evidence from the description that this form belongs to Thalassius (Titwrius), as Simon suggests. No mention being made of the number of subtibial spines or the number of tarsal claws or teeth on the fang-groove, it is impossible to gather to what genus it belongs.
Having carefully examined the type, however, there is no doubt that this form is two-clawed, with four teeth on the inferior margin of the fang-groove. ‘The eve-formula is of the usual ctenoid character, and not that of Vhalassius. Tibi i. and ii. with 2—2—2—2—2 spines beneath, the last pair not apical.
The type is, however, a very young female, and, further than that it belongs to one or other of the various subdivisions of the genus Ctenus, one cannot say anything more definite concerning it.
Crenus pattipus L. Koch. 9.
Carap.4 mm. Legs: 1. 13 mm.—ii. 10°5 mm.—iii. 12°5 mm. — iv. 16mm. Hab. Abyssinia.
“Die Beine 4.1.2.3.”"—* Die beiden Klauen am Tarsus der ersten und zweiten Beinpaares mit je zwei kurzen Ziihnchen ”— “‘dritten und vierten Paares—mit drei bis vier ausserst kleinen Zabnchen.”—* Am vorderen Falzrande zwei, am hinteren sechs Zahne, die drei obersten der letzteren sehr klein.” —“ Mit Ctenus syriacus, Cambr., ist Ctenus pallidus jedenfalls nahe verwandt, doch sind in der Farbe und Zeichnung so wesentliche Unterschiede vorhanden, das kaum angenommen werden kann, beide méchten eine und dieselbe Species sein.”
There appears to me to be no sufficient reason for regarding this form as congeneric with Titurius (Thalassius, Sim,), as Simon supposes, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx. p. 526.
Crnnus sprnosissimus Karsch.
Hab. Congo, W. Africa. It is exceedingly difficult to grasp the characters from Dr.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1898, No. II. 2
18 MR. F. 0. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE (Jan. 18,
Karsch’s descriptions and figures, and one cannot therefore be sure of the identity of this species.
CrENUS TORVUS Pavesi.
3 165,92 20mm. Ann. Mus. Gen. xx. p.74. Shoa, Abyssinia.
I have not seen this species, and cannot therefore give an opinion as to its affinities.
Cteni modestus, pulchriventris, lycosinus, and aculeatus are described by M. Simon under Leptoctenus from various regions of Africa. I have not had an opportunity of examining the types, but, so far as one can judge from the descriptions, they are not identical with any of those already described or now described in this paper as new.
PHONEUTRIA DECORA Gerst.
@ 22mm. Hab. Mbaramu, EH. Africa.
“ Brunnea, cervino-pubescens, cephalothoracis linea media duplici flavescenti, regione ocellari falciumque basi ferrugineo- villosis: palporum basi coxisque rufescentibus, femoribus supra nigro-maculatis.”
*« Am Endrande mit vier scharfen Zaihnen bewehrt.”
Whether this description was taken from an adult it is difficult to say, but no description or figure is given of the vulva. It may be possible to identify the species when more material from Mbaramu comes to hand, but even then with no great certainty.
PHONNUTRIA ERYTHROCHELIS EH. Sim.
3,carap. 15. Hab, Landana, Congo, W. Africa.
gd. Carap. 15x11. Legs: i. 55—i1. 47°5—ii. 89—iv. 53.
** Brunnea, fulvo-pubescens, cephalothoracis linea media et vittis marginalibus dilutioribus, chelis coccineo-pubescentibus, pedibus fulvis immaculatis.”
“* Chelicéres noires, revétues en avant, dans leurs deux tiers inférieurs, de pubescence serrée, d’un rouge vif.”
« Pat. et tib. iv. plus longs que le céphalothorax ; mét. iv. plus long que le tibia des deux tiers de la patella.”—‘ Patte machoire de méme teinte que les pattes. Tibia sensiblement plus long, plus étroit 4 la base, légérement et graduellement élargi, pourvu d’une apophyse terminale externe, presque perpendiculaire, relativement gréle, simple et plus courte que le diamétre de l'article.”
No mention is made of the palpal organs. Simon regards it as different from C. velow Bl. and C. vividus Bl., since the falces are in these species yellow, while those of P. erythrochelis are red. It differs from P. decora Gerst.in the absence of femoral spots. It is extremely possible that the species is quite distinct from the Nyassa District forms, but one cannot regard the description alone, without figures, as quite sufficient for purposes of identification.
It is not at all likely that this form should be the only one with red falces.
1898,.] CYTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA, 19
PHONEUTRIA AURICULARIS Karsch.
Hab. W. Africa. It is impossible to say from the description what this may be.
PHONEUTRIA MELANOGASTRA Bésenb.
$ llmm., 2? 16mm. Hab. E. Africa. Types in coll. Nat. Hist. Mus. Hamburg, coll. Stuhlmann.—Jahrbuch der Hamb. Wiss. Anstalt, xii. p. 12, Taf. i. 14-14 d.
The figure given of the eyes is, I believe, drawn from a point more from above, and the second row thus appears more strongly recurved ; whereas I should suspect (for I have not seen the type) that a line passing through the centres of the centrals would at most pass through the centres of the laterals, and in this case the second row would be absolutely straight. A young female now before me, taken in E. Africa at Likipia by Dr. Gregory, is very closely allied to P. melanogastra, if not identical. Being immature, however, one cannot pronounce on the point with any certainty.
There appears to me to be no necessity for separating these forms from the rest of the Ctenide, other than in more or less well- defined groups.
Curiously enough, there is now also before me an adult female with black ventral band precisely similar to that of P. melanoguastra and of the female from Likipia, with similar eye-formula, differing only in the absence of a lateral spine on tib. i, and ii. and the absence of spines on pat, i. and ii., from La Plata, Argentina, taken by Mrs. Oldfield Thomas.
The African and American forms resemble each other very closely, with certain minute though constant differences, such as au extra spine on the legs or an extra minute tooth on the fang-groove. Those from the Indian Archipelago and Australia approximate to a certain type only of those in Africa and America, of which C. spencert is a fair representative from the former, and C. albo- fasciatus from the latter continent.
So far as the material at hand allows one to judge, the large Ctenoid forms represented by C. reidyi, C. andrewsi, and C. boli- viensis in America, and C. vividus, C. kingsleyi, &e, in Africa, are absent from India, Burmah, the Indian Archipelago, and Austral- asia. But I am unable to satisfy myself, so far, that there is any distinction sufficiently pronounced to justify one in giving to these two different groups distinct generic names.
An adult male from Umfuli, taken by Mr. G. A. Marshall, is evidently very closely allied to P. melanogastra B., being apparently precisely similar in markings, The figure given of the palpus in *‘ ostatricanische Specimen” is scarcely sufficiently detailed to enable one to decide with certainty on the point. Herr Bosenberg has, however, with his usual generosity, furnished me with a beautiful enlarged drawing of this important organ, and I am now able to assert positively that P, mclanogastra Bg. is quite distinct from P. marshall, n. sp.
D*
=
20 MR. F. 0. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Jan. 18,
PHONEUTRIA DEBILIS Pavesi.
g,11lmm. Hab. Arussi Galla, E. Africa.
3. Carap. 5-5°5, tib. iv. 4-45.
“ Occhi della seconda serie recurva equidistanti; mandibole, margine posteriore del solco unguicolare con 4 denti eguali, anteriore con 1 e 2 denti in basso.
“ Palpi, tibia, e presso |’ apice di un forte processo externo, pit longo del diametro dell’ articolo, a forma di spina di rosa, con la punta subitamente acuminata.
‘“‘Mandibole testacee, con due linee nere parallele sulla faccia anteriore, vestite di peli o setole nere.
“Zampe 4.1.2.3 (i. 24 mm., ii. 22, iii. 18, iv. 24°5).”
This extract from Pavesi’s description should enable an identi- fication to be made.
I. d. Descriptions of New Species. Males.
A, Protarsi i. and ii. with a single spine at apex beneath. i. Size much larger, 31 mm. ‘Tibie and protarsi clothed with thick silky yellow hairs ............ C. carsoni, sp. 2. ii. Size much smaller, 15-18 mm. a. Base of tarsal joint of palpus produced into a
spur. 1. Spur long, curved, falciform, almost as long asthe tibiak.:adaccees-cetesaentar scare sadetn sot C. corniger, sp. n. 2. Spur short, sharp, cuspidate ..........sssee0e C. spenceri, sp. n. b. Base of tarsal joint of palpus simple ............ C. marshalli, sp.n. B. Protarsi i. and ii. without apical spine beneath ...... C. burtoni, sp. n.
Females.
A. Protarsi i. and ii. with a single short, stout, apical spine beneath. Mandibles clothed with rufous- grey, yellow, or red hairs at the base in front.
i. Carapace longer than protarsus iv.
a. Mandibles rufous grey at base ...........0e0e- C. johnstoni, sp. . b. Mandibles red or yellow at base. 1. Mandibles yellow at base..........s..e0seeeee ee C. vividus Blk.
2. Mandibles red at base ....0...-.00essseeeeeeenees ii. Carapace shorter than protarsus iv. Mandibles densely clothed with yellow hairs at base in PONG! oa. 0c orcs sss ceenteetenacentesa toss ecleareiacease= C. velox Blk.
B. Protarsi i. and ii, without any apical spine beneath. Mandibles black. i. Size larger, 30-33 mm. a. Carapace shorter than patella+-tibia iii, and shorter than protarsus iy. Vulva much ETC) SBR BABREE Scand cnbatosceccsbcaee Seeact ahieens C. kingsleyi, sp. n. b. Carapace longer than patella+tibia iii. and equal to protarsus iy. Vulva much smaller. C. occidentalis, sp. n. ii. Size smaller, 28 mm. (Carapace longer than ProtarsUSaV.)).-)..ccewecsacuvtoaccereecivewacceacens + CO. spencert, sp. n.
C. vagus Blk.
1898. CTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA. 21 ? b)
OrENUS JOHNSTONI, sp.n. (Plate III. fig, 7.)
9. 37:8. Hab. Zomba, Lake Nyassa, E. Africa. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.
_ Total length 37:8. Carap. 18x14. Anter. marg. 8. Prot. 1, 18—iv. 16°25.
Colour. Mandibles with basal half clothed with thick rufous- grey pubescence. Abdomen clothed entirely with rufous pubes- cence, ochre-yellow on legs. There would be nothing, save in the difference in the eye-formula, to distinguish this form from the male from the Cameroons. The colour of the mandibles is identical. There is present in this female the basal inner and outer spine on the anterior tibiz as well as the single small spine at apex of protarsi i. and ii. beneath.
Vulva. See Plate III. fig. 7.
The eye-formula is similar to that of the male mentioned above, except that the laterals of the second row are higher and the lateral posteriors further from centrals.
Whether this difference is more than sexual, I have not sufficient material on which to base a definite decision, but I should suspect not.
Three females from E. Africa, two being from Lake Nyassa, Zomba, were found in the Museum collection, presented by Sir Harry Johnston.
CTENUS KINGSLEYI, sp.n. (Plate ILI. fig. 6.)
2. 30mm. Hab. Cameroons; coll. Kingsley. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.
Q@. Carap. 14°75x11. Legs 4, 1, 2, 3—i. 60:5—ii. 56—iii. 48— iv. 63. Pat.+tib.i. 21. Pat.+tib. iii. 15°5. Pat.+tib. iv. 19. Prot. i. 18, iv. 17°5.
@. Colour. Carapace mahogany-brown, clothed with short grey pubescence. Mandibles entirely black, clothed with short black hairs, rufous on inner apical margin. Legs clothed with short black and grey hairs and rufous-yellow pubescence. Abdo- men unicolorous warm brown, with indistinct dentate dorsal longitudinal pattern, with narrow central dark band beneath bordered with a white line. The face bears a narrow band of rufous pubescence on each side of the ocular area.
Structure. Carapace horizontal, shghtly gibbous behind, slightly inclined to base.
Eyes. Second row straight. Line passing through centres of posterior centrals cutting posterior margins of laterals. Diameters of centrals nearly 4 times the transverse diameters of laterals, 3 a diameter apart, } a diameter from laterals. Posterior laterals 3 smaller (by diameters) than centrals, 17 diameters from the latter. Ocular quadrangle broader than long, narrower in front ; posteriors 3 larger ; anteriors $a diameter apart, the same from posteriors. Clypeus two full diameters of anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with four stout teeth, upper with three.
Spinulation of legs, Similar to the male of C. carsoni, but with
22 MR. F, 0. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE (Jan. 18,
only a single lateral spine on inner basal half of tibia, and no dorsal tibial spines, while the single small apical central inferior protarsal spine is abseut.
Vulva. For form of this organ, see Plate III. fig. 6.
The single female specimen from the Cameroons is obviously of a different species, so far as the material at hand enables one to judge, from the male taken by Capt. Burton in the same district. The eye-formula approaches more nearly that of carsoni, and though it differs again from this species in this respect one must not speak too confidently of differences which are possibly only sexual. That this form is, however, specifically distinct from carsoni, I have not the smallest doubt. The specimen described above was taken by Miss Kingsley.
CYENUS OCCIDENTALIS, sp. n. (Plate IIL. fig. 8.)
Q. 32mm. Hab. W. Africa. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.
@. Total length 33 mm. Carap. 15x11. Legs 4, 1, 2, 3— i. 53°5—ii. 50—il. 42—iv. 57. Pat.+tib. i. 18—in. 13-5—iy. 17. Prot. i. 12—iy. 15.
Q. Colour, Carapace and legs mahogany-brown, clothed with short dull golden-yellow pubescence, no fringing hairs, or very few. Mandibles black throughout. Abdomen clothed with dull golden- yellow pubescence, with double series of 5-6 dorsal dark spots. Sides striped with longitudinal rows of pale spots. Ventral area with two short white stripes at the genital rima, and a long broken white stripe on each side reaching to the spinners. These stripes and spots are much more distinct than in C. kingsleyi.
Structure. Carapace horizontal, slightly gibbous behind, abruptly inclined to base.
Eyes. Second row straight by anterior margins. Diameter of centrals 3 times transverse diameter of laterals, 3 a diameter apart, 3 from laterals. Posterior laterals 4 smaller (by diameters) than centrals, 17 diameters from them. Ocular quadrangle broader than long, narrower in front ; posteriors 3 larger, anteriors } a diameter apart, ? a diameter from posteriors. Clypeus scarcely 2 diameters of anterior central eye. Lower margin of fang-groove with four stout teeth, upper with three.
Spinulation of legs. Similar to that of ¢ C. carsoni, but with single lateral spine on inner side of basal half of tib. i., 1—1 on inner basal side of tib. ii. No dorsal tibial spines and no single short apical inferior protarsal spine.
Vulva. See Plate ILI. fig. 8.
A single female was taken in W. Africa, bab. unknown. It can with C. kingsleyi be distinguished from the large species from East Africa by the absence of the protarsal apical spine, by the black mandibles, and of course by the form of the vulva. From C. kingsleyi it can be distinguished by its shorter legs, carapace longer than pat.+tib. iti, and the more numerous and distinct pale spots and lines beneath the abdomen ; the cusps on each side
1898.] CTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA, 23
of the posterior margin of the vulva are in this species slender and subaculeate, in C. kingsleyi they are stout and broadly pointed.
CTENUS SPENCERI, sp. n. (Plate III. figs. 9, 10.)
S.18mm. Hab. King William’s Town, 8. Africa. Type in coll. Brit. Mus.
Total length 15mm. Carap.8x6. Legs: i.31—ii. 28—iii. 24 —iy. 33.
