■i MAR 1 1898 ^ ^ — - <^y Division. ji^.^..\ I O Section.i^.vVj ~^ I Zf>t (gooft of ^eaiaf) CHEYNE Copyright^ 1897, by Paul Hattpt ^ r THE SACRED BOOKS OF THE A NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION With Explanatory Notes and Pictorial Illustrations PREPART-D BY cmtncnf (giBftcaf ecBofavB of (Europe anb of Jl»ncrtca AND EDITED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF HORACE HOWARD FURNESS BY (pauf %a\xpt PROFESSOR IN THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY BALTIMORE @ PART lO 36at<\B TRANSLATED PY T • K ■ CHEYNE noDD. MF.AD. AND COMPANY 1898 JAMES CLARKE AM) COMPANY DEUTSCHF. VKRLACiS-ANSTALT THE BOOK OF A NEW ENGLISH TRANSLATION PRINTED IN COLORS EXHIBITING THE COMPOSITE STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK (Vd\tt> grpfanaforp (\\otiB AND PICTORIAL ILLUSTRATIONS BY The Rev T • K • CHEYNE, M.A., D.D. ORIEL PROFESSOR OP THE INTERPRETATION OF HOLY SCRIPTURE AT OXFORD AND FORMERLY FELLOW OF BALLIOL COLLEGE CANON OF KOCHESIER nODD. MEAD. AND COMPANY 1808 JAMES CLARKE AND COMPANY DEUTSCHE VERLAGS-AN^TALT Copgriggt iSq; BV PAUL HAUPT 2;§c JVicftenroafj Company BALTIMORE. MD., U. S. A. POLYCHROMV TATENTED FEB. I (), 1 897 L". S. PATENT No. ^77,253 D.R. CM., No. 28, 784 3n^robucfor^ (Rtmat^B t^5^ HE present rendering of the Old Testament is not a revision of '^""^ the Authorized Version, but a New Translation from the Hebrew, in modern English. Tlie aim has been to render the sense of the original as faithfully as possible rather than to sacrifice that 5 sense in order to give a literal translation. This new Translation appeals to all interested in the Bible. The Explanatory Notes are free from technical details wliich have no interest for the average reader. We had no desire (as the translators of the Authorized Version say in their Preface) lo io zucary the unlearned, who need not know so much; and trouble the learned, who know it already. The reader may rest assured, however, that all variations from the Authorized Version in the present Translation are the results of the ripest Biblical scholarship of the present generation both in Europe and in America. The translation is based throughout on the new critical edition of the 15 Hebrew text of the Old Testament, published under the auspices of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore. Departures from the Received Text are indicated by special marks, whereby the reader can see at a glance whether a variation is based on parallel passages, or on the authority of the Ancient Versions, or is merely a conjectural emenda- 20 tion, &c. These critical marks are, designedly, so unobtrusive as not to inter- fere with the comfort of the ordinary reader ; they are mainly intended for the benefit of those who are interested in the details of textual criticism. Crpfanotton of Crittcaf (jTlarfta. (i) « > {i. e. \ = Versions) indicate a reading adopted on the authority of 25 the Ancient Versions (Septuagint, Targums, Peshita, Vulgate, &c., in reference to which the reader may consult the Preface to the Authorized Version, also the List of Abbreviations below, p. ix, under LXX, Pesh., Targ., Vulg. ). (2) ■ ■ (i.e. c = conjecture) indicate Conjectural Emendations. (3) ■ ■ (i. e. 'i, the first letter of the Hebrew word Tipj niqqud 'punctua- 30 tion') indicate changes involving merely a different division of the consonantal text, or a departure from the vowel-points which the so-called Masorites added to the original consonantal text in the eighth and ninth centuries A. d. (4) » " (i. e. Q = Qt're) indicate that the marginal reading (Heb. QSre 'what is to be read ' ) has been adopted instead of" the Ktth'ib ' what is written. ' 35 (5) • ■ indicate changes introduced by reason of Parallel Passages. (6) t 1 indicate Doubtful Words or Passages. (7) • • indicate deviations from the Received (or Masoretic) Text, suggested by the Versions as well as by Parallel Passages. 5 (8) < > indicate departures from the Masoretic reading of the consonantal text, whicii are supported by the Ancient Versions. (9) In cases where critical marks occur without any letters or words between them (-•, <>, &c. ), Omissions are indicated, based on the Versions or on Conjectural Emendations, &c. 10 (10) •♦ indicate words implied, but not expressed, in the Hebrew. These marks, therefore, take the place of i/a/ics in the Authorized Version. (11) [ ] indicate Transposed Passages, the traditional position of the words in the Received Text being marked by [], while the transposed words ;ire enclosed in [ ] ; see e. g. Ps. 35 , 7. 15 (12) I indicates transposition of the Masoretic ":" which marks the end of a verse in the Hebrew Text. (13) indicate Corrupt and Unintelligible Passages. (14) ***** indicate Lacuna; in the Hebrew Text. fitpfanatton of Coforo. 20 Older incorporated documents or later sections in Biblical Books of a com- posite character are printed on backgrounds of diflferent colors. The explana- tion of the colors employed in the Books of Isaiah and of Judges is given on p. 132 of the Notes on Isaiah and on p. 46 of the Notes on Judges, respectively. ;§'ootnot«6. 25 Words or passages printed as notes at the bottom of the pages of the translation represent subsequent additions to the original text ; cf. Notes on Judges, p. 47, 11. 5 fl". ; Notes on Isaiah, p. 209, 11. 33 ff. (TRarginaf J'igurce. In the Explanatory Notes the figures in the margin on the right refer to 30 the chapters and verses commented on ; the figures in the margin on the left merely number the lines. On those pages, however, where there are no references to chapters and verses in the margin the line-numbers are placed in the outer margin. In the Translati'on the lines are always numbered in the inner margin, while the traditional numbers of the chapters and verses are 35 placed in the outer margin. %t.Oi'0'^-\cMX> (Jlutncrafa. Heavy-faced numerals are used instead of Roman letters to distinguish the number of the chapter from the number of the verse; <*. ^. Ps. 88 , 8 = P.salm Ixxxviii, verse 8; but Pss. 88 . 89 = Ps.ilin Ixxxviii and Psalm Ixxxix. 40 (^cf£r«ncca to (§t6ficaP (paeeagce. References to Biblical passages follow, throughout, the Authorized X'ersion, not the Hebrew Text. It is well known that the division of the chapters is occasionally not the same in the Hebrew and in the English Bibles ; and that the title of a Psalm, where it consists of more than two words, is usually 45 reckoned in Hebrew as the first verse. — »4«#ffi»- 3"'rc6ucforg (R<;marRe -^BS^s^-s — vii (Untranefatcft l^cBrcit (SOorbs. A few Hebrew words have been left untranslated, viz. l>c>i, the Hebrew word for son (e. g. Isaiah hen- Amo:: — Isaiah, the son of Amoz); Shedl (Heb. sht'ol), the abode of departed spirits, the habitation of the dead (Greek Hades); Asherdh, the sacred post or pole, the wooden symbol of a goddess, beside an 5 altar -(see Notes on Judges, p. 57, 1. 32 ; p. 69, 1. 22) ; Negeb, the steppe-like region in the South of Palestine (see Notes on Judges, p. 49, 1. 8) ; Arabah, the great geologic depression extending from the Dead Sea to the eastern gulf of the Red Sea (see Notes on Judges, p. 64, 1. 39; cf. Notes on Isaiah, p. 159, 1. 14) ; Selah at the end of certain stanzas in the Psalms (see Notes on 10 the Psalms, p. 165, 1.8); Satan, in Wuhxnwi = adversary, accuser (see Notes on Ps. 109,6); Hallelujah ( Ps. 104,35 &c. ) = Praise ye Jah (a shorter form of Jhvh) ; Sabaoth (</.Jas. 5,4; Rom. 9 , 29 = Is. 1,9) in the vasan Jrivil Sabaoth, Jhvh of the Hosts, /. e. the God of the armies of Israel (r Sam. 17,45; cf. Pss. 44,9; 60,10=108,11). For Jhvh, see below, List of Abbreviations, p. viii. 15 S^tanefttcratton of Orunfaf (Jlamca. All Biblical names are given in the form used in the Authorized Version. In the transliteration of other Hebrew words, or of modern Oriental (Arabic) names, the vowels have their Italian sounds: a is like the a m far or father ; f is the i in marine ; and ?J = 00 in cool ; e = a in natne ; short ? = / in />in ; 20 &c. (e. g. Tel-Abu-Oiides= Tel-Aboo-Koodace). As to the consonants, j and jc are pronounced as in English ; q has about the same sound as English c in cool (not as k in keel, or q:t in queen) ; ' is the Arabic Ain, the voiced form of the Arabic h which may be described as a stronger variety of our h ; kh is the guttural ch in German or Scotch loch ( Spanish .1- or 7 ) ; f is a modification of 25 our 5 (with an inner rounding) which affects the pronunciation of the following vowels (e. g. (;in, not ^ seen, but more like sane; fd^saw, &c. ). In the majority of English books of a popular character the letters k and s are used for q and f, respectively (e. g. el-Aksa for el-Aq(d; see Psalms, p. 235, I.41). ^pcfftng. English readers who object to the 'American' spelling, honor, &c., may be referred to Henry Sweet's Nezu English Grammar (0.