Carapace and legs pale mahogany-brown, clothed with grey
pubescence. The former has a more conspicuous central grey band and a broad marginal band, its inner margin being serrate or scalloped. Abdomen witha dark shoulder-spot on each side anteriorly, followed to the spinners by a double series of four small pale spots, the first pair with a black ground. Ventral surface pale rufous-brown, centre dusky with a series of four broken silvery lines, sometimes 6, and a pair of epigynal silvery spots. P Tibia of palpus with a long narrow blunt spur, its apex furnished with a short blunt cusp. Tarsus with a short sharp basal spur, its apex directed upward and slightly outward. Anterior central eyes much smaller and nearer together than the posterior centrals.
9. Total length 23mm. Carap.9°5x7. Legs: i. 31—ii. 29— iii. 26—iv. 34. Pat.+tib. i. 10°5—iii. 8—iv. 10°5. Prot. i. 6-6— iii. 5-25—iy. 9.
2. Colour. Carapace dark brown, inclined to mahogany, with central narrow band of dull ochre pubescence, attenuate between eyes, dilate behind, again attenuate from central stria to base, and a broader marginal band of the same colour. Legs clothed with fine close ochre-yellow pubescence ; femora with spots of white at base of spines above. Abdomen clothed with yellow-grey pubescence, with central series of indistinct A-shaped pale blotches, each branch having a dark spot at its apex.
Ventral area inclined to black, with oblique lateral rows of white spots, two short bars at genital rima, two broken lines between these and the spinners in the centre, and on each side a longer, more distinct broken line reaching to the spinners. Mandibles unicolorous black, clothed with grey hairs.
Q. Structure. Carapace horizontal, convex, scarcely gibbous behind, abruptly inclined to base. Hyes. Second row straight, line passing through centre of centrals touches posterior margin of laterals. Centrals four times greater (by diameters) than laterals; 3 a diameter apart, 4 from laterals. Posterior laterals i less than centrals, 1 diameter from centrals, 3 from lateral anteriors. Ocular quadrangle much (almost twice) broader than long, much narrower in front, width of anterior row less than half the width of posterior row; diameter of anteriors 3 that of posteriors ; the latter 4 a diameter apart, the same from posteriors. Clypeus equal to one diameter of the anteriors. Spinulation of legs similar to that of C. occulentalis, except that tibia ii. has one,
24 MR. F. O. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Jan. 18,
not two spines on the inner side of the basal half. Inferior margin of fang-groove with four teeth, superior with three.
Vulva very simple, convex. See Plate III. fig. 9.
An adult male and four adult females were taken by Mr. H. A. Spencer at King William’s Town, South Africa. Another female was taken by the same collector at Hast London, South Africa, while a single male was received from the collection of the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge, taken at Natal, South Africa. In general characters this species inclines to resemble (Q. kingsleyi and C. occidentalis, but can easily be distinguished from these by the much greater difference in size between the central posterior and central anterior eyes, and also by the greater narrowness of the clypeus.
CrENUS CARSONI, sp. n. (Plate III. figs. 4a, b, 5 a—c.)
3o.3lmm. Hab. Mombasa, Victoria Nyanza, and Lake Tan- ganyika, coll. Carson, &c. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.
Total length 31 mm. Carap. 15x12. Anterior margin 5. Legs: i. 70, ii. 60, iii. 50, iv. 66. Tib.+ pat. 1. 2—3—5. Tib.+ pat. wi. 14:5. Tib.+pat. iv. 19°5. Prot): i717: a. IDsyost Stern. 7 x 5:5.
Colour. Carapace mahogany red-brown, clothed with fine silky ochre-yellow pubescence. Legs the same as carapace, clothed with very fine silky, close, ochre-yellow pubescence and longer fringing ochre-yellow hairs, scarcely equal to the width of the segments. Abdomen dull ochre-brown, clothed with short silky ochre-yellow hairs, unicolorous. Sternwm dark mahogany-brown. Mandibles clothed on basal half with ochre-yellow hairs, apical half less densely.
3. Structure. Carapace longer than broad, narrowed abruptly at point in a line crossing just behind posterior lateral eyes ; horizontal above, slightly gibbous behind, obliquely inclined to base. yes closely grouped, second row straight by anterior margins; centrals four times transverse diameter of laterals, less than j a diameter apart, 7 a diameter from laterals; posterior laterals 4 smaller than centrals, $a diameter from them. Ocular quadrangle much broader than long; anteriors much smaller, diameter a little over 3 of that of posteriors, § a diameter apart, 3 a diameter from centrals. Clypeus equal to 1? diameters of anterior centrals, Lower margin of fang-groove with four stout short teeth, upper with three. Zabiwm one half of maxilla, scarcely longer than broad; maxilla attenuate at base, dilate towards apex, outer side emarginate, rounded on outer apical margin, obliquely truncate on inner apical side.
Legs 1, 4, 2,3. Femora spinous above. Patella of all four pairs with one short spine on each side. Tib. i. and ii. with 2—2— 2—2—2 spines beneath, No. 4 pairslightly lateral, No.5 apical, 1—1 (or only one) lateral spines. 1—1—1 dorsal spines. Protarsii. and ii, with 2—2—2 spines beneath, No. 8 apical, and a single short central apical spine beneath. Protarsi and tarsi 1. and ii. entirely
1898.] CPENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA, 25
clothed beneath with thick scopule. Tib. iii. and iv. with 1—1—1 dorsal spines, besides lateral and inferior spines. Protarsi iii. and iv. spinose, inferior apical spines two. Claw-tuft present. Tarsal claws two.
Palpus. Tibia three times longer than broad, with short external apical black spur, having on each side at base a short distinct cusp. Tarsus piriform. Organs occupying whole breadth of tarsus, consisting of a broad flat chitinous disc, surrounded by a stout broad circumferential marginal piece, terminating at apex in an abruptly curved point, directed backward ; and a central lobe, short, curved at base, dilate at apex, simple.
A fine male of this large silky-haired Ctenus was taken at Mombasa. Another male was taken by the late Emin Pasha on the southern shores of the Victoria Nyanza, while a third of the same sex was taken at Kavala Island on Lake Tanganyika by Mr. Carson. ‘Iwo adult males were also obtained.
OLENUS BURLONI, sp. n. (Plate III. figs. 3 af.)
3.27 mm. Hab. Cameroons, W. Africa, coll. Burton. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.
Total length 27mm. Carap.12x9°5. Legs 1,4,2,3. Pat.+ tib.i. 22°5. Pat.+tib. ii. 15. Pat.+tib. iv. 18. Prot.i. 17—iii. 13-25, iv. 19°5.
Structure and colour similar to those of C. johnstoni, except that the pubescence is rufous-yellow rather than ochre-yellow ; while the basal half of the mandibles is clothed with rufous pubescence, strongly contrasting with the black apical half. Abdomen with narrow black central band, broad at genital rima, attenuate behind. Hyes. Second row straight, line passing through centres of posterior centrals falling just within posterior margin of laterals; centrals = a diameter apart, 3 a diameter from laterals, and twice the size, ‘by transverse diameters; posterior laterals slightly smaller than centrals, over one diameter from them, situate on a black tubercle. Ocular quadrangle scarcely broader than long. Anterior side slightly shorter; central anteriors slightly smaller, 2 a diameter apart, 3 2 diameter from posterior centrals. Clypeus one-half wider than diameter of anterior central eye.
Palpus two and a half times longer than broad, broader towards spex; external apical spur short, stout, abruptly curved, bifid at apex. ‘Tarsus elongate-piriform, having at base on upper outer side a short, very stout, curved, sharp, conical spur, its point directed forward and outward. Organs occupying whole width
-of tarsus, having two stout central lobes, their apices curved towards each other, the outer being stouter, its point lying behind that of the inner, which is longer and more slender.
This western form, though obviously congeneric with the males from the Victoria Nyanza district, differs distinctly in the position of the eyes, and in the presence of a black band beneath the abdomen.
The tibial palpal spur aud the organs are of course different
26 MR. F. O. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE [Jan. 18,
also. A single male was taken in the Cameroons by Capt. Burton. I cannot regard this as the male of the form taken by Miss Kings- ley from the same district, since the ocular quadrangle offers differences which I believe will prove to be specific.
CrENUS MARSHALLI, sp. n. (Plate IV. figs. 12, 13.)
3$.15mm. Hab. Umfuli River, Mashonaland ; coll. Marshall. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London.
Total length 15 mm. Carap.7x5°5. Legs: i. 40—i. 34-5— iii. 830—iv.42. Pat.+tib. i. 13°5—iii. 9'5—iv. 12:5. Prot. i. 1O— iv. 13.
Colour. Carapace brown, with very narrow yellow central band, or a pair of closely adjacent central lines of yellow pubescence, throwing off a short distinct branch on each side at central stria. Margins broadly clothed with pale pubescence, but not so close as in central lines. Legs testaceous yellow, clothed with fine hairs and yellow silky pubescence above. Mandibles black with grey hairs. Scopuledark brown. Abdomen shrivelled, but apparently no dark ventral area.
3. Structure similar to that of C. carsoni, including the short apical protarsal inferior spine. Eyes as in C. carsont.
Palpus. Tibia three times as long as broad. External apical apophysis black, broad, dilate at apex; inner angle prolonged and curved inward, outer angle rounded, irregular, with a short sharp spur at the base beneath. Organs very large, occupying whole tarsal width and three-quarters the length. Central lobe narrow, elongate, curved, rather excavate on inner side. A large stout apophysis runs halfway round the inner margin, excavate on inner side, trumpet-shaped at apex, with a black spine beneath ; immediately in front of the trumpet-mouth lies a white, delicate, membranous, curved, fungiform process.
A single adult male was taken by Mr. G. A. Marshall on the Umfuli River, South Africa. It is very closely allied to Phoneutria melanogastra Bosb., but it is quite distinct.
CTENUS CORNIGER, sp. n. (Plate III. fig. 11.)
$. 18mm. Type incoll.O.P.C. Hab. Natal, S. Africa.
Total length 18. Carap.10x7. Legs i. 33—ii. 20—iii. 27— 33°5. Pat.+tib. i. 12—ii. 8—iv. 10
3g. Carapace and legs deep mahogany-brown, clothed with silvery-white and yéllow-red hairs. Abdomen clothed with rufous _pubescence ; with a pale patch at base above, followed to spinners by a double series of pale spots of pubescence. Ventral area pale rufous.
Tibial joint of palpus with a short broad process, emarginate or almost bifid at apex. Spur at base of tarsus long, curved, falciform, almost as long as the tibia; its apex sharp, abruptly curved outwards, directed across the apex of the tibial joint.
Anterior central eyes much smaller and nearer together than the posterior centrals.
1898.] CTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA, 27
A single adult male of this fine spider was kindly submitted to me for description by the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge, who received it from Natal.
II. THreE-cLAWED CreNIFORM SPIDERS.
IL. a. Introduction.
These spiders, including Cupiennius, Simon, Lycoctenus, F. Cb., Thalassius, Simon, and Dolopeus, Thorell, will doubtless fall under the family Pisawride. The first two genera must, I think, be separated from the others under a different subfamily, for which I suggest the name Lycoctenine, while the other two will form a group under the subfamily Dolomedine. Of the habits of Cupien- nius I cannot speak with certainty, though I should fancy that the spiders are probably more or less usually found in marshy, swampy places. Like other Pisawride they carry the egg-cocoon under the sternum. Lycoctenus is essentially lacustrine in its habit, though, like Dolomedes, often found wandering long distances from its headquarters.
The habits of the two other genera Dolopeus and Thalassius are also similar, the spiders themselves very much resembling an elongate Dolomedes. The marking of the European Dolomedes jimbriatus with elongate bands of dull yellow having much the same disposition as those present in these two genera may be accounted for, possibly, by the fact that this arrangement of colour renders them exceedingly difficult to observe when crouched lengthwise along the stem or blade of the fading, yellow-tinted sedge-grass.
Mr. Cumming has contributed a valuable note on the habit of Thalassius, taken on the Persian Gulf (see p. 31).
The genera may be distinguished as follows :—
Genera.
A. Central anterior eyes distinctly larger than central
posteriors. Clypeusabout equal to length of ocular
quadrangle. ‘Tibiz of first pair of legs much
longer (by half) than carapace. Lateral pale
bands on carapace very broad, extending to the
MAT EA goss pedacacas sopran on edcencteecires (note roaseadoensseaee Dotorevs, Thor. B. Central anterior eyes not larger than central
posteriors. Olypeus, in height, equal to the length
of ocular quadrangle. ‘Tibi of first pair of
legs as long or slightly sborter than carapace.
Lateral pale bands on carapace narrow and remote
from the margin ; sometimes absent .................. Tuatasstus, EH. Sim,
Genus Dotoraus, Thor. (Dolomedes, Doleschall.)
Generic Diagnosis, The same as V’halassius except as indicated in the differential table.
28 MR, F, O. PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE (Jan. 18,
Type D. cinctus Thor., 2 ad. K. Svenska Vet.~Akad. Handl. xxiv. no. 2, p.60. (Plate LV. figs. 6, 7.)
T have not seen the type nor examples of the species, but I have before me immature specimens identified by Thorell as D. albo- cinctus Dol. (sub Thalassius), which present all the characters by which Dolopeus may be separated from Thalassius; while Thorell’s description of the eyes of D. cinctus also indicates the same difference. horell considered his Dolopwus to be identical with Thalassius, and on pp. 350 and 351 of my paper on Eastern Cteniform Spiders, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xx. 1897, I came to the same conclusion. An examination of fresh material has, however, led me to believe that the original differentiation will hold good, and I am very glad to be able to recharacterize and restore Dr. Thorell’s genus.
Females.
i. Legs short and not fringed on the last two segments
wilh df CHEDOTYAMBINS 67. ssipepescseeetamasesoe-essssc= pede see D. doleschaltit, sp. n. ii. Legs long and fringed on the last two segments with
Ont MeN ys MANOS e ess cmcaeee tae c te ecanas daacnecee se ceucecncr~e D. simoni, sp. n.
I am unable to satisfy myself as to the identity of these { D, albocinctus (Dol.). TOUS IEC LCS teste cla ele eae apes sen a ceie emeeteaesies eee D. cinctus Thor.
Genus THALASsIUs, Simon. Titurius, Sim. Nom. preoce.
Generic Diagnosis. Tarsal claws 3. Anterior row of eyes recurved; laterals halfway between anterior and posterior centrals. Teeth ou lower margin of fang-groove 3. Tarsi of fourth pair of legs not furnished with spines beneath. Tibi i. and ii. with a double row of 4—4 spines beneath. yes all subequal. Clypeus as high as length of ocular area. ‘Tibia of first pair of legs scarcely longer—often shorter—than carapace. Lateral pale bands on carapace sometimes absent, nor when present remote from margin.
IL. b. List of Species already described, with Notes on their Identities.
1884. Titurius fimbriatus (Walck.)—Simon, Ann. Mus. Genovy. xx. p. 328, 2. Cape of Good Hope.
1884. Viturius pallidus (L. Koch).—Simon, Ann. Mus. Genoy. xx. p. 328. Egypt and Abyssinia.
1884, Ziturius spinosissimus (arsch).—Simon, Ann. Mus. Genoy. xx. p. 828. River Congo.
1897. Thalassius unicolor E. Simon in Donaldson Smith’s ‘ Through Unknown African Countries,’ p. 359.
Simon in this work selects as the type of Teturius, Ctenus fimbriatus Walck. Ins. Apt. i. p. 364, and includes C. pallidus L. K. and C. spinosissimus Karsch as congeneric with it.