\ford, Clarendon Press, 1892), p. xi and ? 1710, &c., or to Dr. Murray's remarks on the spelling of a.r in the A^ew English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford, Clarendon Press). 35 JlBBrcoiafiona. The following List includes a large number of abbreviations which would not require explanation if the present Translation were for the exclusive use of American or English readers. &c. stands for And others, or, and of the Book of Isaiah in the present 40 soior\.\\(l.al. et cceteri, cirtero', co'tera. Translation, &c. respectively). ^, or 3, &c. , after the title of a book I, 2, 3, &c., before the name of a (e.g. Notes on Isaiah, p. 157, 1. 19), Biblical book, stands for First Book, stands for second or third editions, re- Second Book, Third Book, &c., respec- spectively. — For D^, E^, &c., see D, E, 45 lively: I Kings is the First Book of &c. Kings; 2 Sam. = the Second Book of » stands for first part (or first line) Samuel ; 3 Psalms = the Third Book of a verse. Subdivisions of parts of of Psalms. 4 Isaiah = the fourth part verses are indicated by " ^, respec- ►-Ms^es*- 3n'r<'J>"''t>rg (RcmarRo -*j*»fr-^*< — lively; e. g. 2, 14^" (Judges, p. 54, 1. 36) refers to the second clause (") of the first part (a) of the verse [and delivered Iheiit lo spoilers who despoiled 5 them). The first clause of the second half of the verse {and he sold them into the power 0/ their enemies on all sides) uinild be v. I4'''. A. i>. = In the year of our Lord 10 (Lat. Anno Domini). Am. = Amos. Ant. = Antiquities, especially the work of the Jewish historian Josephus (i37-iooi A. D. ) on Jewish Antiquities. 15 ARV = Authorized and Revised Versions. AV = Authorized Version. AVM = Authorized Version, mar- gin. 20 ij = Second part (or second line) of a verse ; see =. Bar. = Baruch. B. c.= Before Christ. Bibl.= Biblical. 25 <;=; Third part (or third line) of a verse ; see '^. c, or C.= Chapter, cc, or CC. = Chapters. r«.= about (Lat. cirea). 30 Cant. = Song of Solomon {Canti- cles). cent. = Century. cf., or Cf.= Compare (Lat. confer). Chr., or Chron,= Chronicles. 35 col., or Col.= Column. Col.= Colossians. Cor. = Corinthians. d = Fourth part (or fourth line) of a verse ; see '^. 40 D = Deuteronomy, or the author of Deuteronomy ; see Notes on Judges, p. 46, 1- 15; P- 53. •• to- D^ = Deuteronomistic editors. Dan.= Daniel. 45 Deut.= Deuteronomy. E = East. E = Ephraimitic Writer ; see Notes on Judges, p. 46, 1. 24. E'^ = Later additions to E ; see 50 Notes on Judges, p. 46, 1. 40. Eccl., or Eccles.= Ecclesiastes. ed.= Edition. e. g. = For example ( Lat. exempli gratid). ENE = East-North-East. Eph.= Ephesians. esp.= Especially. Esth.= Esther. Ex., or Exod.= Exodus. Ez., or Ezek.= Ezekiel. f=and the following verse (or line, or page, &c. ). fli". = and the following verses (or lines, or pages, &c.). fig., or Fig.= Figure. Gal.= Galatians. Gen.= Genesis. H = The Law of Holiness (Lev. 17-26) -, see Notes on Leviticus, p. 56. Hal).= Habakkuk. Hag., or Hagg. = Haggai. Heb.= Hebrew, or Epistle to the Hebrews. Her. = Herodotus. Honi.= Homer. Hos. = Hosea. ib., or ihid.= \n the same place (Lat. ihidem). i. (•. = That is (Lat. id est). //.= Iliad. in. = inch, or inches. Inscr. = Inscription. Is., or Isa.= Isaiah. J = Judaic Writer ; see Notes on Judges, p. 46, 1. 23. Jas. = James. JE = The Prophetic Narrative of the Hexateuch, composed of J and E ; see Notes on Judges, p. 46, II. 26.41 ; P- 53. 1- ,35- Jer. = Jeremiah. jHVH = the Hebrew name of the Supreme Being, erroneously written and pronounced Jehovah. The true pronunciation seems to have been Yati- u<av ; see Notes on the Psalms, p. 163, 11. 36 if. Jon.= lonah. Jos., or Josh. = Joshua. K.= Kings. I. or L.= Line. II. or LL.= Lines. Lam.= Lamentations. Lat.= Latin. Ib.= Pound (Lat. libra). Ibs.= Pounds. /. r. = In the place before citetl (Lat. loco citato). — »*^«@Sc 3nfro6uc'org (^cmarfta -sj^fsw-^ — Lev. = Leviticus. lit., or Lit.= Literally. LXX = Septuagint, the ancient Greek Version of OT, made in Egypt by Hellenistic Jews (3^-15' cent. B.C.), M = margin. Cf. AV, RV. Mace. = Maccabees. Mal.= Malachi. Matth.= Matthew. Meg. = Megillah (the Heb. word for scroll, volume). Mic.= Micah. MS = Manuscript. MSS = Manuscripts. Mt.= Mount, or Mountain. n.= Note. nn.= Notes. Nah.= Nahum. NE = North-East. Neh.= Nehemiah. NNE = North-North-East. no., or No. = Number. nos., or Nos.= Numbers. NT = New Testament. Num. = The Book of Numbers. NW = North-West. Ob., or Obad. = Obadiah. Od., or 0(/)'M. = Odyssey. op. cit.= In the work before cited (Lat. opcre citato). OT = Old Testament. P = Priestly Writer ; see Notes on Judges, p. 92, 41 ; cf. Notes on Levit- icus, p. 56. p., or P.= Page. pp., or PP. = Pages. Pesh.= Peshita, the earliest Syriac Version of the Old Testament. Pliil.= Philippians. Prov. = Proverbs. Ps.= Psalm. Pss. = Psalms. R = Redactor or editor. 5 RJ^ = Redactor of JE ; see Notes on Judges, p. 46, 11. 26.45. Rev.= Revelation. Rom.= Romans. RV = Revised Version. 10 RVM = Revised Version, margin. S = South. S., or Sam. = Samuel. SE = South-East. sec.= Second. 15 Sir.= Ecclesiasticus (The Wisdom of Jesus, the son of Sirach). Sol.= Solomon. SW = South -West. Targ. = Targum, the Jewish trans- 20 lation or paraphrase of the Scriptures in the Western Aramaic dialect. Thess. = Thessalonians. Tim. = Timothy. Tob. = Tobit. 25 v., or V.= Verse. vv., or VV.= Verses. z'«>.= Namely (Lat. videlicet). vol., or Vol. = Volume. vols., or Vols. = Volumes. 30 Vulg. = V^ulgate, the ancient Latin Version of the Bible, made by St. Jerome about 400 a. d. W = West. WNW = West-North-West. 35 WS\V = \Vest-South-West. Zech.= Zechariah. Zeph.= Zephaniah. (E;i:<racfe from t%t (preface of i%t. ilut^ortjcS (Pcreion. In conclusion, no words of ours can so befittingly, or so eloquently, set 40 forth the motives which have guided us, or so amply justify our Translation, as the following extracts from thc^ Preface to the Authorized Version of 161 1; three hundred years have not veiled their truth, and tliey encourage us to-day in tones as commanding as when the pious translators first uttered them : — "Things of this quality have ever been subject to the censures of illmeaning 45 and discontented persons. For was there ever any thing projected, that savored any way of newness or renewing, but the same endured many a storm of gain- saying or opposition? In some Commonweals it was made a capital crime, once to motion the making of a new law for the abrogating of an old, though the same were most pernicious. As oft as we do any thing of note or consequence, 50 we subject ourselves to every one's censure. So hard a thing is it to please all, even when we please God best, and do seek to approve ourselves to every one's conscience. Whosoever attempteth any tiling for the public (specially if it pertain to religion, and to the opening and clearing of the word of (jod) the same setteth himself upon a stage to be gloated upon by every evil eye ; yea, he casteth himself headlong upon pikes, to be gored by every^ sharp tongue. 5 For he that meddleth with men's religion in any part meddleth with their cus- tom, nay, with their freehold ; and though they find no content in that which they have, yet they cannot abide to hear of altering. But now what piety without truth? What truth, what saving truth, without tile word of God? What word of God, whereof we may be sure, without tlie lo .Scripture? The Scriptures we are ct)nimanded to search, John 5,39; Esa. 8,20. The Scripture is not only an armor, but also a whole armory of weapons, both offensive and defensive ; it is a fountain of most pure water springing up unto everlasting life. Happy is the man that delighteth in the Scripture, and thrice happy that meditateth in it day and night. - 15 But how shall men meditate in that which they cannot understand? How shall they understand that which is kept close in an unknown tongue? Trans- lation it is that openeth the window, to let in the light ; tliat breaketh the shell, that we may eat the kernel ; that putteth aside the curtain, that we may look into the most holy place ; that removeth the cover of the well, that we may 20 come by the water. Indeed without translation into the vulgar tongue, the unlearned are but like children at Jacob's well (which was deep)* without a bucket or something to draw with ; or as that person mentioned by Esay,^ to whom when a sealed book was delivered with this motion : Read //lis, I pray //ler, he was fain to make this answer : / canno/, for i/ is sea/ed. 25 The godly learned were not content to have the Scriptures in the language which themselves understood, but also for the behoof and edifying of the unlearned, which hungered and thirsted after righteousness,* and had souls to be saved as well as they, they provided translations into the vulgar for their countrymen. So that to have the Scriptures in the mother tongue is not a 30 quaint conceit lately taken up, but has been thought upon, and put in practice of old, even from the first times of the conversion of any nation ; no doubt because it was esteemed most profitable to cause faith to grow in men's hearts the sooner, and to make them to be able to say with the words of the Psalm :' As we /lave /leard, so xve have seen. 35 Many men's mouths have been open a good while (and yet are not stopped) with speeches about the translation so long in hand, and ask what may be the reason, what the necessity, of the etnployment. Hath the Church been deceived, say they, all this while ? We hoped that we had been in the right way, that we had had the Oracles of God delivered unto us, and that 40 though all the world had cause to be oflended, and to complain, yet that w-e had none. Hath the nurse holden out the breast, and nothing but wind in it? Was their translation good before. Why do they now mend it? Was it not good. Why then was it obtruded to the people? We will answer them briefly with St. Hicrotne : Do we condemn //le ancicn/ ? In no case ; but af/er //le 45 endeavors of //tern //lat were before us, we take f/ie best pains we can in t/ie liouse of God. Blessed be they, and most honored be their name, that break the ice, and give the onset upon that which helpeth forward to the saving of souls ! Now what can be more available thereto, than to deliver God's book unto 50 God's people in a tongue which they understand? Since of an hidden treasure, and of a fountain that is sealed, there is no profit. As St. Augustine saith : 'Ps,ilml,2. ''John 4,11. »Is:iiah 29 , II . 12. •> Mattli. 5 . 6- ■ Psalm 48 , 8. — »*s^<Sfi:- 3n'ro^i'^'«rH (Jlcmarfta -s:S*t^*«-» — XI A man had rather be with his dog than with a stranger (whose tongue is strange to him). If we, building upon their foundation that went before us, and being holpen by their labors, do endeavor to make that better which they left so good, no man, we are sure, hath cause to mislike us ; they, we persuade ourselves, if they were alive, would thank us. How many books of profane 5 learning ha\e been gone over again and again, by the same translators, by others ? Let us bless God from the ground of our heart for working this religious care to have the translations of the Bible maturely considered of and examined. We do not deny that the very meanest translation of the Bible in English containeth the word of God. But to whom ever was it imputed for a 10 fault (by such as were wise) to go over that which he had done, and to amend it where he saw cause? If we will be sons of the truth, we must consider what it speaketh, and trample upon our own credit, yea, and upon other men's too, if either be any way an hindrance to it. To that purpose there were many chosen, that were greater in other men's 15 eyes than in their own, and that sought the truth rather than their own praise. And in what sort did these assemble? In the trust of their own knowledge, or of their sharpness of wit, or deepness of judgment, as it were in an arm of flesh ? At no hand. They trusted in Him that hath the key of David, opening, and no man sliutting.^ In this confidence, and with this devotion, did they 20 assemble together ; not too many, lest one should trouble another ; and yet many, lest many things haply might escape them. If you ask what they had before them, truly it was the Hebrew text of the Old Testament, the Greek of the New. These are the two golden pipes, or rather conduits, wherethrough the olive branches empty themselves into the gold.^ 25 Matters of such weight and consequence are to be speeded with maturity; for in a business of moment a man feareth not the blame of convenient slack- ness. Neither did we think much to consult the translators or commentators, Chaldee, Hebrew, Syrian, Greek, or Latin ; neither did we disdain to revise that which we had done, and to bring back to the anvil that which we had 30 hammered ; but having and using as great helps as were needful, and fearing no reproach for slowness, nor coveting praise for expedition, we have at length, through the good hand of the Lord upon us,' brought the work to that pass that you see. Some peradventure would have no variety of senses to be set in the margin, 35 lest the authority of the Scriptures for deciding of controversies by that show of uncertainty should somewhat be shaken. But we hold their judgment not to be so sound in this point. There be many words in the Scriptures, which be never found there but once (having neither brother nor neighbor, as the Hebrews speak) so that we cannot be holpen by conference of places. Again, there 40 be many rare names of certain birds, beasts, and precious stones, &c., concern- ing which the Hebrezvs themselves are so divided among themselves for judg- ment, that they may seem to have defined this or that, rather because they would say something, than because they were sure of that which they said. Now in such a case, doth not a margin do well to admonish the Reader to 45 seek further, and not to conclude or dogmatize upon this or that peremptorily? For as it is a fault of incredulity, to doubt of those things that are evident ; so to determine of such things as the Spirit of God hath left (even in the judgment of the judicious) questionable, can be no less than presumption. Diversity of signification and sense in the margin, where the text is not so clear, must needs 50 do good ; yea, is necessary, as we are persuaded. • Rev. 3,7. « Zech. 4,12. ' » Ezra 7,9; Neh. 2,8.18 3n<robuctorg (^cmarfte ■ Anotln-r lliing we think jjixxl to admcmisli thee of, gentle Reader, that we have not tied ourselves to an uniformity of phrasing, or to an identity of words, as some peradventure would wish that we had done, because they observe, that some learned men somewhere have been as exact as they could that way. 5 Truly, that we might not vary from the sense of that wliich we had translated before, if the word signified the same thing in both places (for there be some words that lie not of the same sense every where) we were especially careful, and made a conscience, according to our duty. But that we should e.xpress the same notion in the same particular word ; as for e.xample, if we translate the to Uehrciv or Greek word once by purpose, never to call it intent; if one where journeying, w^witr traveling \ if one where think, never suppose; if one where pain, never aehe; if one where joy, never gladness, &c., thus to mince the matter, we thought to savor more of curiosity than wisdom, and that rather it would breed .scorn in the atheist, than bring profit to the godly reader. For is 15 the kingdom of God become words or syllables? Why should we be in bond- age to them, if we may be free? Use one precisely, when we may use another no less fit as commodiously ? A godly Father" in the primitive time reporteth that he was much abused for turning cueurbila^ (to which reading the people had been used) into 20 hcilera.'' Now if this happen in better times, and upon so small occasions, we might justly fear hard censure, if generally we should make verbal and unnecessary changings. We might also be charged (by scoffers) with some unequal dealing towards a great number