In Rey. Suisse Zool. Geneve, 1893, p. 327, Simon says of Thalassius :—* Ce genre renferme actuellement dix espéces: fimbri- atus (Ctenus) Wlk., du Cap; marginatus (Ctenus) W1k., des ile
1898.] CTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA. 29:
Salomon ; marginellus Sim., de ’Indo-Chine ; pallidus (Ctenus) L. Koch, d’Egypte ; spathularis (Dolomedes) Van Hasselt, de Sumatra ; spinosissimus (Ctenus) Karsch, du Congo; syriacus (Ctenus) Camb., de Syrie; ? torvus (Ctgnus) Pavesi, du Scioa; et probablement cinctus (Dolopeus) Thorell, des iles Nikobars. II est remplacé dans: VAmérique du sud par le genre Ancylometes, Bertkau (type A. vulpes Bertk.).”
Since Thalassius, Sim., both according to Simon’s diagnosis and the type of 7. unicolor Sim., now before me, possesses 3 teeth only on the lower margin of the fang-groove, I am unable to agree that Dolomedes spathularis Van Hasselt belongs to this genus, as Simon states (see above).
That it is one of the Cteniform Lycoside appears highly probable from the fact that the fourth pair of legs are the longest, though Van Hasselt makes no mention of the number of tarsal claws, which alone is a sure criterion."
Females. a. Carapace and abdomen unicolorous, without lateral pale bands. ‘Tibia i. very slightly longer than CATA ACH. telat aaaeesecinns stig aceae dew oes sas «ects son Eales T. unicolor BK. Sim. 6. Carapace and abdomen with pale lateral bands. Tibia i, as long as or shorter than carapace.
i. Tibia i. as long as carapace.
* For form of vulva see Plate IV. .............0.+4- T. jayakari, sp. n.
jf ark py) Ke x a Ree T. cummingi, sp. n. ii. Tibia i. shorter than carapace. * For form of vulva see Plate IV. .................. T. phipsoni, sp. n. oid
” ” ” bo.» wkggegoséagcunbsca: T. spenceri, sp. n.
IL. ce. Descriptions of New Species.
THALASSIUS UNICOLOR Sim. (Plate IV. fig. 2.)
Q ad. 20 mm. Had. Sheik Hussein. Type in coll. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. London. Mr. Donaldson Smith’s ‘Through Unknown African Countries,’ p. 389 (1897).
2. Total length 20 mm. Carap.9x7°5. Legs: 1. 40—11. 40 —iii. 38—iv. 44. Pat.+tib. i. 14—iii. 11-75—iv. 14. Prot.i. 8°5 — iii. 8—iv. 10.
Colowr. Entirely unicolorous yellow-ochreous. Carapace and legs clothed with close, fine, hoary-white pubescence. Abdomen dull ferruginous yellow, unicolorous.
Structure. See generic diagnosis, p. 28. Vulva, Plate IV. fig. 2.
This form can be recognized by the absence of white bands on the carapace and abdomen.
THALASSIUS SPENCERI, sp.n. (Plate IV. figs. la, 6, & 8.)
9.17 mm. Hab. East London, 8. Africa; coll. E. Baldwin Spencer. Type in Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist.
1 Since writing the above a specimen obviously identical with Van Hasselt’s D. spathularis has come before me from Deli, Sumatra. It is a true Dolomedes and not a Thalassius or Dolopeus, having four teeth on the fang-groove and three tarsal claws.
30 MR. F, O, PICKARD CAMBRIDGE ON THE (Jan. 18,
Total length17 mm. Carap.7x6. Legs: i, 30—ii. 30—iii. 27 —iv. 32°5. Pat.+tib. i. 10—iii. 8-5—iv. 10°56. Prot. i. 6°5 —iii. 6 —iv. 7°5.
Colour. Carapace, legs, and abdomen rich olive-brown. Carapace with broad white band on each side submarginal, as far from margin as width of band, not extending to the margin. Abdomen with band of silvery-white on each side extending from the anterior shoulders to the spinners. Ventral area pale yellow.
Structure. Similar to that of 7. unicolor.
It is possible that this species is Thalassius fimbriatus (Walck.) Sim., but I can find no description which one can consider sufficient for identification. The species of this genus apparently are very closely allied, and in the form of the vulva are so much alike that identification becomes a difficult matter.
Vulva. See Plate IV. fig. 14. A single female was taken by Mr. H. A. Spencer at E. London, South Africa, and is now in the British Museum. Also another female from Sierra Leone. I can detect no difference between the two specimens.
THALASSIUS JAYAKARI, sp. n. (Plate IV. figs. 4, 9-11, & 14.)
9 ad. 27mm. Hab. Muscat, Arabia. Type in coll. Brit. Mus.
Total length 27 mm. Carap.10°5x 8-5. Legs wanting in some joints. Approximately the same as in 7’. phipsoni. Tibia i. 10-5.
Colour. Carapace, legs, and abdomen the same as in 7’. phipsoni.
Structure. Tibia i. as long as carapace. Vulva, see Plate LV. fig. 4.
An adult female was taken by Mr. A. G. Jayakar at Muscat on the Gulf of Oman, Arabia. Another adult female, much rubbed, so that the white scales of the lateral bands have been obliterated, was taken at Muscat by the same gentleman.
THALASSIUS CUMMINGI, sp. n. (Plate IV. fig. 3.)
9? ad. 20mm. Aub. Fao, Persian Gulf. Type in coll. Brit. Mus.
Total length 20 mm. Carap.8x7. Legs: i. 35—ii. 35—iii. 34—iv. 40. Tibia i. 8.
Colour. Carapace and legs red-brown, clothed with fine grey pubescence, the former with two lateral bands of white scales, not extending laterally to the margin. The base of each ot the spines on the legs is set in a dark brown spot. Abdemen delicate olive-ochreous, clothed with fine grey pubescence, having a narrow band of white scales on each side; these bands, both on the carapace and the abdomen, are margined with a rich brown line. Protarsi fringed with fine hair.
Structure. Tibia i, as long as carapace. Vulva, see Plate IV. fig. 3.
°An adult female of this beautiful species was takeu by Mr. W. G. Cumming in the Persian Gulf. This gentleman has been good enough to contribute valuable data on the habits of this spider, thus giving us a knowledge of the habits of the genus, which
1898.] CTENIFORM SPIDERS OF AFRICA, ARABIA, AND SYRIA. 31
have not before been placed on record, so far as I am aware. Mr. Cumming relates that the spider was seated on the outside of the jolly-boat, above the water. When he tried to catch it, it took to the water and made for a plant near the boat; and on again attempting to capture it, it beat a retreat again to the boat, where it was eventually secured. This reminds me exactly of the habits of other Lycoctenine which I met with on the Amazons, as well as of the true dolomedine forms such as Triclaria.
THALASSIUS PHIPSONI, sp.n. (Plate IV. fig. 5.)
@ ad. 27mm. Hab. Makim, Dorun, India. Type in coll. Brit. Mus.
Total length 27 mm. Carap. 10°5x8°75. Legs: i. 41—u. 41 —iii. 40—iv. 47. Tibia i. 9°5.
Colour. Carapace. and legs ferruginous-grey, the former having two rich bands of white scales extending, longitudinally, from the anterior angles of the clypeus to a point halfway down the posterior declivity, laterally not extending to the margin. Abdomen entirely delicate ochreous-grey with olive tint, having a broad lateral band of rich white scales on each side.
Structure. Tibia i. shorter than carapace. Vulva, see Plate IV. fig. 5.
This fine species is very similar in general appearance to T. jayakari, but the difference of locality, and the ditference in the vulva and in the relative length of the tibia of the first pair of legs compared with the carapace, prove that it is certainly a distinct species. An adult female was taken by Mr. H. M. Phipsor at Makim and a young female at Dorun, in British India.
Nitus, Cambr., 1876.
Nitvus curtvs Cbr.
Q@ juv.5 mm. Spid. Egypt, p. 596, pl. Ix. fig. 18, Alexandria.
“Eyes in two not very widely separated and almost equally curved transverse rows; the convexity of the curves directed forward, but the front row is the shortest. Each tarsus ends with three curved claws.”
From the figures on pl. Ix. (7. c.) one would conclude the species to belong to some genus closely allied to Dolomedes.
Having carefully examined the type, I find it to be a three- clawed form with 2—2—2 long subtibial spines, with an eye- formula closely resembling Thalassius, and with three teeth on inferior margin of fang-groove. Whether it is identical with Thalassius or not one would not like to speak too positively from such very immature specimens, but judging from the number of spines beneath tibie i. and ii. one would say most probably not.
Adult forms from the neighbourhood of Alexandria will probably settle the point.
oe MR. L. A. BORRADAILE ON CRUSTACEANS (Jan. 18,
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puare IIT.
Fig. 1. Ctenus velox, p. 15, 9. Abdomen, ventral area.
2. Ctenus velox, Q. Vulva.
3. Ctenus burtoni, p. 25, ¢. a. Tibial spur of palpus. 4. Do., lateral view. ¢. Tarsus of palpus, showing basal cusp. 4d. Tarsus and palpal organs. ¢. Palpal organs enlarged. jf. Eyes from in front.
4. Ctenus carson, p. 24, ¢. a. Eyes from in front. 4. Tarsus of palpus from beneath.
5. Ctenus carsoni. Spur of left tibia of palpus. a. From outside. 4. Spur enlarged. c. From beneath.
6. Ctenus kingsleyi, p. 21, Q. Vulva.
7. Ctenus johnstoni, p. 21, 2. Vulva.
8. Ctenus occidentalis, p. 22, 9. Vulva.
9. Ctenus spenceri, p. 28, 9. Vulva.
0. Ctenus spencerit, g. Tibia of palpus and base of tarsus, showing short spur.
11. Ctenus corniger, p. 26, ¢. Tibia of palpus and base of tarsus, showing short spur.
Prats IV.
. Thalassius spenceri, p. 29, 2. a. Eyes from in front. 4. Vulva. Thalassius unicolor, p. 29,2. Vulva.
Thalassius cummingi, p. 80, 2. Vulva.
Thalassius jayakari, p. 50, 2. Vulva.
Thalassius phipsoni, p. 31, Q. Vulva.
. Dolopeus cinctus, p. 28, 2. Eyes from in front.
. Dolopeus cinctus, 29. Eyes from the side.
. Thalassius spenceri, p. 29. Eyes from the side.
. Thalassius jayakari, p. 30. Fang-groove.
10. Thalassius jayakari. Tarsal claws.
ll. Thalasstus jayakari. Protarsus and tarsus.
12. Ctenus marshalli, p. 26, $. Palpal organs.
13. Ctenus marshalli, G. Tibia of palpus, from above.
14. Thalassius jayakari, p. 830, 9. Spider, enlarged nearly one third.
SOO NIG? SI OD I
3. On some Crustaceans from the South Pacific.—Part I. Stomatopoda. By LanceLor ALEXANDER BorraDalLe, M.A., Lecturer in Natural Sciences at Selwyn College, Cambridge’.
[Received November 30, 1897.] (Plates V. & VI.)
The collections of Crustaceans treated of in this paper are those of Mr. J. S. Gardiner, of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, from the islands of Funafuti (Ellice group) and Rotuma, and of Dr. A. Willey, from New Britain, the Loyalty Islands, and other South Pacific localities. Both of them were made in connection with the “ Balfour Memorial Fund,” Dr, Willey holding the Balfour Studentship and Mr. Gardiner being also aided by a grant from the fund.
' Communicated by Prof, ALrrep Newton, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
F. 0. Pickard-Cambridge,del et lith. West, Newman, imp. African Cteniform Spiders.
FZ ES ABN e Te INE
4s.
F.0.Pickaro:-Cambridge, del. et Lith. West, Newman imp. African Cteniform Spiders ;
ie
j 1898.] FROM THE SOUTH PACIFIC. 33
In the following lists three of the species will be seen to be new.
Mr. Gardiner’s collection contained examples of :—
Protosquilla cerebralis Brooks. 1 3g from Rotuma.
Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.). 8 g¢ and 8 2 from Rotuma; 1 ¢ and 5 92 from Funafuti.
Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.), var. smithii Pocock. 1 3S and 2 2 from Rotuma.
Gonodactylus glabrous Brooks. 1 92 from Rotuma.
Gonodactylus espinosus, sp.n. 1 3 from Rotuma.
Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linn.). 2 5 and 2 2 from Rotuma.
Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabr.). 1 2 from Funafuti.
Pseudosquilla oxyrhyncha, sp.u. 1 3 from Rotuma.
Lysiosquilla maculata (Fabr.). 1 ¢ and1 2 from Rotuma.
Dr. Willey’s collection comprised specimens of :—
Protosquilla cerebralis Brooks. 2 2 from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands; 1 ¢ from Pigeon Island, New Britain.
Protosquilla trispinosa (Dana) 1 2 from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.). 2 3 and 5 92 from Lifu, Loyalty Islands; 1 ¢ and 1 Q from the Isle of Pines; 1 S and 1 2 from Talili Bay; 1 9 from Ralu; 1 g, locality not stated.
Gonodactylus chiragra (Fabr.), var. smithii Pocock. 1 ¢ and 2 2 from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Odontodactylus scyllarus (Linn.). 1 9 from New Britain.
Squilla multituberculata, sp.n. 1 5 and 2 9 from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
Pseudosquilla ciliata (Fabr.). 1 92 from Uvea, Loyalty Islands ; 1 3 from Blanche Bay, Loyalty Islands.
I now proceed to general remarks on the above-mentioned species.
1. PROTOSQUILLA CEREBRALIS Brooks, (Plate V. fig. 6a.)
Protosquilla cerebralis, Brooks, ‘ Challenger’ Stomatopoda, p. 72, pl. xiv. figs. 2 and 3, pl. xvi. figs. 2 and 3 (1886).
Brooks’s examples of this species were all females. Fortu- nately, however, Mr. Gardiner’s and Dr. Willey’s collections each contain a male specimen, so that I have been able to have a figure made of the peculiar structure on the endopodite of the 1st abdo- minal appendage in this sex (fig. 6a, Plate V.). The importance, from a systematic point of view, of a record of the form of this organ in each species has been pointed out by Brooks (loc. cit.
. 13). i 1¢ from Rotuma; 2 9 from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands ; 1 ¢ from Pigeon Island, New Britain.
Proc. Zoo. Soc.—1898, No. III. 3
34 MR. L, A. BORRADAILE ON CRUSTACEANS [Jan. 18,
2. PRorosQuiLLA TRISPINOSA (Dana). (Plate V. figs. 1, 1a.)
Gonodactylus trispinosus, Dana, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i, p. 623 (1852); Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5, v. p. 121, pl. iii. fig. 10 (1880).
Protosquilla trispinosa, Brooks, ‘ Challenger’ Stomatopoda, p. 71 (1886).
The naming of this species is generally credited to White (List Crust. Brit. Mus. p. 75, 1847), but, as White published merely the name and a reference toa plate (in the “ Zoology of the Voyage of the ‘Erebus’ and ‘Terror’”) which never appeared, the true author is Dana, who was the first to describe it.
No complete figure of P. trispinosa has ever been published, and as the representation of the telson given by Miers does not accurately depict either White’s original specimen in the British Museum er that in Dr. Willey’s collection, which themselves agree closely, I have determined to append a figure to the present note.
All descriptions of this species hitherto published have over- looked the fact that the three tubercles of the telson are not smooth, but covered with minute spinules. An amended definition of the species will run as follows :—
“A Protosquilla with the two antero-lateral spines of the ros- trum nearly as long as the median ; carapace with corners nearly rectangular, anterior more acute than posterior; fifth abdominal segment longitudinally corrugated; sixth abdominal segment clearly marked off from the telson, and bearing six smooth tubercles ; telson bearing a median and two lateral large tubercles covered with minute spinules, the median anterior to the two laterals ; posterior border of telson divided by deep narrow fissures into six lobes ; submedian, intermediate, and lateral spines of the telson small and placed in notches ; several submedian spinules.” Length about 40 mm. 1 @ specimen from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
3. GONODACTYLUS CHIRAGRA (Fabr.). (Plates V. fig. 4, & VI. fig. 8.)
Squilla chiragra, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. t. i. pt.i. p. 513 (1793).
Gonodactylus chiragra, Latreille, Encycl. Méth. x. p. 473 (1825); Dana, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. 1. p. 628, pl. xli. figs. 5 a, b (1852); Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5, v. p. 118 (1880); Brooks, ‘Challenger’ Stomatopoda, p. 56, pl. xv. fig. 4 (1886).
Gonodactylus smithii, Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6, xi. p. 475, pl. xx. B. fig. 1 (1893).
Pocock has described, under the name of Gonodactylus smithii (Plate V. figs. 2, 2 a, b), a form differing from the type as follows :—
(i.) The crests upon the sixth abdominal segment and telson are much more compressed and carinate than in chiragra.
(ii.) The crests upon the sixth abdominal segment are produced, without constriction, into long spines.
1898. ] FROM THE SOUTH PACIFIC, 3d
(iii.) The upper edge of the median crest of the telson is almost straight, and is produced posteriorly into a spine. (iv.) The animal is more robust.
The specimens described by Pocock were taken in the same locality (Arafura Sea) with examples of typical G. chiragra, and this is the case also with Mr. Gardiner’s and Dr. Willey’s specimens. Since they are connected by a series of intermediates with the type, they must be regarded asa variety only. There is, however, one character—not mentioned by Pocock, but present, as I have seen, in his type specimen—that comes near to being diagnostic of this form. ‘his character is the presence, on each side of each of the first five abdominal tergites, of a small, sharply-defined, dark spot. Only one of the specimens is without these spots, and, as this is very small and has the appearance of having been consider- ably bleached by the alcohol, it 1s possible that it does not really form an exception. On the other hand, I have only met them on one G. chiragra not agreeing with Pocock’s description of G, smithii.
All the exam pies of G. smithii are small (10-45 mm. long), as were those of Pocock, but certain specimens somewhat approaching them are considerably larger. There are several undoubted examples of G. chiragra of about the same size as G. smithia.
Two examples of G. chiragra from the Bahamas now in the Cambridge University Museum of Zoology differ from the type as found in the Pacific only in the presence of a minute ridge on the median side of the carine of the intermediate spines of the telson. Several specimens in the British Museum, from various West Indian and South American localities, present this feature and have been labelled Gonodactylus oerstedi (Plate V. fig. 3) by Dr. H. J. Hansen, who has since instituted the species by a brief description in a footnote to p. 65 of the ‘ Isopoden, Cumaceen u. Stomatopoden der Plankton-Expedition.’ I am permitted by the courtesy of Dr. 8. F. Harmer to figure the telson of one of the Cambridge specimens of this form.
The present collections include :—
8 ¢ and 8 9 from Rotuma; 1 3 and 5 9 from Funafuti; 2 g and 5 Q from Lifu, Loyalty Islands; 1 ¢ and 1 @ from the Isle of Pines; 1 ¢ and 1 2 from Talili Bay; 1 9 from Ralu; 1 6, locality not stated.
There are besides the following specimens of var. smithii :—
1 g and 2 9 from Rotuma; 1 ¢ and 2 @ from Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
4. GONODACTYLUS ESPINOSUS, sp. 0. (Plate V. figs. 5, 5a, 6.)
Definition —* A Gonodactylus with cylindrical eyes; blunt, rounded antero-lateral angles of the rostrum ; elongated carapace with rounded antero-lateral and almost rectangular postero-lateral angles ; lateral margins of first exposed thoracic segment not pro- duced, of second produced and square, of third produced and truncate, of fourth produced and subacute ; lateral margins of first to fifth abdominal segments with small carine, but not produced into a spine; sixth abdominal segment with four rounded dorsal
36 MR. L, A, BORRADAILE ON CRUSTACEANS (Jan. 18,
prominences, and with two lateral carinz, each produced into a spine ; telson with three rounded dorsal longitudinal prominences not bearing spines, and with four narrow elongated carine posterior to the rounded prominences; lateral and intermediate marginal spines of the telson obsolete, submedians long and each tipped with a minute movable spinule.”
Colour (in alcohol) a uniform dark olive-green.
Length of the single (¢) specimen 18 mm. from tip of rostrum to bottom of groove between submedian spines of telson.
This species closely resembles G. chiragra, from which, how- ever, it differs in the absence of the intermediate spines of the telson and in the consequently more elongated shape of that segment.
1 ¢ from Rotuma.
5. GONODACTYLUS GLABROUS Brooks.
Gonodactylus glabrous, Brooks, ‘ Challenger ’ Stomatopoda, p. 62, pl. xiv. fig. 5, pl. xv. figs. 7, 9 (1886).
Gonodactylus graphurus, de Man, Arch. f. Naturges., Jahrg. 53, Bad. i. p. 573 (1887).
Gonodactylus glaber, Pocock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6, xi, p. 474 (1893).
Pocock regards the name of this species as due to a misspelling in the original description, but, as it appears several times in Brooks’s article and is always spelt in the same way, this would seem not to be the case.
1 @ from Rotuma.
6. ODONTODACTYLUS SCYLLARUS (Linn.). (Plate V. fig. 6.)
Cancer scyllarus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i. p. 633 (1758); 12th ed. p. 1054 (1766).
Squilla scyllarus, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. t. ui. pt. i. p. 512 (1793).
Gonodactylus scyllarus, Latreille, Encycl. Méth. x. p. 472 (1825); Cuvier, R. A. 3rd ed., Crust., Atlas, pl. lv. fig. 2; Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5, v. p. 115 (1880).
Odontodactylus scyllarus, Bigelow, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xvii. p- 495 (1894).
2 $ and 2 Q from Rotuma; 1 2 from New Britain.
Figure 6, Pl. V., represents the endopodite of the 1st abdominal appendage of the male of this species.
7. PsEUDOSQUILLA C1LIATA (Fabr.).
Squilla ciliata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. t. ui. pt. 1. p. 512 (1793),
Squilla stylifera, Lamarck, Hist. An. sans Vert. v. p. 189 (1818).
Pseudosquilla stylifera, Dana, Zool. U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. p- 622, pl. xli. fig. 4 (1852).
Pseudosquilla ciliata, Miers, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 5, v. p. 108 (1880); Brooks, ‘ Challenger ’ Stomatopoda, p. 53, pl. xv. fig. 10 (1886).
Loa
1898. | FROM THE SOUTH PACIFIC. 34
The specimens agree with Brooks’s Pacific examples in the points in which the latter differ from his West Indian ones.
1 9 from Funafuti; 1 9 from Uvea, Loyalty Islands; 1 g from Blanche Bay, Loyalty Islands.
8. PsEUDOSQUILLA OXYRHYNCHA, sp.n. (Plate VI. figs. 9,9 a-d.)
Definition — “ A Pseudosquilla with broad, club-shaped eyes ; rostrum transverse with a delicate median spine; dactylus of the raptorial claw with three teeth (including the terminal tooth) ; manus of the raptorial claw with three movable spines; two large dark spots on the carapace not surrounded by a white ring; lateral process on the first free thoracic segment wanting, on the second and third truncate, on the fourth subacute ; basal prolongation of the uropods ending in two spines; telson with median crest and six other carine (including those of the lateral margins), the carine immediately Jateral to the crest being small and serrated.”
Colour. Abdomen olive-green, mottled with paler green ; carapace greenish brown, mottled with cream ; raptorial claw brown (dacty- lus purple), mottled with cream.
Length of the single (d) specimen 88 mm. from tip of rostral spine to bottom of notch between submedian spines of telson,
This species is intermediate between P. oculata Brullé and P. ornata Miers. It resembles the former in the presence of a small median spine on the rostrum, and the latter in having only six carine on the telson. From both it differs in the absence of definite eye-spots on the carapace ; these being represented by two irregular dark marks, not surrounded by lighter rings.
1 ¢S specimen from Rotuma.
9. LysIosQui~tLa MACULATA (Fabr.).
Squilla maculata, Fabricius, Ent. Syst. t. iii. pt. i. p.511 (1798) ;
H. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Crust. t. ii. p. 518, pl. xxvi. fig. 11 1837).
Lysiosquilla maculata, Miers, P. Z. 8.1877, p. 138; id. Ann. Mag.
Nat: Hist. 5, v. p.5, pl. i. figs. 1 and 2 (1880) ; Brooks, ‘ Challenger ’ Stomatopoda, p. 45, pl. x. figs. 1-7 (1886).
The marked difference observed by Miers (Anu. Mag. loc. cit.) and by Brooks in the single females they were able to examine holds good for the present specimens, the spines arming the inner margin being, in the male, long, while in the female they are short, and reduced proximally to mere serrations.
Mr. Gardiner has been kind enough to furnish me with the following note on the habits of this species :—
«“ Lysiosquilla maculata (Fabr.). This species is found in the boat channel at Rotuma. It lives in pairs in tunne!s on the sandy bottom. These are sometimes as much as 20 feet long, and usually have two exit holes. Each hole is inhabited by a male and a female, which take up their positions at the two exits, with the dactylus and propodite of the raptorial claw widely extended and
38 ON CRUSTACEANS FROM THE souTH PacrFIc. ([Jan. 18,
just projecting. Any small fish passing over is seized, and the animal retreats with it into its tunnel.”
10. SQUILLA MULTITUBERCULATA, sp.n. (Plate VI. figs. 7,7 a—c.)
Definition —* A Squilla with elongated flattened eyes; rostrum subrectangular, without carinez, and with acute antero-lateral angles ; dactyle of the raptorial claw with four teeth (including the terminal tooth) on the inner margin, and three short teeth on the outer margin ; carapace small, narrowed in front, with rounded angles ; lateral processes on the fifth thoracic segment acute, on the sixth to eighth subtruncate ; no carine on the thoracic or first five abdominal segments ; sixth abdominal segment longitudinally corrugated ; telson covered with small blunt spines; submedian marginal spines of telson with movable tips; several (four or more) submedian spinules, several (six or more) intermediate spinules.”
Colour (in alcohol, specimens seem somewhat bleached) pale yellow or greenish yellow.
Length (only 3 specimens), 12-13 mm.
This species would appear to be allied to Squilla quadridens Bigelow [Johns Hopkins Univ. Cire. 106, p. 100 (1893)], and in a less degree to S. polita Bigelow [J. Hop. Univ. Cire. 88 (1891)].
1 ¢ and 2 9 from Sandal Bay, Lifu, Loyalty Islands.
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.
Puate VY.
Fig. 1. Protosquilla trispinosa, p. 34, Q, x2. la a Le «4. 2. Gonodactylus chiragra, var. smithii, p p-. 34, 9, x li.
2a. + + : ¥ telson from the side, <4.
2b. », telson from above, x4.
3. G. oerstedi, p- 35, 9, telson from above, x4.
4. G. chiragra, p. 34, telson from the side, x 4.
5. G. espinosus, p. 35, 3, X2.
5a. a dG, telson from above, x4.
5b. 3, endopodite of Ist ‘abdom. app. considerably magnified,
6. Odontodactylus scyllarus, p. 36, 3, endopodite of lst abdom. app. magnified.
6 a. Protosquilla cerebralis, p- 33, g, endopodite of 1st abdom. app. con- siderably magnified. Prats VI.
Fig. de y ea multituberculata, p. 38, d, x6. ¥ 5 telson from above, X12.
B. 5 - telson from below, x 12. Tee, i, endopodite of Ist abdom. app. considerably magnified.
8. Gonodactylus chiragra, p. 34, nat. size. 9. Pseudosquilla pany ad) p- 37, dB, nat. size.
9 a. a “ endopodite of 1st abdom. app. magnified, 9d. 4 s; Ist maxilliped, x 24. Ba 3 3rd maxilliped, x 24
” 5th maxilliped, x 24.
1898.P1 V
P 7 digg) Ee Zio:
STOMATOPODA FROM THE SOUTH PACIFIC
IRAE Salts ekoped Aly
Edwin Wilson Cambridg ce
PACIFIC.
SOUTH
STOMATOPODA FROM THE
Bay SPS ae MS re
Rie
1898.] ON A NEW SUBSPECIES OF GIRAFFE FROM NIGERIA. © 39
February 1, 1898. Dr. St. Gzores Mrvart, F.R.S., V.P., in the Chair.
Mr. Oldfield Thomas exhibited the skull of a Giraffe from West Africa, which, with its anterior cannon-bones, had been presented to the British Museum by Mr. W. Hume McCorquodale. The animal had been shot by that gentleman’s brother, the late Lieut. Robert Hume McCorquodale, of the 3rd Dragoon Guards, to the south-east of the junction of the Benue and Niger, and came therefore from a district whence Giraffes had never hitherto been recorded. So far as could now be ascertained by the kind assistance of Sir G. Taubman Goldie, its locality was approximately 8° E., and 7° N., and therefore very far from any part of the known range of the genus. The nearest recorded locality seemed to be Lake Tchad, some 600 miles distant, whence Denham and Clapperton had obtained a young specimen formerly exhibited in the British Museum.
In determining the affinities of this skull, Mr. Thomas had been much aided by the clear disentanglement of the characters and synonymies of the Northern and Southern Giraffes in the paper recently read before the Society by Mr. De Winton *, From this it appeared, as was natural, that the Nigerian skull was undoubtedly most nearly allied to that of the true Northern Giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis ; but on careful comparison it yet seemed so different in details that he thought it should be considered as representing a Western subspecies of that animal.
The skull was clearly, judging by its extreme lightness and fragility, that of a female, but was actually longer than any of the three fine male skulls, representing both Northern and Southern species, in the British Museum, and of course considerably longer than any female skull, there being a decided difference in size between the sexes. As another indication of the great size of this Giraffe, it might be noted that although its cannon-bones still had their epiphyses separate, their total length exceeded that of the cannon-bone (with ankylosed epiphyses) of a female Abyssinian Giraffe by nearly 3 inches, and scarcely fell short of that in an old male Giraffe from the same region. These differences in size are brought out by the measurements below.
In the form of the skull the most obvious and probably most important difference was to be found in the proportions of the face. While in the ordinary Giraffe the tapering forward of the face from the orbits to the muzzle was even and gradual, in the present skull it was exceedingly abrupt at first, from the very broad orbital region to a point above the anterior premolars; then from this point forward the muzzle was very narrow and slender, almost _parallel- sided, broadening again in the region of the very large spatulate nasal opening. ‘The latter opening, in its great length and breadth, was
1 See P. Z. S. 1897, p. 275.
40 ON A NEW SUBSPECIES OF GIRAFFE FROM NIGERIA, [Feb. 1,
quite unlike that found in any other skull examined. As indications of the elongation of the face, the measurements given below of the muzzle anterior to the teeth and of the mandibular diastema might be specially noticed.
The horns were slender, as usual in the female, but their direc- tion was doubly different from that normal, as they were widely divergent instead of parallel when viewed ‘from in front, and, when viewed from the side, more vertically upright, instead of lying back in the plane of the forehead. The third horn, for a female, was well developed, its bony core forming an obviously distinct ossification on the top of the swollen frontals.