of good English words. If we should say, as it were, unto 25 certain words: Stand up higher, have a place in the Bible always; and to others of like quality : Get you hence, be banished for ever ; we might be ta.xed per- ad\enture with St. James's words, namely, To be partial in ourselves, and judges of evil thoughts.' Lastly, we have on the one side avoided the scrupulosity of the Puritanes, 30 who leave the old Ecclesiastical words, and betake them to other, as when they put ivashing for baptism, and eongrcgation instead of Church ; as also on the other side we have shunned the obscurity of the Papists, in their azymes, tunike, rational, holocausts, prccpuce, pasche, and a number of such like. We desire that the Scripture may speak like itself, as in the language of Canaan, 35 that it may be understood even of tlie very vulgar. Many other things we might give thee warning of, gentle Reader, if we had not exceeded the measure of a preface already. It remaineth that we commend thee to God, and to the Spirit of His grace, which is able to build further than we can ask or think. He removeth the scales from our eyes, the 40 veil from our hearts, opening our wits that we may understand His word, enlarging our hearts, yea, correcting our affections, that we may love it above gold and silver, yea, that we may love it to the end. Ye are brought unto fountains of living water which ye digged not ; do not cast earth into them, neither prefer broken pits before them. Others have labored, and you may 45 enter into their labors. O receive not so great things in vain. Be not like swine to tread under foot so precious things, neither yet like dogs to tear and abuse holy things. If light be come into the world, love not darkness more than light ; if food, if clothing be offered, go not naked, starve not yourselves. Remember the advice, It is a grievous thing to neglect a great fair, and to 50 seek to make markets afterwards. Amen." *a>!^ "St. Jerome (about 400 A. D.). »gourd (Jonali 4 , 6). >'ivy. 'Jas. 2,4. a&aia^ !♦ (BenuiM (prophecies of '^eaia^ Prophecv I . §iv6t to^cdion of Jeata^'© (prop^ccie© 2. I 1. Z?)C ^m^tnlxn^ ®ap of t(it £ov6. (Soon after 740 b. c. ) HE WORD that Isaiali ben-Amoz saw' concerning 5 Judah and Jerusalem. ************ [of Jhvh ! (3 House of Jacob ! come, let us walk in the light Yea, Thou, -Jhvh*, hast renounced Thy people,^ the House of Jacob, 10 Because they are full of cdiviners) from the East, 3 and of soothsayers like the Philistines,* And with foreigners they strike hands *in agreement*. 7 Israel's land is become full of sih-er and gold — endless +the sum of* his treasures — 15 His land is become full of horses — endless *the number of* his S His land is become full of idols, [chariots, ^ To the work of his own hands ihe bows downi, to that which his own fingers have wrought ; 2,9-22 -^«*e^®Ss- 1 3e<»ia5 -^S^*^**— 2 2,9+All* humankind is bowed down, and man is brought low; and Thou canst not forgive themi ! 10 Go into "tile clefts- of the rocks, and hide thyself in the dust, At the terror of Jhvii and the splendor of His majesty, ■ When He arises to strike awe throughout the earth-. 5 THE SAME SUBJECT AGAIN (fROM ANOTHER POEM).^ **************** 11 The chaughtiness) of humankind shall be cbowed down), And the loftiness of man (brought low), And in that day shall Jhvh alone be exalted. 10 12 For a day'' ♦of doom+ has Jhvh Sabaoth for all that is proud And for all that is lifted up and <high> ; [and lofty, 13 For all the cedars of Lebanon, the lofty. And for all the oaks of Bashan, the uplifted, 14 For all the mountains, the lofty, 15 And for all the hills, the uplifted, 15 For every high tower, And for every fenced wall, 16 For all ships of Tarshish,^ And for all stately ivessels? .5 20 17 The haughtiness of humankind shall be bowed down. And the loftiness of man brought low. And in that day shall Jhvh alone be exalted. CONTINUATION OF THE FIRST DESCRIPTION. 18 The idols 25 *************** *************** *************** [ground, 19 And men shall go into caverns of rocks, and into holes of the At the terror of Jhvh, and the splendor of His majesty, 30 When He arises to strike awe throughout the earth." 2 , 20 * To 'the moles' and to the bats, in that day, shall men cast their idols of 21 silver and gold, which they made to bow down to, that they may go into the clefts of the rocks, and into the rents of the cliffs, at the terror of Jhvh and the splendor of His majesty, when He arises to strike awe throughout the 22 earth. Oh, cease trusting in man, in whose nostrils is a breath ! for at what is he to be valued ! 3 ^«4-e|«ss«- 1 36ata5 -sjiBfeM.^— 3,1-15 2. faff cf 3u5a6. Its cause indicated (735 n. c. )i° 3,1 I ''OR behold, the Lord Jhvh Sabaoth removes from Jerusalem 2 1 and from Judah every stay and support :" the knight and the warrior, the judge and the prophet, the diviner and the elder, the 5 3 captain of fifty and the man of eminence, the counselor, the magi- 4 cian and the expert in charms. I will make youths their princes, 5 and insulting boys shall rule over them ; yea, the people shall tyrannize one over another, man over man, and neighbor over neighbor ; they shall be insolent, the boy to the aged, the mean to 10 6 the honorable. When one man takes hold of another in his father's house, tsaying* : Thou hast tstilh an upper garment, be 7 thou our chieftain, be thine this heap of ruins ! in that day, he shall cry aloud : I will not be tyour+ physician ; in my house is neither bread nor upper garment ; ye shall not make me chieftain. 15 8 For Jerusalem comes to ruin, and Judah falls. Because their tongue and their deeds are against Jhvh To defy His glorious eyes. 9 Their observance of persons witnesses against them," And their sin they publish* without disguise ; 20 Woe unto them ! for they have wrought their own misfortunes.' 12 My people — a boy is their governor, and over them rule women. "^ • My people ! thy guides lead thee astray, and' thy paths they have brought to confusion. 25 13 Jhvh comes forward to plead; He stands to judge <His people> ; 14 Jhvh enters into judgment with the elders of His people and with the princes thereof +sayingt : And ye, ye, +like cattle*, have devoured the vineyard ; the spoil of the destitute is in your houses. 3° 15 What mean ye by crushing my people, and by grinding the face Thus says the Lord Jhvh Sabaoth. [of the destitute? 3,1 -all stay of bread and all support of water 9 ^like Sodom * 10 ''Happy is the righteous, it is well 'with him*; the fruit of his deeds he shall 11 eat. Woe unto the wicked ! he fares ill ; the work of his hands shall be done to him. 12 ''the way 3, i6-4.6 — ^-^-emsai-X ^aataB -sy-^?sH«— 4 3. (pumo^ment of t^i (proub BaStco of Jcnieafcm. (735 B-C.) 3, 16 AND JiiVH said :'3 iV Because Zion's daughters are haughty, And walk with neck thrown back and leering eyes, [ankles, 5 Tri])i)iiig along as they go, and making a chime with their 17 With scabs will the Lord encrust the crowns of their heads, Jii\'H will expose their cshames) ;" 24 Instead of perfume there shall be rottenness, and instead of a girdle a rope, 10 Instead of artful curls, baldness, and instead of a flowing mantle, girding of sackcloth." 4,1 In that day seven women will seize upon one man, saying: Our own bread will we eat, and with our own garments will we be clad ; only let us be called by thy name, take thou awaj' our 15 disgrace.''' 4. QUeeetantc JtlppcnJtv.'s (Post-Exilic ) 2 T N that day, to those of Israel who have escaped, will the *self— J. springing plants of Jhvh'* be grace and glory, and the fruit of 20 3 the land pride and adornment."' Then will he who is left in Zion, and remains in Jerusalem, be called holy,'? +yea+ every one who is 4 registered *and appointed* for life"^ in Jerusalem, when the Lord has washed off the filth of Zion's daughters, and cleansed the guilt}- blood-stains of Jerusalem from the midst thereof'' by a breath of 25 5 judgment and a breath of extirpation.'" <He will come, and there will be> over the whole place of Mount Zion and o\'er Zion's assemblies a cloud by day, and smoke with the brightness of a 6 flaming fire by nighty" and -He will show Himself> as a shade'' from the heat, and as a refuge and as a shelter from storm and 30 from rain. 3,18 "In that day Jhvh will put away the finery of the anklets, and the little suns 19.20 and moons; the ear-drops, the arm-chains, and the long veils; the diadems, 21 the step-chains, the girdles, the perfume-boxes, and the amulets; the signet- 22 rings and the nose-rings ; the rich dresses, the mantles, the shawls, and the 23 purses ; the mirrors, the linen vests, the turbans, and the large veils. * 24.25 "A liraiul instead of beauty. — Thy burghers will fall l^y the sword, and thy 26 warriors in battle. And her gates will sigh and lament, and being emptied she will sit on the ground. * 4,5' for over every glorious thing will l)e a canopy 6 ' by day Prophecy 2. (paraBfc of t^c (^inc^atb: (About 735 B. c. ) 5,1 A SONG will I sint; of my friend, l\. A cloven-song touching his vineyard. 