A large anteorbital vacuity was present on each side. There was also a peculiar smooth-edged vacuity, large enough to admit a human thumb, at the posterior edge of each squamosal, opening into the canal that terminates below in the postglenoid foramen. No trace of this vacuity was to be seen in other skulls, but although perfectly symmetrical on the two sides, it was rather doubtful whether it would prove to be more than an individual peculiarity.
On the lower side of the skull, apart from the striking difference in aspect produced by the long parallel-sided muzzle, there was little of importance to notice.
The following were the skull-measurements of Abyssinian and Nigerian Giraffes (in millimetres) :—
Old male, Adult female, Adult female,
Abyssinia. Abyssinia. Ni igeria. Extreme length ..............-.00++ 670 613 715 HARA Men Pty eee. /ccwcsseesseessenise 580 546 640 Greatest breadth .............0605- 303 265 282
Nasal opening, length from enathion to junction of nasals
with premaxille...............04 162 165 194 MO: breadth soc.cscecscesescree scene 68 65 67 Muzzle to orbit ..... cactveseaceocses 380 354 416 Distance between tips of horns
(CANINES) I cases -wehe caer eseeeeene 160 125 217 Muzzle to front of anterior
PTGHIQMAG) Levees vaceastactecc ones 245 230 270 Lower jaw, angle to front of
OWS ae. code tare eesnostece = taee 521 480 558 Do. gidiastamiay | 32: cSeeees ss eesk ace 190 178 220 Weight, with lower jaw ......... 19 Ibs, 8 oz. 7 lbs. 6 oz. 10 lbs. 7 oz. Weight, without lower jaw ...... 4 lbs. 113 oz. 6 Ibs. 103 oz.
The East-African skull obtained by Mr. Neumann, and described in Mr. De Winton’s paper, weighed 22 lbs. 143 oz. with, and 19 lbs. 6 oz. without the lower jaw.
Taking all the circumstances into consideration, Mr. Thomas considered that this fine animal might be provisionally assigned to the Northern species, Giraffa camelopardalis, of which it would form a Western subspecies, that might be termed G. e. peralta, on account of its superior height.
Mr. Thomas expressed his appreciation of the scientific spirit shown by Lieut. McCorquodale in preserving so clumsy and yet so
1898.] ON THE HABITS OF LEPIDOSIREN. 41
valuable a specimen, and of the generosity shown by his brother in presenting it to the National Collection.
It was much to be hoped that some of the many British officers now in Nigeria would bring home further spoils of this magnificent animal, so that zoologists might gain a better knowledge of its characters and relationships.
Mr. Sclater exhibited photographs of the Giraffe now living in the Society’s Gardens, of the Giraffe presented to the Queen by Chief Bethoen of Bechuanaland, which had died in the Society’s . Gardens on the 20th of September shortly after its arrival, and of the pair of Giraffes now living in the Zoological Garden of Berlin (see P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 813), in order to show the differences in markings between the two forms Giraffa camelopardalis typica and G. c. capensis (cf. De Winton, P. Z. 8. 1897, p. 276).
The following letter from Mr. J. Graham Kerr, F.Z.S., dated from the Zoological Laboratory at Cambridge, January 28th, was read :—
“JT have just received from my friend and correspondent in Paraguay, Mr. R. J. Hunt, a letter in which he gives most interest- ing information in regard to the dry-season habits of Lepidosiren, During my recent stay in the Gran Chaco I was able to definitely determine that Lepidosiren, like its African relative Protopterus, does retire into the mud at the commencement of the dry season, but I was prevented by the untimely onset of heavy rains from pursuing my enquiries further into the matter. On leaving the Chaco I left behind with Mr. Hunt a set of questions in regard to the so-called ‘cocoon,’ which he very kindly agreed to do his best to answer when the prolonged drought should provide the opportunity. The result is the very interesting communication which I enclose, and which will, I think, be of much interest to zoologists generally, providing as it does the first account of the dry-season cocoon of Lepidosiren. 1 need scarcely draw attention to the extraordinarily close agreement of Lepidosiren in many points of detail to what is already known to us in the case of Protopterus.”
Mr. Hunt writes as follows :—
“1, The nest made by the ‘ Lolach’ in the dry season (see figs. 1-3, pp. 42, 43), so far as I can ascertain, seems to be quite distinct from the burrow in which the eggs are laid. On the rising of the water the beast comes out of its nest and seeks a convenient place to lay its eggs, which may be near to or far from its nest of the dry season. From the appearance of the inside of the nest, I should say that on the return of the dry season the Lolach does not return to the place that it used for the laying of its eggs, nor is there any sign of it near its dry-season nest.
«2. The entrance or exit of the nest is by the side of the roots of the papyrus (pi7), the cutting swamp-grass, or the bulrush, The circular entrance, two and a half inches in diameter, is plugged
42 MR. J. GRAHAM KERR ON THE (Feb. J,
from the inside with a round piece of ciay, hollow and smooth inside from the pressure of the Lolich’s nose. Surface clay is employed to plug the entrance, and the only thing visible from the outside is this convex plug fitting into the rim of the round entrance, and sometimes, adjacent, another hole more or less filled up, often entirely so, and consequently invisible, where the beast first entered the earth. The original entrance is sometimes used (perhaps most generally used) for the door of the finished nest. The outside plug is pierced with two or three round holes, very small as if formed by a big worm, and in which a peppercorn could be tightly fitted. These are evidently formed by the placing together of the pieces of clay, because in the inside (which is smooth and concave) the hole is not round but slit-like, showing the joining. This is not always the case. Some are round inside as on the convex side. The inside of the plug is slightly damp and slimy, but tasteless.
Fig. 2.
Views of two dry-season burrows of Lepidosiren, as seen in section.
“On removing the outer plug, a long crooked channel appears, about two and a half or three inches in diameter, leading without obstruction to the creature’s bed. This channel, like the inside of the plug, is moist and slimy, the moisture increasing in amount as it reaches the head of the beast. The channel varies in length from twelve to twenty inches. In the case of a long channel, several plugs are employed, at every four or six inches. In one nest five plugs were found. The first three were like the one at the entrance ; the breathing-holes small and round on the outside but not always round inside, the slit varying in size from a quarter
1898. ] HABITS OF LEPIDOSIREN, 43
to three-quarters of aninch. The last one close to the head of the Lolach had the appearance of being unfinished. It had the usual two round holes—a slit, and in the centre a circular opening an inch in diameter.
«3. The inside of the ‘ cocoon’ contains no grass or weeds, but is damp and slimy like the channel leading to it, only very much damper, and the sides are lined with a gelatinous but tasteless sub- stance, and on the removal of the beast from its sleeping-place, the moisture is visible, congregated at the foot of the nest in a very small quantity. There is very little space between the walls of the nest and the animal itself, especially near the head. The, foot of the nest is deeper, but nothing but firm clay lined with this slimy, sticky, gelatinous fluid already mentioned.
Fig. 3.
View of a dry-season burrow of Lepidosiren, as seen in section.
“4, The average size of the cocoon in which the Lolach sleeps is 14x 6 inches. It is oblong in shape, about six inches at the foot and three or four inches at the mouth in width.
“The specimens I personally took from the cocoons were all full-grown ones, but the Indians have caught young ones, an inch in diameter and about a foot long, in their nests.
“5, The nest varies in depth from the surface from fourteen to twenty inches. It is slanting, the head sometimes being four inches higher than the bottom of the nest. The Lolach lies on his belly and chin, his tail is brought over the right eye and round the mouth, so covering the whole face. The head is of course nearest to the opening.
44 MR. F. E. BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 1,
“6, When seen in the nest the Lolach is of a light brownish colour, its skin is soft and slimy, being coated with a similar sub- stance to that with which it lines the clay walls of its house. On being exposed to the light, it soon becomes dark coloured and the skin dry and hard.
«7, No signs whatever of a tube of gelatinous material appear either in the nest or in the channel leading outward to the opening, and the lips of the fish seem to be completely covered with the tail that is brought over the mouth.
“8. The centre of the swamp, where the deepest water is, seems .to be a more favoured part for the nests than in the shallow coasts. One nest that I dug out had an exceedingly long and tortuous channel, the bottom of the nest being twenty inches below the surface and three feet away from the opening. I believe it to be an exception.
“On the rising of the water they push out the plug, and remain for a little while with their noses out, before they finally leave their winter home.” NA aes.
Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., gave an account of the Fishes collected by Dr. J. Bach in the Rio Jurua, Brazil. Fifty-one species were enumerated, of which nine were described as new, and named as follows :—Platystoma juruense, Oxydoras trimaculatus, O. trachyparia, O. bachi, O. elongatus, Chetostomus bachi, Acestra gladius, Cetengraulis jwruensis, and Sternarchus tamandua.
This paper will be published in full in the Society’s ‘ Trans- actions.’
The following papers were read :—
1. On the Anatomy of an Australian Cuckoo, Scythrops nove-hollandie‘. By Franx E. Bepparp, M.A., F.R.S., Prosector to the Society.
[Received December 7, 1897.}
So far as I can discover there is no account extant of the structure of the soft parts of Scythrops nove-hollandie, save a few very brief notes on a“ Bird, of the Toucan-kind, from New Holland,” by John Hunter’, and some facts concerning the pterylosis by Nitzsch *. Certain parts of the skeleton, on the other hand, are dealt with in Eyton’s ‘ Osteologia Avium,’ and the skull has been deserlbed by Parker *.
1 I am indebted for the specimens, upon the examination of which this communication is founded, to the kindness of Mr. A. J. North, C.M.Z.S., of the Australian Museum.
* ‘Essays and Observations, &c.,’ ed. by R. Owen, London, 1861, vol. ii. p. 286.
Piss Pterylography,’ Engl. ed. by Sclater, Ray Soc. Publ.
4 Trans. Linn. Soe. (2) vol. i.
1898.] OF SCYLTHROPS NOV Z-HOLLANDIE. 45
§ External Characters and Pterylosis.
This Cuckoo hasasmall nude oil-gland. There are 10 rectrices. The fifth remex is not missing; the bird is therefore quinto- cubital. The pterylosis has, as already mentioned, been described by Nitzsch; and I have not much to add to his account. The ventral tract, however, appears to me to bifurcate at the commence- ment of the breast; each half then, as in Centropus &c.', again divides into an inner and outer branch. I find these two branches more distinct than they are figured by Nitzsch, while their point of rejunction is beyond the posterior margin of the sternum and is not very conspicuous. On the dorsal surface of the body the median apterion is distinct but narrow ; there is no break between the anterior and posterior portions of the dorsal tracts, such as occurs in some Cuckoos.
§ Muscular Anatomy.
In dissecting the muscles of this bird the first point to which I attended was the arrangement of the muscles of the thigh. Garrod* divided the Cuculide into two groups, one with the muscular formula ABXY-+, the other with the reduced formula AXY+. Garrod’s list was afterwards extended by myself*. Sceythrops belongs (as I expected that it would, after an examination of the pterylosis) to the former group. It has the complete muscle- formula, both femoro-caudal and accessory femoro-caudal being large and fleshy. They fuse early and are inserted in common.
The ambiens is large and conspicuous.
The gluteus primus extends beyond the acetabulum.
There is one other point in the structure of the hind limb to which I desire to direct attention. Garrod* described the deep flewor tendons of the Cuculide as “ Gallinaceous,” 7. e. the tendon of the flexor longus hallucis is united to the common tendon of the flexor profundus by a vinculum. This statement has been copied as applying generally to the Cuckoos. It does certainly apply to a large number, including Scythrops. But the late W. A. Forbes found that in Centropus and Pyrrhocentor the flexor longus hallucis is totally absent.
As to the muscles of the fore limb I have nothing of interest to record. The tensor patayzi brevis tendon is simple and undivided ; it is reinforced by no biceps slip.
The expansor secundariorum is present. The anconeus longus sends off a tendinous slip to the humerus as in most Cuckoos.
§ Visceral Anatomy. On opening the body-cavity of Scythrops an arrangement of
1 Beddard, “ On the Structural Characters and Classification of the Cuckoos,” P. Z. S. 1885, p. 168.
2 “On certain Muscles of the Thigh of Birds, &.,” P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 626.
3 Loe. cit.
4 “On the Disposition of the Deep Plantar Tendons in different Birds ” P. Z.8, 1875, p. 389.
46 MR. F. Y, BEDDARD ON THE ANATOMY [Feb. 1,
certain of the membranes partitioning the cewlom was observed that is not at all common among birds. The two liver-lobes were concealed behind transverse partitions extending across the body- cavity. On the right side of the body the partition was denser than on the left, with tough strands of connective tissue running in it. Anteriorly these vertical transverse partitions are attached, like the oblique septa and the umbilical ligament, to the pericardium. A structure of this kind seems to have been up to the present only met with in certain Picarian birds, in Owls and in Parrots. It seems now to be the prevalent opinion that the Owls, Parrots, and Coeeyges are not so far away from the Pico-Paszerine division as Garrod attempted to prove.
As to the alimentary tract the gizzard is large; the intestines are capacious but short, the measurements being as follows :— Large intestines 4-5 inches; small intestines 20 inches; ceca 6:5 inches.
Of the two lobes of the liver the right is very much the larger. There is a gall-bladder.
The organ of chief classificatory importance, however, among the viscera is the syrinw. The syrinx is of quite the typical tracheo- bronchial form, the intrinsic muscles being attached to the second bronchial semiring. The membrana tympaniformis is well developed. The bronchidesmus is incomplete, @. ¢ it does not extend up to the junction of the bronchi.
The structure of the syrinx, therefore, combined with the characteristics of the pterylosis and the muscles of the leg, shows that Scythrops is an ally of Hudynamis and Phenicophaes.
§ The Skeleton.
The skull of Scythrops has been studied by the late Prof. Parker’, who, however, did not compare it much with the skull of other Cuckoos. I have compared Scythrops with the following genera: Cuculus, Coccystes, Centropus, Pyrrhocentor, Crotophaga, Saurothera, Piaya, Guira, Geococcyx, Diplopterus, Hudynamis, Pheenicophaes, and Ethinococeyx.
The skull is not only larger than in any of the Cuckoos mentioned, but it is more massively constructed. This is seen especially in the face region. The external parts, for instance, are more reduced than in any other Cuckoo. In no Cuckoos are the external nares extensive, and in all they are impervious save in Cuculus and Pyrrhocentor, where the osseus septum is partly defective. In Scythrops they are relatively very small round oritices, immediately and almost completely occluded by a flap of bone ruuning obliquely inward. In Crotophaga the nares are nearly as much reduced.
The massiveness of the skull is also seen in the interorbital septum, which is complete, save that the optic foramina are fused into one. In all other Cuckoos there are one or more vacuities in the bony wall. The large massive bill has also brought about a
I Ops ett:
1898.] OF SCYTHROPS NOV #-HOLLANDIA. 47
more than usually strongly desmognathous palate (fig. 1). The maxillo-palatines are fused for their entire length, though grooved and even fenestrated in the middle. The palatines are completely fused together posteriorly, where the external lamina is absent. In front the two bones gradually get broader and diverge from
Pea:
Skull of Seythrops, ventral view.
A, 0s uncinatum; B, vomer; P, junction of palatines.
each other. The internal edges of the palatines converge in front and nearly meet where a small splint of bone (a vomer) is wedged between them. The palatine bones are very deep, the ascending lamina being large. The pterygoids are hammer-shaped bones, their junction with the palatines being expanded in a vertical direction.