5 A vineyard belongs to my friend, On a hill that is fruitful and sunny; 2 He digged it, and cleared it of stones, And planted there vines that are choice; A tower he built in the midst, 10 And hewed also therein a wine-vat; And he looked to find grapes that are good, Alas I it bore grapes that are wild. 3 Ye, in Jerusalem dwelling. And ye, who are freemen of Judah, 15 Judge ye, I pray, between me And my +cherished* vineyard. 4 What could have been done for my vineyard That I had not done ? When I looked to find grapes that are good, 20 Why bore it grapes that are wild ? 5 And now let me give you to know What I purpose to do to my vineyard: ♦I willt take away its hedge. That it be eaten up, 25 *I will* break through its walls, That it be trodden down; 6 Yea, I will make it a waste. Neither pruned nor weeded; It shall shoot up in thorns and briars, 30 And the clouds will I enjoin that they rain not upon it. 7 For the vineyard of Jhvh Sabaoth is the House of Israel, And the men of Judah His cherished plantation ; And He looked for justice, but behold! sbloodshedi. For righteousness, but behold ! an outcry. 35 5,8-2o — 9.«^«SSs- 1 38ata^ •«**g3-«-'^ Prophecy 3. ^i;i:fof5 ©cnunctafton.' (About 735 B.C.) 5,8 "\ ^ /"OE unto those who join house to house, who add field to V V field, till there is no more room, 5 And ye are settled alone in the midst of the land !^ 9 cThcrcfore thus> has Jhvh Sabaoth crevealcd Himself, in mine ears : Surely +your+ many houses shall become a desolation, tyour* great and fair tplaces* without inhabitant ; 10 For ten acres of vineyard shall yield 'but* one bath, and the seed 10 of a homer *but* an ephah.3 11 Woe unto those who rise at dawn to addict themselves to mead,'' Who tarry late in the evening, inflamed with wine ; [banquets,' 12 And lute and harp, timbrel and flute, and wine are at their But they regard not Jhvh's work, and they see not the operation 15 13 Therefore my people go into exile unawares, [of His hands. And their honored ones are <sapless from; hunger, and their noisy throng parched with thirst. 14 Therefore Sheol gapes ravenously, and opens the mouth to its widest ; 20 And the splendor of Zion, and her busy throng, and all who are joyous within her, plunge *headlong« into it," 17 And lambs graze . . . , and the fatlings* feed amid ruins. 18 Woe unto those who draw guilt ^on themselves* with cords of And punishment as with traces of a wain ; [ungodliness, 25 19 Who say : Let His work hasten, let it speed, that we may see it. Let the purpose of Israel's Holy One draw nigh and come, that we may perceive it !* 20 Woe unto those who call evil good, and good evil, Who put darkness for light, and light for darkness, 3° Who put bitter for sweet, and sweet for bitter P 5,15 "So 'all' humankind is bowed down, and man is brou,a;ht low, and the eyes 16 of the hi^h ones are brought low; but Jhvh Sabaoth is -seen to be« high through judgment, and the holy God shows Himself hol>- through right- eousness. * 17 ^-kids- ■ X 'ieaia^ -^im^im-^^- 5,21-9,12 5,21 Woe unto those who are wise in their own eyes, and keen-witted ************ [in their own conceit ! [in spicing mead, 22 Woe unto those who are mighty — in drinking wine, and valiant — 23 Who, for a bribe, declare the wicked righteous, and strip the 5 righteous of his righteousness !^ *************** [a flame, 24 Therefore, as fire's tongue devours stubble, and as hay shrivels in Their root shall become rottenness, and their blossom go up like dust, 10 Because they have despised the instruction of Jhvh Sabaoth, and spurned the word of Israel's Holy One. 25 Therefore against His people the wrath of Jhvh is' kindled, and against them He stretches His hand. He smites them until the mountains tremble, and their carcasses rot in the streets. For all 15 this His anger is not turned away, and His hand is still outstretched. Prophecy 4. ^ucce00tt?e 0ta^c0 of t^c ^ub^mcnt upon aff ^etacV (735 B. C.) 9,S A WORD has the Lord sent into Jacob, 20 l\. And it shall light down on Israel, 9 That all the people may feel it, *Yea+, Ephraim and the men of Samaria, cWho have stiffened their neck> in pride And in stoutness of heart, saying : 25 10 Bricks have fallen down, but with hewn stone will we build up, Sycomores have been felled, but cedars shall fill their place. ^ 11 Hence against tliem Jhvh stirred up tthcir foe^," And their enemies He spurred on, 12 Syria on the East, the Philistines on the Wcst,3 30 And they devoured Israel greedily. For all this His anger turned not away. And still was His hand outstretched. 9,11 "Rezin 9,13-10.3 — -ic^reSfs- 1 38ai<»6 -^S^Ss** — 8 9,13 But to Him vviio smote thcni the people turned not, And Jhvh" they did not regard. 14 So from Israel Jhvh cut off head and tail, Palm-branch and rush in one day ;■• 15 The elder and the man of eminence, he is the head, 5 And the prophet who gives false oracles, he is the tail. 36 So the guides of this people proved misleading. And those who were guided tby them+ were distraught. 17 Therefore the Lord tspares> not their young warriors, And on orphans and widows He has no compassion, 10 Because every one is impious and an evil-doer, And every mouth speaks folly. For all this His anger turned not away, And still was His ha n d outstretched. iS For unrighteousness burns like a fire, 15 Consuming thorns and briars ; It kindles the thickets of the forest, Upward they cwhirh in columns of smoke.' ig^'By the fury of Jhvh" the land was ^burned up>, And the people became food for the flames. [famished, 20 2o"They carved off slices on the right, and *stilU they were They devoured on the left, and +stilh were unsatisfied ;* ig'^None had pity on his fellow, 2o''Every one devoured his -neighbor' s> flesh : 21 Manasseh tdevoured* Ephraim, and Ephraim Manasseh, 25 ^But* both together were against Judah.' For all this His anger turned not away, And still was His hand outstretched. 10,1 Woe unto those who set up unjust decrees,' And the scribes who busily write oppression 30 2 To turn aside the helpless from judgment, And to despoil the wretched of my people of their rights That widows may be their prey, And that orphans may be their plunder ! 3 What, then, will ye do in the day of visitation 35 And of crashing storm which comes from afar ? To whom for aid will ye flee, And where will ye leave your wealth ? 9. 13. 19 '.Sab.ioth 9 — «-s«S<€i> I Jeaid^ -siSjsiE*^-* — 10,4-6,2 io,4cBeltis has sunk down, Osiris is broken;,^ And under the slain they fall. For all this His anger is not turned away, And His hand is still outstretched. 5,26 So He will raise a signal'" to a distant cnationj, 5 And hiss" to them to come from the end of the earth ; And lo I speedily, swiftly they come. 27 None there is weary, and among them none stumbles,' The zone of their loins is not loosened, of their sandals there tears not a thong, 10 28 Their arrows are sharpened, and their bows are all bent, The hoofs of their horses are counted as flint, and as a whirl- wind their wheels ; 29 Their roaring is like that of the lion, yea, like young lions they roar, 15 And growl, and seize the prey, and carry it off safe, and none rescues +it*. 30 And there shall be over them, in that day,'^ a booming, like the booming of the sea, and if one look to the earth, behold, dark- ness full of distress * * « * * 20 Pkophecv 5. 