In other Cuckoos the palatines have not a well-developed ascending lamina, there is no fusion posteriorly or approximation
48 ON THE ANATOMY OF SCYTHROPS NOVE-HOLLANDIZ. [Feb.1
anteriorly between these bones (see fig. 2), while they diminish instead of slightly increasing in diameter from behind forward. Finally, the pterygoids are not expanded in other Cuckoos in a vertical direction at their junction with the palatines, and the
Skull of Eudynamis. A, os uncinatum ; P, palatine.
maxillo-palatines are incompletely fused behind. The lacrymal bones in Seythrops are large, the descending process nearly reaching the jugal; between the descending limb of the lacrymal and the massive ectethmoid process is an intercalated bonelet—the os uncinatum, duly referred to by Parker. I have found these bones also in Eudynamis’ (ef. figs. 3 & 4, p. 49), where they are larger than in (my specimen of) Scythrops and very nearly reach the palatines. Shufeldt has denied their existence in Geococcya *.
Among the other genera of Cuckoos that I have examined it is only Zudynamis and certain other American genera (viz. Crotophaga, Guira, Diplopterus, and Geococcyx) that have a massive descending process of the lacrymal.
In Saurothera and in other Old World genera ®* this process is short, or, if long, a slender style.
Scythrops has fourteen cervical vertebra, of which the last three bear ribs progressively increasing in size, those on the 12th being
) I take this opportunity of mentioning that Hudynamis has better rudiments of basipterygoid processes than any Cuckoo which I have examined, except Rhinococeyx. This is noteworthy in view of the possibly archaic characters of the Phceenicophaine with complete muscular formula of leg and tracheo- bronchial syrinx.
a ae to the Anatomy of Geococcyx californianus,” P. Z. 8, 1886
3 2? as to Centropus.
1898.] ON LEPIDOPTERA FROM PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. 49
yery minute. Contrary to what is found in many Cuckoos’ the atlas is notched, not perforated, for the odontoid process ; the notch,
Skull of Scyth rops, lateral view. A, os uncinatum.
Fig. 4,
Skull of Evdynamis, lateral view. A, os uncinatum.
however, is very nearly converted into a perforation. Four ribs reach the sternum, the vertebra bearing the last complete rib being the last free dorsal.
2. On a Collection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. F. V. Kirby, chiefly in Portuguese East Africa. By Arrnur G. Butter, Ph.D., F.L.S., F.Z.S., &c., Senior Assistant- Keeper, Zoological Department, British Museum.
[Received November 29, 1897. ]
The collection of which the following is an account is chiefly of interest because of the care with which most of the specimens have been labelled, and from the fact that the supposed dry- and wet- season forms of some of the species were both secured. There are also several forms which are by no means common in collections, and an interesting extreme form of Alena nyasse, var. ochracea,
1 Rhinococeyx, Cuculus, Saurothera. In Eudynamis, Guira, and Diplopterus there is a notch nearly converted into a foramen.
Proc. Zoou. Soc.—1898, No. IV. 4
50 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Feb. 1,
very deep in colouring, with the ochreous belt of the primaries united to a spot of this colour within the discoidal cell and that of the secondaries covering almost the entire basal two-thirds of these wings.
The following is a list of the species :—
RHOPALOCERA.
NYMPHALIDS#. 1. AMAURIS ECHERIA Stoll. Eastern Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa.
2. AMAURIS ALBIMACULATA Butl. Eastern Transvaal.
3. AMAURIS OCHLEA Boisd.
Eastern Transvaal, and Shiringoma and Makaya districts, (Portuguese East Africa), November 1896.
4. Liwwyas curysrppus Linn.
Eastern Transvaal, Nyakongoli, Makoto, August 21st; Shirin- goma and Makaya districts, November 1896 and January 1897.
5. GNOPHODES DIVERSA Butl.
Inure ; Patawali, 27th August, 1897.
6. MernANITES LIBYA Dist. Tnure.
7. MuELANITIS SOLANDRA Fabr.
Jnure ; Mkanga Mivana, 10th September, 1896.
Both wet and dry forms were obtained ; the specimens (dry- season) from Mkanga Mivana were terribly shattered, having probably been long on the wing.
8. SAMANTA PERSPICUA Trim.
Inure.
Wet, intermediate, and dry forms were obtained, the last being my S. simonsi and thus proving the correctness of Mr. Marshall’s supposition. In the intermediate form, however, the fulvous colouring of S. simonsi is only indicated on the ocelliferous area of the wings.
9. Mycanesis sarirza Hewits.
Eastern Transvaal and Inure.
Wet, intermediate, and dry-season examples were obtained ; S. caffra is represented by the intermediate form.
10, PHysczZNURA PIONE Godm.
Jnure.
1898. | FROM PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA, 51
11.- Yerumta PUPILLARIS Butl.
Tnure (dry-season form). The ocelli are reduced to points on the under surface.
12. EURALIA WAHLBERGI Waller.
Makaya district, January and February 1896; Inure. The specimens are a good deal worn.
13. EURALIA KIRBYI sp. n.
Nearest to H. deceptor, but in the character of the white markings reminding one of Panopea delagow, the belt crossing the median vein of primaries being narrower and barely visible above the second.median branch ; the subapical belt also decidedly narrower, so that the space between the two belts is of nearly double the width; the other white spots on these wings similarly placed to those in £. deceptor, bat that towards the base of the cell much smaller; the belt across the secondaries narrower and whiter ; the outer border consequently half as wide again as in Z. deceptor, the subapical series of white spots very small or wanting, aud the submarginal spots small and squamose ; below the differences are similar, the costal area of secondaries being much _ browner. Expanse of wings 87 millimetres.
Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896.
This is doubtless a representative form of H. deceptor, but differs quite as much in character as any of the other described species of its genus, excepting perhaps E. usambara of the E. anthedon group and E. mechowi of the EL. dinarcha group.
14. Hypouimnas misrppus Linn. Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896.
15. CHARAXES VARANES Cram. Makaya district, January and February 1896.
16. Junonia actia Dist. Chiperoni, Portuguese Central Africa, September 1896.
17. Junon1a cuaMa Hewits. Chiperoni, September 1896, and Inure.
18. Junonza Eveiva Hewits.
Eastern Transvaal; Chiperoni, September 1596; Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896; Inure.
19. Junonia arvaxta Hewits.
Chiperoni, September and October; Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896.
20. JUNONIA CLELIA Cram.
Eastern Transvaal, and Inure, Portuguese East Africa. 4*
52 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Feb. 1,
21. JUNONIA BooPis Trim. Nyakongoli, Makoto, August 21st; Chiperoni, September 1896.
22. PROTOGONIOMORPHA ANACARDIT Linn. Eastern Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa.
23. PROTOGONIOMORPHA AGLATONICE Godt.
Inure. The vars. aylatonice and nebulosa were both obtained.
24, PyRaMBIS CARDUI Linn. Eastern Transvaal.
25. EurypHura acuiys Hopf. g. Chiperoni, Portuguese Central Africa, September 1896.
26. EURYPHENE SENEGALENSIS Hiibn. @ . Chiperoni, October 1896.
27, ATERICA GALENE Brown.
Patawali, Portuguese East Africa, 27th August, 1897. Only one much damaged male of this species was obtained.
28. EuPHEDRA NEOPHRON Hopft.
Portuguese East Africa. No exact locality is given on the envelope.
29. CRENIDOMIMAS ConcorDIA Hopff.
©. Patawali district, Portuguese East Africa.
The single example obtained corresponds exactly with Hopffer’s figure in the colouring of the upper surface, but the innermost row of black spots on the secondaries is absent (as is sometimes the case in the nearly allied C. crawshayi): on the under surface the colouring is a little deeper than in the figure: but, as I pointed out when comparing C. crawshayi with Hopfter’s figures, the blue spots on the primaries (excepting at apex) are not connected with the blue outer border; on the other hand this border is not continuous on the primaries as represented .u Hopffer's description and figure. In some of the characters which distinguish C. craw- shay? from C. concordia the present specimen therefore seems to be intermediate, though the more varied and blue-tinted upper surface with the wider bifid whitish subapical bar give it a different aspect from any of the females of the Nyasa type; so that, until the separation of the spots from the border on the under surface has been proved to be variable, the two forms must
still be kept apart. 30, CRENIS BOISDUVALI Waller. Eastern Transvaal. The example now received agrees most nearly with one which
1898.] FROM PORTUGUESE BAST AFRICA. 53
we received from Zomba in 1895, and differs about as much as the other forms to which names have been given recently; but considering that the majority of them occur in Natal, there can be little doubt that they are either seasonal forms or sports of two or three variable species at most. We received typical C. boisduvalt from Zomba in 1893.
31. Neptis aGarHa Cram.
Chirimani, Portuguese East Africa, August 31st in open forest ; Inure; Chiperoni, Portuguese Central Africa, October 1896.
The variation in size of this species is extraordinary ; the Chiperoni example has an expanse of 70 millimetres.
32. ATELLA PHALANTHA Drury.
Eastern Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa. Both the wet-season form (A. columbina) and the dry form (A. phalantha) were obtained.
33. Bypiia acHELorA Wallgr.
Eastern Transvaal; Inure; Chiperoni, September 1896.
The typical dry form and the wet-season B. vulgaris were both obtained.
34. Evuryreta pryopn Fabr.
3. Inure.
35. AcrHA caBirna Hopff.
Inure.
The specimens all have the pattern of the variety apecida. 36. ACRHA SERENA var. BUXTONI Butl.
3. Portuguese East Africa.
37. Acr#aA Lycra Fabr.
Eastern Transvaal and Nyakongoli; Makoto, Portuguese Hast Africa, 21st August. Only two examples without head or abdomen.
38. ACR#A DOUBLEDAYI Guér.
Eastern Transvaal; Chiperoni, October 1896; Nyakongoli, 21st August.
39. AcRma NATALICA Boisd.
Nyakongoli, 21st August.
40, AcRmA acrita Hewits.
Eastern Transvaal; Nyakongoli, 21st August ; Chirimani, 31st August; Chiperoni, September 1896; Patawali district in open bush country and plantations.
41. ACRHA AGLATONICE Westw. 2 ©. Portuguese Hast Africa (exact locality not noted).
54 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [ Feb. 1,
42. AcCRHA ANEMOSA Hewits. Nyakongoli, 21st August; Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896.
LYC ANID &.
43. ALENA NYASS# var. OCHRACEA Butl. Inure.
A very interesting form of this variety. 44, PotyoMMatTUs BzTICUS Linn. Inure; Chiperoni, September 1896.
45, CATOCHRYSOPS OSIRIS Hopff. Eastern Transvaal and Portuguese East Africa.
46. CATOCHRYSOPS PATRICIA Trim.
3. Chiperoni, October 1896. A curious aberration with white-edged elongated blackish spots across the disc of the wings.
47. Tarucus PLinius Fabr. Inure.
48. CacyRrnus LInGcnus Cram. Patawali, in plantations.
49, Zyriris HARPAX Fabr. Eastern Transvaal.
50. Cruparia LEROMA Waller. Inure.
51. Myrina Ficepuna Trim. Eastern Transvaal.
52, ViracHona ANTALUS Hopf. TInure.
53. lonaus PHILIPPUS Fabr.
Eastern Transvaal and Inure.
54. Ionaus Buxront Hewits. Q. Chiperoni, September 1896.
55. IoLavs PALLENE Waller. Chiperoni, September 1896.
56. STUGETA BOWKERI Trim.
Tnure.
1898.] FROM PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. 55
PAPILIONIDA.
57. MYnLoruRis AGATHINA Cram.
Eastern Transvaal, Nyakongoli, August 21st; Chirimani, August 31st.
58. NYCHITONA MEDUSA var. ALCESTA Cram.
Portuguese East Africa.
I believe this genus consists of one variable species, but the variations of the African and Mascarene examples are somewhat different from those of Asia and Australasia, so that there is some excuse for keeping them separate.
59, TERIAS BRIGITTA var. ZOE Hopff.
Eastern Transvaal.
60. THRIAS MARSHALLI Butl.
2. Patawali, Portuguese East Africa.
A small example of the intermediate-season form. 61. TERIAS HAPALE yar. MTHIOPICA Trim. Patawali and Inure.
62. TERACOLUS REGINA Trim.
3 2. Wet form, Makaya district, January and February 1896. @. Dry form, Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896.
The female of the wet form (7. anaa) is, though rubbed, a new variety to me, the usual white spots on the apical area of the primaries being replaced by spots of rosy violet.
63, TERACOLUS IonE Godt.
2 2. Portuguese Hast Africa, Makaya district, January and February 1896.
64. TERACOLUS SIPYLUS Swinh.
3 3. Portuguese East Africa (no exact locality noted).
65. TmRACOLUS ITHONUS Butl.
3. Nyakongoli, Makoto, August 21st; 9. Patawali.
The male (var. zgnifer) is too much injured to be fit for the collection ; the female is a starved intermediate-season form.
66, TERACOLUS OMFHALE Godt.
Kastern Transvaal.
67. TERACOLUS MUTANS Butl. Q. Portuguese Hast Africa (wet-season).
68. CaTOPSILIA FLORELLA F'abr.
Nyakongoli, August 21st; Chiperoni, October ; Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896 and January 1897,
56 DR. A. G. BUTLER ON LEPIDOPTERA [Feb. 1,
69. Bununois tHysa Hopff. Nyakongoli, August 21st.
70. BELENOIS SEVERINA Cram.
Eastern Transvaal; Portuguese Hast Africa, Patawali district. The wet form (B. infida), the intermediate form, and the dry form (B. severina) are all represented.
71. BuLENOIS MESENTINA var. LORDACA Walk. @. Portuguese East Africa.
72. BELENOIS ZOCHALIA Boisd. 2. Dry-season form, Chirimani, August 31st.
73. LEUCERONIA ARGIA Fabr. Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896.
74, Paritio nyass# Butl. Makaya district, January and February 1896.
75. Papinio PoLIstRATUS Grose-Smith.
@. Makaya district, January or February 1896,
Differs from the illustration of the male in its greater size ; the pale markings on the primaries, excepting at external angle, are much broader; the markings on the basi-abdominal half of the secondaries are also broader, but the crescentic markings above the tail are very indistinct.
76. Papinio corinnevs Bertol.
Inure, Nyakongoli, August 21st; Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896 and January 1897.
77. Paprtr0o LHONIDAS Fabr.
Makaya district, January and February 1897.
78. Paprtio DeMoLEus Linn. Eastern Transvaal, Makaya district, January and February 1897,
79. Paprnio ERINUS Gray. Eastern Transvaal, Makaya district, January and February 1896.
80, PAPILIO MEROPE var. DARDANUS Brown. Makaya district, January and February 1896. HESPERIIDA.
81. TacrapEs FLEsus Fabr. Patawali.
1898.] FROM PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. 57
82. ERETIS DIZLELH Waller. Portuguese East Africa (exact locality not noted).
83. ANDRONYMUS PHILANDER Hopf.’ Chiperoni, September 1896.
84. Baoris nurorua Hewits.
Chiperoni, September 1896.
Corresponds nearly with Trimen’s figure of B. roncilgonis above and with Karsch’s colouring of B. cojo below. Two examples which we have from Fwambo, Tanganyika, have the under surface mostly bright ochreous and scarlet, but with the same markings exactly as in B. roncilgonis.
85. RHOPALOCAMPTA PISISTRATUS Fabr. Portuguese East Africa (no exact locality noted).
HETEROCERA. AROTIIDA.
86. DBIOPEIA PULCHELLA Linn. Eastern Transvaal and Inure.
87. ALETIS MONTEIRONIS Druce. @. Portuguese Hast Africa.
88, LeprosoMa LEUCONOE Hopff. Inure.
1 I take this opportunity of describing a beautiful new species of Cyclopides from Fwambo, Tanganyika, collected by Mr. A, Carson :—
CYCLOPIDES CARSONI sp. 0.
Nearest to C. perexcellens, the wings slightly broader in proportion to their length ; the upper surface of a somewhat deeper olive-brown, the fringe of the primaries ochreous at external angle; no ochreous spots in the discoidal cell ; the spots on the disc larger, the three uppermost (bifid) spots much paler ; the fringe of the secondaries varied with dark brown: on the under surface of the primaries there is a well-defined pale ochreous streak above the cell from base to middle of wing, but no ochreous spot within the cell; the three upper- most discal spots as above, but the lowest spot very small ; the secondaries below are cream-coloured with slight silvery reflections; the veins and outer margin black, but not the abdominal margin; a costal streak to middle, a quadrate patch from costal to subcostal vein above the cell, two similar patches placed obliquely above each of the subcostal branches, a quadrifid band from second subcostal branch across the end of the cell almost to the submedian yein and a quinquefid submarginal band between the same veins, deep ochreous bordered with black ; a squamose pale ochreous longitudinal submedian streak, broadly interrupted by blackish brown, from the extremities of the two transverse deep ochreous bands to the submedian vein. Expanse of wings 34 millimetres.
Three males in the British Museum collection.
58 DR. N. H. ALCOCK ON THE VASCULAR [Feb. 1,
AGARISTIDS.
89. XANTHOSPILOPTERYX SUPERBA Butl. Shiringoma and Makaya districts, November 1896.
NocTruip.s.
90. T#NIOPYGA SYLVINA Stoll. Chiperoni, September 1896.
HyPpsip@™.
91. EGYBOLIA VAILLANTINA Stoll.
Inure. GEOMETRIDS.
92, CoMIBENA LEUCOSPILATA Walk. Portuguese East Africa (exact locality not noted).
8. On the Vascular System of the Chiroptera. By N. H. Atcock, B.A., M.D., Assistant to the Professor of Institutes of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin’.
Part I.—Thoracic Vessels of Pteropus medius ; with a Summary of the Literature of the Chiroptera.
[Received October 13, 1897.]
The anatomy of the Chiroptera has been the subject of many and interesting researches. Dobson*, in addition to numerous
1 Communicated by Prof. G. B. Howus, F.R.S., F.Z.S.
2 Dozsson, G. E.—‘ Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the British Museum,’ 567 pp., 30 pls.; London, 1878 (contains many references, chiefly to syste- matic papers). ‘Monograph of the Asiatic Chiroptera’ (includes European forms); London, 1876. ‘‘ Secondary Sexual Characters in the Chiroptera,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, pp. 241-252. ‘ On the Structure of the Pharynx, Larynx, and Hyoid Bonesin the Genus Epomophorus,” loc, cit. 1881, pp. 685-693. ‘ Mono- graph of the Group Molossi,” doc. cit. 1876, pp. 701-735. “Structure of Feet, Claws, and Wing-membrane of Mystacina tuberculata,” loc. cit. 1876, pp. 486-488. “ Monograph of the Genus Taphozous,” loc. cit. 1875, pp. 546-556. “On Peculiar Structures in the Feet of certain Mammals, which enable them to walk on smooth perpendicular surfaces,” Joc. cit. 1876, pp. 526-535, pl. lv. (Vesperugo, Mystacina, Thyroptera, Hyrax). ‘‘On the Phalaux missing from certain Digits in the Manus of Chiroptera,” Journ. Anat. Phys. xvi. p. 200. “Osteology of Trienops persicus,” Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xli. pp. 186-142,
l. vi. “Chiroptera in Genoa Civic Museum etc.,” Ann. Mus. Genoy. (2) ii. pp. 16-19. ‘ Report on Accessions to our Knowledge of the Chiroptera ete. in 1878-1880,” Rep. British Assoc. 1880, pp. 169-197. ‘Geographical Distri- bution of Chiroptera,” oc. cit. 1878, pp. 158-167. ‘‘Chiroptera in Gottingen Museum,” Bull. Soe. Zool. France, 1880, pp. 282-239. ‘‘ Pteropus rodericensis,” Phil. Trans. elxviii. p. 457. ‘‘Conspectus of Sub-orders, Families, and Genera of Chiroptera, arranged according to their natural affinities,” Ann. N. H. (4) xvi. pp. 345-357, and additional remarks, doc. cit. (4) xviii. pp. 845-347.
1898. ] SYSTEM OF THE CHIROPTERA. 59
minor papers, has described the general anatomy of the Order, with a complete systematic arrangement of all the known genera and species, up to the year 1878. In more recent times Allen * has done the same for the North-American Bats. Macalister’, in an able and comprehensive paper, has recorded the comparative anatomy of the muscles of the group ; and Maisonneuve * has given a complete account of the myology and osteology of Vespertilio murinus. Robin * treats of the respiratory, digestive, and genito- urinary organs of the Order; and the embryological researches of Van Beneden and Julin’ on the formation of the amnion here and in the Mammalia generally are well known. But with the exception of Rose °, who, in his paper “ Beitrage zur vergleichenden Anatomie des Herzens der Wirbelthiere,” incidentally refers to the heart of Pteropus poliocephalus and Vespertilio,( Myotus) murinus, and Hyrtl’, who in 1864 described the arrangement of some of
1 Anumn, H.—‘“ A Monograph of the Bats of N. America,” Bull. U.S. Nat. Museum, No. 43, Washington, 1893, 193 pp., 37 pls. See also Washingt. Smiths. Inst. 1864, 8vo, 85 pp., woodcuts. Introduction to Monograph (1895), in P. U.S. Mus. xvi. pp. 1-28. ‘On the Molars of Pteropine Bats,” Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1892, pp. 172-173. “ Colour-marks in the Pteropo- didz,” Joc. cit. 1890, pp. 12-30. ‘“ Note on the Mammary Giands of Bats,” loc. cit. 1880, p. 183. “ Note on the number of the Phalanges of Bats,” loc. cit. 1880, p. 359. “On the Temporal and Masseter Muscles of Mammals,” loc. cit. 1880, pp. 226-228. ‘On the Embryos of Bats,” Contrib. Zool. Lab. Pennsylvania, 1. Art. 2, pls. v.—vili. ‘On a Revision of the Ethmoid Bone in the Mammalia, with special reference to the description of this bone and of the sense of smell in the Chiroptera,” Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard, x.
. 135, and an earlier paper, /oc. cit. No. 5, pp. 121-122. “On the Tarsus of Bats,” Am. Nat. xx. pp. 175-177. “ Genus Nyctinomus,” P. Am. Phil. Soe. xxvi. pp. 558-563. “Muscles of the Hind Limbs of Chetromeles torquatus,” Science, vii. p. 506.
2 Macauister, A.—‘‘The Myology of the Chiroptera,” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. 1872, pp. 125-171, pls. 13-16.
3 Matsonnruve.—Théses présentées 4 la Faculté des Sciences de Poitiers. Paris, 1878, 8vo, pp. 324.
4 Rosin, H. A—‘ Recherches anatomiques sur les Mammiféres de l’Ordre des Chiroptéres,” Ann. Sci. Nat. (6) xii. 1881, Art. 2, pp. 111-180, pls. ii—ix., & Rey. Sci. xxix. p. 507. See also ‘‘Sur la Morphologie les enveloppes foetales des Chiroptéres,” Compt. Rend. xcii. pp. 1854-1357, and “ Sur les envel. feet. des Chiroptéres d. 1. famille des Phyllostomides,” doc. cit. xcv. p. 13877, and ‘Sur les envel. feet..... des Molossiens,” supplementary to the second paper, Bull. Soc. Philomathique, Paris, (7) v. pp. 142-143. “ Sur l’époque de l’accouple- ment des Chauves-souris,” loc. cit. (7) v. pp. 88-90. “Anatomy of Cyno- nycteris umplexicaudata,” C. R. xe. pp. 1869-1370.
5 Bunepey, B. Van, and Junin, C.—< Recherches sur la formation des annexes foetales chez les Mammiféres (Lapin et Chéiroptéres),” Arch. Biol. v. p. 369, pls. Also “ Observations sur le maturation, la fécondation, et la segmentation de lceuf chez les Chéiroptéres,” Arch. Biol. i. pp. 551-571, pls. xxii, & xxiii, and Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, xlix. pp. 628-655.—E. Van Bennpuy. “ De la Fixa- tion du Blastocyste 4 la Muqueuse utérine chez le Murin (Vespertilio murinus),” loc. cit. (3) xv. pp. 17-27. “ De la formation et de la constitution du Placenta chez le Murin,” oc. cit. pp. 351-364.
6 Rész, O.—* Beitrage zur vergl.” etc., Morph. Jahrb. 1890, xvi. pp. 27-96,
Is. iv. & v. we Hyrrn.—Denksch. Akad. der Wiss. Wien, 1864, xxii. p. 132 e¢ seg., and a note on the Radial Artery, transl. by HE. P. Wright, in Nat. Hist. Rey. vol. ii. 1862, p. 95 et seq.
60 DR. N. H. ALCOCK ON THE VASCULAR [Feb. 1,
the arteries in several species, the vascular system has received but scant notice.
The recent observations on the morphology of blood-vessels, especially those of Macalister’, Mackay*, Hochstetter®, and, Young‘, have given an increased interest to studies of the vascular system ; and it was in the hope of adding to thesum of our knowledge in this direction, even if only in a single order of the Mammalia, that this paper was commenced.
In the absence of any record of the general features of the Vascular System in the Chiroptera, the simplest plan appeared to be to describe as accurately as possible the arrangement in one species, taking it as a type to which variations might be referred, and this plan has been more or less adhered to in the following account. Illustrations have been added from other species where it appeared that the arrangement in Pteropus medius was unusual in the order, and some additional notes on the thoracic organs have been appended, when this seemed desirable for the sake of greater clearness in description.
The division of the Megachiroptera (Dobson) was selected on account of the greater size of its members, and Pteropus medius, the Indian Fruit-Bat, seemed a suitable representative °. This Bat is common in its native haunts—India—where it is found in large flocks, which often cause much loss by devouring enormous quantities of fruit, the voracity of these animals being apparently only limited by the amount of time and fruit at their disposal °.
1 Macautster, A.A—“ The Morphology of the Arterial System in Man,” Journ. Anat. xx. 1886, pp.
2 Mackay, J. Y.—* The Development of the Branchial Arches in Birds, ete.” Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. vol. 179 (1888), B. pp. 111-159, 4 pls. “The Arterial System of Vertebrates Homologically considered,” Proc. Phil. Soc. Glasgow, xvill. 1887, and in Mem. of Anatom. vol. i. 1889.
3 Hocusturrer, F.—‘‘ Ueber d. urspriingl. Hauptschlagader d. hint. Gliedm, d. Menschen,” ete., Morph. Jahrb. xvi. 1890, pp. 800-318, and ‘‘ Ueber d. Entw. d. Art. Vert. b. Kaninchen,” loc. cit. pp. 572-586, and “‘ Ueber den Ursprung der Art. Subclay. der Vogel,” doc. cit. pp. 484-493.
4 Youne, A. H.—“‘ The Termination of the Mammalian Aorta.” Studies in Anatomy. The Owens Coll. 1891, pp. 209-225, 1 pl. & Journ. Anat. xxxi. pp. 169-175.
5 The dissection of the smaller vessels in Pteropus medius proved difficult and tedious, although the body of this species is 83 inches long and the expanded wings measure 3 feet across. The injection I found most suitable is the Lead Chromate and Gelatine recommended by Hoyer (Arch. f. mikr. Anat. 1876, p. 645), and quoted by Bolles Lee (Microtomist’s Vade Mecum, p. 237), or Hoyer’s Shellac injection, coloured with very finely divided vermilion (Coc. cit. 1865, p. 149). I have found Von Graefe’s cataract knife, modified by being strengthened a little along the back and shortened in the blade, very convenient. Some form of dissecting microscope is essential.
® Murray, J. A., Indian Annals, i. pp. 25-26, gives a description of this species, and an account of the use of the flesh as medicine by the natives. See also Siaet, W. L., Zool. Gart. xxiv. (habits of P. medius in captivity); and Day, F., Land of the Permauls, p. 459, who states that these Bats are very partial to wild figs and almond-kernels, and also to cocoa-nut toddy.
Braurgcarp, H.—“ Recherches sur l’oreille interne de la Roussette de Inde (P. medius),” C. R. Ac. Sci. exix. pp. 13851-1352. “Le Canal Carotid de Roussettes,” C. R. Biol. Paris, 1892, pp. 914-916. ‘Recherches sur l'appareil
1898. ] SYSTEM OF THE CHIROPTERA. 61
The average measurements of this species are given in Dobson’s Catalogue. Two of my specimens measured :—Specimen A. Adult male. Length, circa 210 mm.; interfemoral membrane 10 ; head 72; ear 38; eye to tip of nostril 29; forearm 147; thumb 64:5; 3rd finger 183; tibia 65; foot 51.
Specimen B. Adult male. Length, circa 225 mm.; interfemoral membrane 15; head 72; ear 38; eye to tip of nostril 29 ; forearm 155; thumb 65°5; 3rd finger 292; 5th finger 205; tibia 71; foot 49. Weight, 104 oz. (spirit-specimen).
Thoracic Viscera.
The thorax in the Chiroptera is very much wider and more capacious than is usual inthe Mammalia. Pteropus medius departs somewhat from the type, the thorax becoming longer and narrower, but still remaining very large. The thoracic viscera are corre- spondingly formed. The heart in this species is rather larger, and the lungs smaller, than is usual in the Order.
The Pleura.
Composed, as is usual, of a parietal portion, lining the thoracic cavity, and a visceral, clothing the surface of the lungs. But a certain degree of complexity is associated with the reflexion of this membrane from the upper aspect of the sternum, owing to the shape and disposition of the lungs and the relation to it of the so-called thymus gland.
Both parietal pleure pass upward together from the dorsal aspect of the sternum. ‘Tracing first the pleura of the left side, anteriorly it passes upwards and to the left, and continued on the wall of the thorax is reflected on the anterior’ surface of the pulmonary root, asin man. But owing to the projection across the mesial plane of the upper lobe of the left lung, the left pleural sac is carried to the right for a corresponding distance. On the ventral aspect is situated a portion of the thymus gland; a small tongue of the same gland extends forwards on its dorsal surface.
Posteriorly, the pleura passes to the left, lying ventral to the main part of the thymus and the pericardium, and then upwards, the line of reflexion from the diaphragm being 11 mm. to the left of the middle line. From this portion of the pleura the
auditif chez les Mammiféres,” Journ. de |’Anat. et Physiol. 1893, pp. 180- 220, pls. iv.—vi.
Homz, Sir Evrrarp,—Lectures on Comparative Anatomy. London, 1814, vol. i, pp. 158-160, vol. ii. pl. xx. (stomach of Pteropus and Plecotus).
Carranezo, G.—“ Sull’ Anatomia dello Stomaco del Pteropus medius,” Aiti Soc. Ligustica, i. pp. 142-149.—W uyperticx, L., “ Die Fortpflanzung der Flughunde (Cynonycteris collaris, Ill., and P. medius, Temm.)im Zool. Gart. zu Koln,” Zool. Gart. xxxii. pp. 78-82.
1 These terms suppose the animal to be placed with the ventral surface down- wards, ‘‘ above” being therefore synonymous with “dorsal to ”. <¢ anterior ” and “in front of” corresponding to ‘ on the cephalic side of.”