1- ^eata^'e dHcceunf of tU QOieion of 6t6 Coneecrafton." (About 734 B.C.) 25 6,1 T N the year that King Uzziah died, I saw the Lord sitting 1 upon a high and uplifted throne ; the train of His +robe+ 2 filled the Temple. Seraphim stood erect before Him;= each one 5 , 27 » they neither slumber nor sleep 6,3-7,2 -it^^mif 1 3g'''ft& -3»B»j^i°« — 10 6 had six wings : one pair covered the face, another the loins," and 3 the third served for flight. And again and again tliey cried to one another, saying : Holy, holy, holy, is Jhvh Sabaoth, The whole earth is full of His glory. 5 4 And the foundations of the thresholds shook at the sound of their 5 voices, and the Temple was filled with smoke. 3 And I said ; Woe is me ! I am undone ! I am a man of unclean lips \'> I dwell amid a people of unclean lips 1 mine eyes have seen The King, 6 JnvH Sabaoth ! Then flew to me one of the Seraphim, with a hot lo stone in his hand, that he had taken with tongs from off the 7 altar;5 and with it he touched m)^ mouth, and said: Lo! this has 8 touched thy lips ; thy iniquity is gone, and thy sin forgiven. And I heard the voice of Jhvh, saying: Whom shall I send? and who 9 will go for us ?* And I said : Here am I ; send me. And He 15 said : Go, and say to this people : Hear on, but understand not ! See on, but perceive not ! 10 Make fat this people's heart, make dull their ears, and besmear their eyes. Lest they see with their eyes, and hear with their ears, and their 20 heart understand, and their health be restored. II And I said: How long, O Lord? And He said: Until cities be waste without inhabitants, and houses without men, and the land <be left> a desolation, 12 And JiiVH have sent the men far away, and in the heart of the 25 land the deserted regions be wide. 13 And should there be still a tenth in it, this must, in turn, be consumed, Like the terebinth and the oak, whereof a stock after felling The stock thereof is holy seed. [remains.' 30 2. 3w<J6ton of (^c?tn, ani tHii ^tgn of 3"»»"a»«"«f.^ (734 n. c; edited late) 7,1 A ND it came to pass in the days of Ahaz ben-Jotham ben- -Lx. Uzziah, king of Judah, that Rezin, king of Syria, with Pekah ben-Remaliah, king of Israel, w'ent up to Jerusalem to assault 35 2 it, but he was not able to take it.' And it was reported to the House of David that S\'ria had settled down'° upon Ephraim. And II — »*«*6@Si- 1 38ata^ -iasjgs** — 7,3-19 7 +Ahaz'* heart and the heart of his people shook as the trees of 3 the forest shake before the wind. And Jhvh said to Isaiah : Go forth now to meet Ahaz, thou and thy son Shear-jashub, at the end of the conduit of the upper pool, on the highwa)- by the 4 fuller's field," and say to him : Be wary, and keep thyself calm ; 5 fear not, neither be faint-hearted because of these two fag-ends of smoking firebrands, however fierce be the wrath of Rezin and 5 Syria, and of ben-Remaliah. Because Syria has purposed evil 6 against thee, *with* Ephraim and ben-Remaliah, saying : Let us go up against Judah, and tdistressj it, and win it for ourselves, 10 7 and appoint ben-Tabel" to be king therein. Thus says the Lord 8 Jhvh : It shall not stand, neither shall it come to pass. For the head of Syria is Damascus, and the head of Damascus is Rezin," 9 and the head of Ephraim is Samaria, and the head of Samaria is ben-Remaliah * * * * . If ye hold not fast, verily }'e shall 15 not stand fast.'^ 10. II And Jhvh spoke further to Ahaz, saying: Ask thee a sign of Jhvh, thy God ; choose it *either+ ifrom Sheob below, or from 12 the height above."* But Ahaz said : I will not ask, neither will 13 I put Jhvh to the test. Then *Isaiah* said : Hear now, O House 20 of David ; is it not enough for you to wear>' men, but ye must 14 weary my God also ? Therefore the Lord Himself will give you a sign : '5 Behold, a young woman will conceive, and bear a son, 16 and will call his name Immanuel ;" because before the boy knows how to refuse the e\-il, and choose the good,"'' the land, of whose 25 two kings thou art sore afraid, will be unpeopled.' 3. ^i^agmenfes on tU "^ixvoc wrought 6p tf)i dReejnane. (Date uncertain; partly recast by a late editor) 18 AND in that day will Jhvh hiss to the flies,' and to the 19 l\ bees,'^' and they will all come, and settle in the ravines 30 7, 8'' "and within sixty-five years shall Ephraim be broken, that it shall be no longer a people * 15 « soured milk and honey will be his food when he knows how to refuse the evil, and choose the good * 17 'Jhyh will bring upon thee, and upon thy people, and upon thy father's house, days such as have not been since the day of Ephraim's departing from Judah, •/. e.' the king of Assyria. 17 * 18 "at the end of the streams of Egypt 'in the land of Assyria 7 . 2' I ~ 8 . 7 -' - :—•:;■- I 3o'i'i>5 ^®*^3*«^ 12 7 between the steep heJLjhts, and in the clefts of the rocks, and on 20 all thorn-hed!|es, and on all pastures. In that day will the Lord sha\ e with the razor that is hired be\'ond The I\.i\er*' the head, and the hitlden hair,"' and the beard also will it take away^° 21 » * « ;t * And it w"ill come to pass in that day^' that 5 22 a man will keep a yoimg cow and two sheep, and it will come to pass that, because of the abundance of milk, a man will live on soured milk; soured milk and honey will be the food of every one who is left in the land ********* 23 And it will come to pass in that day that wherever there used 10 to be a thousand vines at a thousand pieces of silver, ^^ that place 24 will be all thorns and briars. With arrows and with bow will men 25 come thither, for all the land will become thorns and briars. And as for all the mountains that used to be hoed, men will keep aloof from them for fear of thorns and briars; and it will be a place 15 whereto cattle may be sent, and where sheep may trample. 4. (Rutn of ^jvta anb (Sp^ratm. (734 "-c-.) 1,1 A^'D Jhvh said to me: Take thee a large tablet, ^^ and inscribe iV upon it in plain characters :=t swift ■ spoil • speeuv ■ pkev; 20 2 and -take* for me as credible witnesses Uriah, the priest, '^s and 3 Zechariah ben-Jeberechiah. And I approached the prophetess, and she conceived, and bore a son. And Jhvh said to me: Call his 4 name Maher-shalal-hash-baz ;''' for before the boy knows how to cry "My father" and "My mother" the_\- will carr\- off the riches 25 of Damascus and the spoil of Samaria before the king of Assyria.'' 5. dReepvian J^f^isiot '» t^c Sort's (gaming (0 ^aciia^. (734-723 B-C.) 5 A XD Jhvh spoke )-et further to me, saying: 6 l\. Forasmuch as this people have rejected the waters of Shiloah 30 And despond* * * * * * » [which flow softly, =^ 7 Therefore behold, upon them, the Lord brings up the waters of The River, the might}' and great/ 7,20 "with the king of A.ssyria 8,5'' "because of Rezin and ben-Remaliah * 7 •• the king of Assyria and all his glory 13 ^«^«3S«€S*- 1 S'^'^'oS •SSSJcS*^^ 8, 8-18 8 And it shall rise above all its channels, and overflow all its banks, 8 And shall sweep onward into Judah, shall flow o\-er it, and pass over it, reaching e\en to the neck. ***************** ************** [thcc^ land.^' 5 And *Jhvh's+ outspread wings shall cover the full breadth of cFor= With us is God .3° [of the earth ! 9<Knovv>, ye peoples, and . . . ; and give ear, all }-e far lands Gird yourselves, yet ye shall be terror-stricken; gird yoursehes, yet ye shall be terror-stricken ! 10 10 Devise a plan, but it shall come to nought ; decree a resolve, For With us is God. 3° [but it shall not stand ; 11 For thus JuvH said to me, mastering me with *His*3' hand, warning mc not to follow the custom of this people ; 12 Call ye not conspiracy all that this people calls conspiracy, '^ 15 And that which they fear, fear not ye, neither count it worthy 13 Jhvh Sabaoth, Him count ye holy, [of dread. Let Him be your fear, and let Him be your dread. 14 He shall be" a stone to strike against, 33 A rock of stumbling to both Houses of Israel, 20 A trap and a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem. 15 Many shall stumble thereover, and shall fall and be broken, and be snared and be taken. 6. (Bptfogue (0 (Recent (prophetic (Kcpcfattono. (170I1 B.C.) 25 16 + T WILL* bind up the admonition, ^and* seal the instruction 17 i. among my disciples ;3t and I will wait for Jhvh, who hides His face from the House of Jacob, and in Him will I hope. 18 Behold, I and the children whom Jhvh has given me3s are signs -'00 and symbols +of what shall be* in Israel from Jhvh Sabaoth who 30 dwells in Zion. -?^«®e5s^7^-«' 8,14 ° a sanctuary, and 8,19-9.6 — »»i«^eEBi- 1 38ata5 •si»8»«-8— 14 7. 5«'03>»en( on tU ©eepatr of (^e (piOTpk of 3»i*6. (734 B. c; edited late) 8 , 19 A ND when they say to you : Consult the ghosts and the famihar IX. spirits that cheep and that moan, 3* -tgive this answer*: Should not a people ♦rather* consult its God? on behalf of the living 5 20 *should men consult* the dead? To the instruction and to the admonition! 37 Surely they will speak according to this word. * * * * •he* for whom there is no daybreak. 3^ 21 And he will pass through it, 39 hard-pressed and famishing. And it will be that, when he is famished, he will be enraged, 10 Antl will curse his king and his God,''° and turn his gaze 22 * * * * , and tthen* to earth will he look, [upward, But behold, distress and gloom, a dark veil of anguish, And thick darkness 8. Z9)t 3j4af Tltng. 15 (Probably post-E.\ilic) 9 > I ° T N the former time He brought into contempt the land of A Zebulun and the land of Naphtali, but in the latter *time* He confers honor on the road to the Sea, the other side of the Jordan, the district of the nations. t" • 20 2 The people who walked in darkness behold a great light ; Those who dwell in the land of deepest gloom, upon them a light brightly shines. 3 Thou multipliest cexultation>, thou increasest joy ; They joy before thee as men joy in harvest, *and* as men exult 25 when they di\ide spoil. 4 For ♦Israel's* burdensome yoke, and the ccrossban laid on his shoulder, The rod of his taskmaster, thou hast broken as in Midian's day *of battle*." 30 5 For every boot of the warrior whose tread resounds, and ♦eveiy* war-cloak drenched with blood, Will be burned up, ♦will be+ the prey of the flames. 6 For to us a child is born, to us a son is given, [And dominion rests on his shoulder, 35 9, I* "For is there not a dark veil to "the land- which has anguish? 42 r. '^ 'J < 15 -^>*B|6S*- 1 Jetatag -ia*s^»««^ 9i7-i7i6 9 And his name will be Counselor of Wonders, Mighty Divinity, Father of Spoil, Prince of Peace ;** 1 (Increased will be:> dominion, and to peace will there be no end Upon the throne of David, and throughout his kingdom, To establish and to support it by justice and by righteousness 5 from henceforth and for ever. The zeal of Jhvh' will perform, •■thid 17,1 TO! ♦ 2 1 -/ an Prophecy 6. ^<xit of ^6fce llingiome t. ©eronfaff of ^jria an5 36i:acf.' (Before 734 b. c; edited late) Oracle on Damascus, the day is at hand when* Damascus ceases to be a city. <for ever>, given up to flocks, which shall lie down there, none 15 3 making them afraid. Ephraim shall lose her fortresses, and Damas- cus her sovereignty ; and the remnant of Aram — like the glory of the Israelites ^ shall they be, says Jhvh Sabaoth. 4 In that day shall the glory of Jacob' grow dim. And the fatness of his flesh become lean. 20 5 It shall be as when a harvestman gathers standing wheat, And his arms reap the ears; [Rephaim;^ Yea, it shall be as when he gathers ears in the Vale of 6 And gleanings thereof shall be left, as at the beating of an Two or three berries on the uppermost branch, [olive-tree, 25 Four or five on ithe boughs of the fruit-tree^, Says Jhvh Sabaoth.* ■ass^ 9,7° Sabaoth 17 , 6 * the God of Israel 17.7-14 — •*e#^!s- 1 36ata^ -sss^a-c-^— 16 17,7 In that day shall mortality look to its Maker, And its eyes have regard to Israel's Holy One; 8 It shall not look to the work of its hands," And what its ♦own* fingers have made it shall not regard.^" 9 In that day shall <thy cities be deserted* 5 Like the deserted places of the <Hivites and Amorites>,5' 10 Because thou hast forgotten the God of thy safety, And the Rock that is th)- bulwark thou hast not remembered. Therefore, though thou plantest ♦little gardens with* shoots for Adonis, 10 And stockest them with scions ♦dedicated^ to a foreign ♦god^,* 11 ♦Even^ though as soon as thou plantest them, thou fencest And early bringest thy shoots to blossom, [them in, ♦Therefore^ the harvest shall [vanishi in a day of sickness and ■desperate paim. 15 2. (Tpreeervafion of ^uia^.J (723 B.C.) 12 "\ ^rOE! the tumult of many peoples, V V Like the tumult of the seas is their tumultuousness ! And the uproar of <[mighty]j nations, 20 Like the roaring of [] waters is their roar!"* 13 * * * * but when He rebukes them, they flee afar off And are driven like chaff of mountain ♦threshing floors* before And like whirling dust before the tempest. [the wind, 14 At eventide, behold terror! 25 Before morning, they are gone ! Be this the portion of our despoilers And the lot of our plunderers! 17,8 "the altars *and the Asherahs, and the sun-pillars * 9 'which they deserted ♦fleeing* before the Israelites; it will be a desolation * 12 'the nations, like the roaring of many waters is their roar 3 ^ 2 a 3 ^ 17 — »44^^»- 1 38<i<a6 <*?*fe**'*— 28,1-1,31 Prophecv 7. §ai( of ^amarta. A fragment.' (Before 722 b. c; edited late) 28,1 AX /"OK! '-lie proud coronet of the drunkards of Ephraim V V And tlie fading flower of her beauteous adornment, 5 Whicli crown the rich valley of those who with wine are down-smitten ! ^ 2 Behold, Jhvh has +in readiness* one who is strong and un- Like a storm of hail, a destroying tempest; [flinching, Like a storm of mighty, overflowing waters, 10 He casts down to the earth with violence. 3 With feet shall they be trampled upon — The proud crown of the drimkards of Ephraim, 4 And the fading flower of her beauteous adornment, Which crown the rich valley; 15 And it will be like an early fig before the fruit-season. Which as soon as a man sees in his hand, he swallows. 5 In tliat day -will Jhvh Sabaoth be a coronet of beauty And a diadem of adornment to the remnant of His people, 6 And a spirit of judgment to him who sits on the judgment- 20 seat, And of might <t0j those who beat back assailants from the gates. 3 Prophecv 8. J^^ainet ^rcc-(n)ore^tp. 25 A fragment.' (At any rate before 722 B. c.) ********** [\'e have had pleasure, 1,29 For <ye' will be ashamed because of the terebinths'' wherein And will blush for the gardens which }'e have chosen ; 30 For ye will be like a terebinth whose lea\'es are withered, 30 And like a garden that has no water; 31 The strong man will become tow, and his work^ a spark. And they will both burn together, and none will quench them. 2,2-23,3 — »*K#®S(- 1 36(iia6 -SBr^a**— i8 QUceetanic <Sppcn5t;i:.^ (Post-Exilic) ,2 AND in the latter daj-s the mountain of Jhvh's house will be l\ established as the highest of the mountains, and will be 3 exalted above the hills, s and all nations will stream to it;* and 5 many peoples will set forth, and say : Come let us go up to the mountain of Jhvh, To the house of the God of Jacob, That He may instruct us out of His precepts,' And that we may walk in His paths ; 10 For from Zion goes forth instruction, And the word of Jhvh from Jerusalem. 4 Then will He judge between the nations, And give decision to many peoples ; And they will beat their swords into mattocks, 15 And their spears into pruning-knives;' Nation will not lift up sword against nation, Neither will they learn war any more.^ ************ Prophecy 9. 20 fafe of Z^u.' (If partly Isaiah's, about 725 B.C. Edited late) Oracle on Tyre. 23,1 "\ ^TAIL, ye ships of Tarshish, for =your fortress^ has been VV destroyed!" 25 ************** [Phoenicia, 2 cExtinct arej the inhabitants of the coast, the merchants of Who traversed the sea, <whose messengers) were on many waters, 3 cWhose) harvest was the wheat of Shihor,* and twhosei revenue 30 o was the traffic of nations. 23, it) 'from the land of Chittim it has become known to them 5 * the Nile 19 ^**^S»i- 1 3*i»*5 •«@3*3*« — 23,4-16 23,4 Be ashamed, Phoenicia, for the sea ■" says : I have not tra- vailed nor brought forth, I have not reared youths, *nor* brought up virgins." 6 Pass ye over to Tarshish ;" wail, \e inhabitants of the coast ! 7 Fares it thus with *Tyret your joj-ous one, whose origin is 5 of ancient days ? Whose feet were wont to carry her afar off to sojourn P^ S Who has purposed this against Tyre, that <crowned> ^queen*,* Whose merchants were princes, o the most honored of the earth? 10 9 Jiivii Sabaoth has purposed it, to profane +all+ majesty [] To bring into contempt ([all splendor]?, +yea*, all the most honored of the earth. 10 Pass through thy land, like the Nile ; O people of Tarshish, there are no more^ ... 15 11 His hand He stretched out over the sea. He made kingdoms tremble ; Jhvh Sabaoth gave charge to destroy the fortresses of Canaan.