62 ‘DR. N. H. ALCOCK ON THE VASCULAR [Feb. 1,
ligamentum latum pulmonis proceeds outwards to the posterior lobe of the left lung, very much as in man.
The pleura of the right side extends upward from the sternum until it reaches the pericardium. Anteriorly it is folded around this, and reaching the root of the right lung becomes continuous with the visceral layer. Posteriorly, this reflexion of pleura passes upwards until it reaches the postcaval vein, which has an intra-thoracic course of some length—7 mm. in this species. Turning round the yein the pleura retraces its course, forming thus a median recess or pouch, in the posterior part of which lies the azygos lobe of the right lung, the anterior part being reduced to a mere chink by the near approach of the pericardium towards the diaphragm '*. The pleura finally leaves the anterior thoracic wall in company with the pleura of the left side, considerably to the left of the mesial plane. The ligamentum latum pulmonis passes to the posterior lobe of the right lung from the reflexion of pleura thus formed, lying dorsal to the azygos lobe.
The Lungs.
Following the nomenclature of Aeby’*, four lobes may be distinguished in the right lung—anterior, middle, posterior, and azygos: and two in the left—anterior and posterior. This agrees with the description of Robin *, whose careful and accurate work leaves little to be added by subsequent investigators.
The right lung is considerably larger than the left, and the main lobes of each are much subdivided by secondary fissures. The morphology of these, as well as an account of the pulmonary arterial and venous system, will be found in Part IT. of this paper.
The relation of the lungs to the ventral wall of the thorax would appear to vary somewhat. Robin ® describes the posterior lobe of the left lung as extending across to meet the middle lobe ot the right lung, lying beneath the base of the heart and great vessels. In my specimens, shrunk a little by immersion in spirit, this was not the case (fig. 1), and in transverse sections of Vesperugo noctula and Rhinolophus hipposideros, with the organs carefully hardened in situ, there was still a considerable interval.
The anterior lobe of the left lung crosses the mesial plane ventral
1 I was interested in observing in a dissection of a Dromedary an inter- mediate stage between the condition found in Pferopus and in man. In that animal, anteriorly the pleure of both sides pass upward in the middle line from the sternum, forming a definite mesial partition. Posteriorly, the arrangement is exactly similar to that described above, except that the median recess is much reduced in size, owing to the smaller development of the azygos lobe. The pleura is strong and tough, and can be followed out with the greatest ease. In man, the azygos lobe has altogether disappeared in the adult, and the pleural recess is reduced to a minimum (‘ mediastino-diaphragmatic sinus,” Macalister, Human Anatomy: London, 1889, p. 316).
° Arsy.—Der Bronchialbaum der Stugethiere, etc. Leipzig, 1880.
* Ropin, H. A.—‘ Recherches etc.” v. supra. See also on this subject, Davsenton (Buffon and Daubenton, Hist. Nat. x. p. 70, 1763). Owen (Comp. Anat. of Vertebr, iii. p. 577), and Cuvier (Anat. Comp. 2nd ed. vii. p. 151).
1898. ] SYSTEM OF THE CHIROPTERA. 63
to the pericardium, and the azygos lobe of the right lung crosses similarly on the dorsal side, lying immediately behind the left
auricle and ventricle.
Fig. 1.
Wi, Yj b iyi YY Li yp
YY) Yi Wyyy
Heart and lungs of Pzeropus medius, seen from the ventral aspect. X13. The
blood-vessels are slightly diagrammatic ; the exact position is seen in fig. 4 (p. 66), which is from a photograph. The anterior lobe of the left lung is raised slightly to show the conus arteriosus.
R.S. Right Subclavian artery. T.A. Thyroid Axis. R.C.C. Right Common Carotid. R.V. Vertebral. L.I.M. Left Internal Mammary. R.P.C. Right Precaval Vein. L.S8.V. Left Subclavyian Vein. L.I.J. Lett Internal Jugular. L.E.J. Left External Jugular. V.V. Left Vertebral. P.C. is placed on the middle lobe of the right lung just above the Post- caval Vein. T. Trachea. RA., RM., RP. Anterior, middle, and posterior lobes of the right lung. AZ. Azygos lobe. LA., LP. Anterior and posterior lobes of the left lung.
The Pericardium.
A very definite sac, composed of two layers—a fibro-serous, form- ing an envelope for the heart and great vessels, and a serous,
reflected on to the surface of those structures.
The fibro-serous layer encloses a space, the shape of which is
64 DR. N. H. ALCOCK ON THE VASCULAR [Feb. 1,
approximately oval in outline. It is prolonged forward to become continuous with the outer coats of both precaval veins and the aorta, and encloses within it the whole length of the pulmonary artery. Behind, it is pierced close to the auricle by the postcaval vein, so that this vessel has only a course 3mm. in length within the pericardium, in spite of the length gf the intra-thoracic portion of that vessel. Posteriorly, this layer is in contact with the dia- phragm, but the connexion between them is of the slightest, the most definite attachments being by means of the reflexion of the pleura from the diaphragm on each side.
MN Hi Ni
Ws,
Heart and lungs of Pteropus medius, dorsal aspect. X 14. Letters as in fig. 1.
Intimately connected with the fibro-serous layer of the peri- cardium is the so-called thymus gland, especially on the ventral surface. Elsewhere this layer is thin and delicate, resembling the human peritoneum in appearance, but firmer and less elastic than that structure.
The serous layer clothes the surface of the heart; it is reflected from the outer layer where the postcaval vein enters, as well as at the entrance of the other vessels.
1898.] SYSTEM OF THE CHIROPTERA. 65
Thymus’.
The general collection of tissue that has in the aggregate been called the thymus gland is developed to an unusual extent in the Chiroptera. In this species it is composed of gland-like masses irregular in outline, showing a tendency to separate into smaller lobules. This tissue is scattered about the middle mediastinum, one mass being placed at the base of the heart, another ventral to the pericardium where it meets the diaphragm, another within the pericardial sac, at the base of the great vessels. The relation of the gland to the pleura is very intimate.
The Heart.
Of large size even for the Chiroptera, measuring 26 x 15 x 15 mm. The general shape is that of an elongated oval, placed very obliquely
Fig. 3.
Heart of Pteropus edulis, ventral surface, x13.—I. 1-4. Intercostal arteries in the upper four spaces of the right side, 1 and 2 arising from the Vertebral, 8 and 4 from the Innominate. I.M.V. Internal Mammary Veins, joining the Right and Left Precaval veins. V.A.M. Vena azygos major.
bo EE ee
1 The description applies to the naked-eye appearance of this structure, Microscopic sections (specimen A) show numerous much yacuolated cells, with no definite arrangement, intimately related to blood-capillaries, and with no ducts. Sections of the same gland in specimens C and D show only adipose tissue, Further investigation is necessary to reconcile the appearances observed.
Proc, Zoon. Soc.—1898, No. V. 5
66 DR. N. H. ALCOCK ON THE VASCULAR (Feb. 1,
in the thorax, the apex extending posteriorly and to the left. Clothing the surface is the serous layer of the pericardium ; and it is noticeable that the deposit of fat, so often observed in man, is entirely absent here. In the groove between the right auricle and the aorta is a small portion of the so-called thymus gland.
Fully three-fourths of the ventral surface is formed by the ven- tricles, little more of the right auricle than the appendix being seen from this aspect, and but the extreme tip of the appendix of the left auricle, appearing under cover of the left precaval vein. Of the ventricular part, three-fifths are formed by the right ventricle, the remainder, including the apex, by the left. (Fig. 1, p. 63.)
On the dorsal surface of the heart the ventricles occupy scarcely one half, the auricles, with the much expanded transverse part of the left precaval vein, forming the remainder. (Fig. 4.)
The Right Auricle is composed of appendix and atrium, separated externally by a well-marked sulcus. In the specimens I have examined it was much distended with clotted blood, so that it appeared considerably more capacious than the left auricle. More of the right auricle also appears on the surface than the left, the latter being concealed by the left precaval vein and the pulmonary artery with its branches.
Heart of Pteropus medius, dorsal surface, x2.—TR. Pretracheal branch from base of left common carotid artery. L.P.A. Left Pulmonary Artery. Other letters as in fig. 1.
The wall of the right auricle is thin, and on opening the cavity
1898. ] SYSTEM OF THE CHIROPTERA. 67
is seen to be sculptured in low relief over the greater part of its extent with a series of muscular bands running parallel to each other at a little distance apart, joined with cross bands and termi- nating on a well-marked crista terminalis. These musculi pectinati are stouter and better marked in the appendix than elsewhere. There was no representative of the ‘‘ tubercle of Lower.”
Three main venous trunks open into the atrium. The aperture of the right precaval vein is the most anterior ; at some little dis- tance behind is the opening of the postcaval, guarded by the Eustachian valve, here a thin fenestrated membrane, continued on to the isthmus Vieussenii asin man. (Fig. 6, p. 68.) Just above the auriculo-ventricular opening is the entrance of the left precaval vein, separated from the postcaval by a well-marked muscular shelf, the valve of Thebesius being entirely absent, as Rése ' also found. Two or three ventral cardiac veins run forward over the right ventricle to open directly into the auricle, and two or three dorsal veins, one larger than the rest, open into the transverse part of the left precaval.
The Right Ventricle is folded around the left ventricle, and the interventricular septum encroaches on its cavity, so that the outline in transverse section is crescentic.
The conus arteriosus is markedly prolonged, forming a very characteristic feature in the Chiropteran heart, and even more con- spicuous in Pteropus edulis (fig. 3, p. 65) than in this species.
The inner surface of the ventricular wall is quite smooth and uniform except where it meets the septum, where a few very small irregularities remain. No musculi papillares arise from the ven- tricular wall ; a very slender moderator band alone takes origin here and passes to the septum.
The auriculo-ventricular valve has developed on a somewhat different plan from most other Mammalia, resembling the condition figured by Ray Lankester* in the Rabbit. It is composed of two separate segments, the outermost and ventral of these being con- siderably the larger, representing the infundibular and marginal parts of the usual tricuspid valve. Arising from the interven- tricular septum to supply this segment are four musculi papillares, each sending 3—4 chordz tendinez to be inserted into the free edge of the valve, the adjacent chorde being continued upward on the outer surface to form an arch *, as shown in fig. 5, p. 68.
The innermost segment is closely applied to the septum. Many
1 Ross, C., loc. cit.
2 P. Z. 8. 1882, pp. 535-544, pl. xxxviii. figs. 83 and 4. He considers the auriculo-ventricular valve in this animal to be a further development from the original condition preserved in man and most mammals. If this view be adopted, the valve in Pzeropus might be considered to occupy an intermediate condition. On the origin of the musculi papillares from the septum, see Rose (loc. cit. pp. 84-85), who remarks that it is a point of no morphological importance,
* Kirscuyer (Wagner's Handworterbuch, p. 47) describes a similar arrange- ment of chords tendinex in the human heart as an uncommon abnormality. Class 1 of his division is unrepresented in the heart of Preropus.
68
DR, N. H, ALCOCK ON THE VASCULAR [Feb. 1,
Heart of Pteropus edulis, x2.—A portion of the wall of the right ventricle
has been turned back to show the auriculo-ventricular valve, the two segments of which are seen. M. Moderator band.
Heart of Pteropus edulis, x2.—The right auricle has been opened by the
usual incisions, and the whole of the wall of the right ventricle removed with the outer segment of the auriculo-ventricular valve; the septal seg- ment is seen in its whole extent. AO. Aorta. R.I. Right Innominate Artery. R.P.C. Right Precaval Vein. P.O. Postcayal Vein; below this is seen the opening of the Left Precaval. O.A. Conus arteriosus. The attachments of the musculi papillares and moderator band to the septum are shown,
1898. ] SYSTEM OF THE CHIROPTERA. 69
slender chord tendinex are attached to its free edge ; they all arise directly from the septum, without the intervention of musculi papillares, and they are quite separate from the set belonging to the outer segment, each set supplying its own part of the valve only (fig. 6, p. 68).
The pulmonary orifice is guarded by a valve of three semilunar flaps, two placed ventrally and one dorsally, as in man.
The atrium of the Left Auricle appears on the dorsal surface of the heart between the systemic veins entering the right auricle and the pulmonary artery. (Fig. 4, p. 66.) The tip of the appendix appears on the ventral surface, the base being concealed in front by the right pulmonary artery and on the left by the left precaval vein. On opening the cavity, the walis are seen to be thicker than those of the right auricle, and smooth internally, a few feeble musculi pectinati being found only in the appendix, which is longer and narrower than on the right side and much less capacious. On the interauricular septum a taint depression indicates the position of the foramen ovale; here the wall is very thin, but no communi- cation exists between the auricles.
The left pulmonary veins open by one common orifice into the dorsal surface of the atrium, the right by three separate openings.
The Left Ventricle contrasts markedly with the corresponding cavity on the right side, being constructed on a much stronger and more muscular plan. ‘The outline in transverse section is circular. Two large and strong papillary muscles, extending down to the apex, and attached along their whoie length to the outer portion of the ventricular wall, send chord tendineew to the two seg- ments of the mitral valve, each papillary muscle supplying part of both segments. ine columne carnez, consisting of low closely- set ridges, cover the interventricular septum and the wall of the ventricle between the muscular attachments.
The auriculo-ventricular aperture is oval in shape, and consider- ably smaller than on the right side. The mitral valve consists of two segments—the lesser is placed against the outer wall of the ventricle, the greater hangs between the aortic and auriculo- ventricular orifices. The aortic valve consists of three segments, one ventral and two dorsal, and the coronary arteries arise from the ventral and left dorsal sinuses of Valsalva. The structure of both this and the pulmonary valve closely resembles the arrange- ment in man.
The weight * of the heart in P. mediusis about 26 grains, approxi- mately ++, of the body weight, compared with ,4- in man. The thickness of the wall of the right ventricle at its base is 1 mm., of the corresponding part of the left ventricular wall 4 mm. This ratio is even greater in the smaller Bats, in Vesperugo noctula, for instance, the figures are ‘5 mm. and 2-4 mm.
The Aorta and its Branches.
Arising from the left ventricle, the ascending aorta is at first concealed from view in the undissected heart. The right auricuiar
1 Taken from spirit-specimens.
70 DR. N. H, ALCOCK ON THE VASCULAR [Feb. 1,
appendix and the infundibulum of the right ventricle cover it on the ventral aspect. The right auricle and the right precaval vein conceal it on one side, the pulmonary artery on the other, and on the dorsal surface the right pulmonary artery crosses above it. A comparatively short distance remains therefore between the surface of the heart and the origin of the right innominate artery (fig. 1). This vessel arises at a distance' of 8°5 mm. from the ventricle, and from this point the aorta, reduced in diameter from 4 mm. to 3 mm., crosses the thorax, curving round the trachea. The left innominate artery takes origin 6 mm. from the right innominate, and from this point the course of the aorta is upward and back- ward, receiving the obliterated ductus arteriosus 4:5 mm. from the left innominate, and passing above the root of the left lung.
The left vagus nerve crosses between the left innominate and left precaval vein, the recurrent laryngeal branch turning round the ductus arteriosus. The trunk of the nerve passes on to form anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses in the usual manner.
The descending thoracic aorta has much the same relation to surrounding structures as in man, lying on the bodies of the ver- tebre between the pleural sacs, and having the thoracic duct and vena azygos major to the right, while the cesophagus lies on its ventral surface. The length from the ductus arteriosus to the opening in the diaphragm is 35 mm.
The descending thoracic aorta gives off the usual cesophageal and mediastinal branches, and intercostal arteries to all the spaces below the second. The first space is supplied by a branch from