* 12 'Exult no more, thou violated virgin, Phoenicia, [rest.' Arise, pass over to Chittim, +but* there, too, thou shalt ha\'e nc^2o 13 Behold the land of Chaldea ;*"' rthey havd appointed ^Tyre* for desert-beasts ; They have set up ctheir' siege-towers ; they have razed the iThey havd made it a ruin. [palaces thereof; 14 Wail, ye ships of Tarshish, your fortress is destroyed. ^^^^25 ■'I (|?oet-6xtftc dtlppcniiy. N that day Tyre will pass into oblivion for seventy years, during the reign of one line of kings ;S at the end of seventy years Tyre will fare like the Harlot in the song : 16 Take thy lute, and go about the city, 30 Harlot, forgotten -now by men-! Play thou with skill, sing many a ditty, To win remembrance -then*. 23 , 4 " the fortress of the sea * 5 *When the Egyptians receive the tidings, they will be sore pained at the tidings concerning Tyre. 12 ' He said * 13 ' this is the people ; it was not Assyria ♦which destroyed Tyre* 23,17-14,32 ^-*4'^^*- X 38<»«<>? -sessfss*^- 20 23,17 For at the end of ,se\'enty years Jhvh will take notice of Tyre, so that she will return to her hire, and play the harlot with all 18 kingdoms of the world on the face of the earth. But her gains and her hire will be dedicated to Jhvh; they will not be stored up nor hoarded, but to those who dwell in the presence of Jh\h 5 will her gains belong, to provide abimdant food and stately apparel. Prophecv 10. SciU of t^^ fpmetince. (720 n. c. ) 14,2s JN the year king Ahaz died came this avord):' 10 29 Rejoice not in all th}- borders, Philistia,^ That the rod which smote thee is broken ! For out of the serpent's root will issue a basilisk, And a flying ch-agon will be its fruit. ^ 30 The poor will feed ton my meadows), 15 And the needy will lie down securely; But thy <seed» will I kill with famine. And thy remnant will <h slay. 31 Howl, O gate ! Cry, O city ! Faint in all thy borders, Philistia! / 20 For out of the North comes the smoke +of the foe*, And no straggler is found in his levies. 32 And what will (the king of my peoplo answer clf) messengers of a nation ^should speak to hiniJ? That Jhvh has founded Zion, 25 And there the afflicted of His people find refuge. 21 — s^es^ess- 1 3^*'*5 •*^^**~~ 10,5-13 Prophecy ii. (Fragments of more than one date, combined and edited late) I. ^^i. IplAn of dtleejna ani tU (pfan cf tU Bovi contraeteb. (7u B.C.) 5 10,5 "\ IS rOE! Assur, the rod of mine anger V V And the .staff' of mine indignation ! 6 Against an impious nation am I wont to send him,= And against the people of my wrath to give him a charge, To take spoil, and to seize booty, 10 And to trample them like mire in the streets. 7 But he — not so does he plan. And his mind, not so does it reckon ; For extirpation i.s in his mind. And to cut off nations not a few. 15 8 For he says : Are not my captains, all of them, kings ? 9 Has not Caino fared like Carchemish ? And Hamath like Arpad ?3 Or Samaria like Damascus? 20 10 As my hand has seized upon <those> kingdoms, — though their 11 images did outnumber those of Jeru.salem" — can I not, as I have done to Samaria and her idols, do likewise to Jerusalem and her 12 images?* Moreover, when the Lord shall have finished all His work on Mount Zion and in Jerusalem, cHe^ will punish the fruit 25 of the stoutness of heart of the king of Assyria, and the vainglory 13 of the upHfting of his eyes. For he has said : By . the strength of my hand have I done it. And by my wisdom, for I have discernment; And I cremovedi the bounds of the peoples, 30 And their treasures I plundered. And ibroughti down ->;- * .* * * * » * * those who were enthroned ; ■^^smi-^ 1.5 "wiiich is in their hand -is my indignation. 10 ** and Samaria lo, 14-19 — t'-i'S^^iSi- 1 'ieaia^ ^m^^^ — 22 10 , 14 And on the riches of the peoples My hand has seized as on a nest ; As unguarded eggs are carried away, Have I carried off all the earth ; There was none that fluttered the wing, 5 Or opened the beak, and chirped. 15 Is the ax to vaunt itself over him who hews therewith ? Or is the saw to brag over him who saws therewith ? As if a rod should sway him who carries it ! As if a staff should Uft up him who is not — wood Is jq 14,24 Sworn has Jhvh Sabaoth : Surely, as I have planned, so shall it be. And as I have purposed, it shall stand, 25 To break in pieces Assur in my land. And to tread him under foot upon my mountains." ig 26 This is the purpose formed against the w'hole earth. This is the hand stretched out over all nations. 27 Jhvh Sabaoth has purposed, who can thwart Him? His is the outstretched hand, who can turn it back ? 2. ^ubgment upon dReepm, ani t(e Conecquencce for 3"^*5* 20 First Description, followed by a Promise. * (Mostly late) 10, t6 'T^HEREFORE will the Lord Jhvh Sabaoth strike Assur's A fat ^\•ith a wasting disease. And under his glory a burning will burn like the burning of fire ; 25 17 The Light of Israel will be the fire, and his Holy One the flame, Which kindles and devours his briars and thorns in a day; iS The glory of his forest and of his fruitful gardens, both soul and body, will *the Lord* consume, 30 And he will be like a sick man who pines away; 19 Yea, the remnant of his forest-trees will be so small that a child might write it down. 14,25'' "and his yoke shall be removed from them, and his bnrden be removed from tluir neck 23 ^-»*e#6@S:- 1 38ata6 -*S?3€s*** — 10,20-34 10,20 And in that day will the remnant of Israel, ♦alU those of the House of Jacob who have escaped, lean no more on him who 21 smote them, but lean in faithfulness on Jhvh, Israel's Holy One. 22 The remnant will turn, the remnant of Jacob, to the Might}' God. For though thy people, O Israel, were as the sand of the sea, a 5 »meret remnant thereof would turn ; destruction is strictly decreed, 23 bringing in justice like a flood. For a strict decree of destruction will the Lord, Jhvh Sabaoth, execute upon all the earth.' 3. ^amc ^u&jtct. Second Description, preceded by a Promise. 8 (722 B.C.; edited late) 10 24 ' I "THEREFORE thus says the Lord Jhvh Sabaoth: Fear not, A my people who dwell in Zion, because of Assur, who smites you with the rod, and lifts up his staff upon you like 25 Egypt tof old+. For yet a very little while, and tmyj fury has 26 an end, and mine anger *turns itself* to his destruction. Jhvh 15 Sabaoth will brandish over him a scourge, as at the smiting of Midian at the rock of Oreb; and His rod over the sea — He will 27 lift it up as against Egypt ♦of old*. In that day — His burden will be removed from thy shoulder, And his yoke will cpress no more^ upon thy neck. 20 28 ; tthe foe* has fallen upon Aiath ; [baggage ; ' He has passed through Migron; at Michmash he lays up his 29 He goes through the pass ; in Geba he halts for the night ; Ramah is terror-stricken ; Saul's Gibeah flees. 30 Shriek, people of Gallim! 25 Listen, Laishah ! <answer her>, Anathoth ! [for flight. 31 Madmenah flees ; the inhabitants of Gebim gather their goods 32 This very day he will halt in Nob ; his +clenchedt hand he shakes Against the mount of the people of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem. 30 33 Behold, the Lord Jhvh Sabaoth lops with a crash the crown of branches; The high of stature are hewn down, and the lofty are brought 34 The thickets of the forest are cut down with the ax, [low; And Lebanon's grove with <itS) mighty +cedars* is felled.'" 35 4. ZU 3ieaf Ittng. Second Description (probably post-Exilic)." II , I ' I ^HERE will come forth a shoot from the stock of Jesse, '- ■ X And a scion from his roots will bear fruit. 2 'The spirit of Jh\'h will rest on him, '3 5 A spirit of wisdom and discernment, A spirit of counsel and miL;ht, A spirit of knowledge and fear of Jhvh.'" 3 He will not judge according to that which his eyes have seen, Nor give decision according to that which his ears have 10 4 But with righteousness will he judge the helpless, [heard, '■' And with equity will he give decision for the cdestitute= in the And he will smite ttyrantsi with the rod of his mouth, [land; j\iid with the breath of his lips will he slay the ungodly ;'5 5 And righteousness will be the zone about his loins, 15 And faithfulness the cgirdle^ about his reins. 6 And the wolf will lodge with the lamb,'* And the leopard lie down with the kid ; And the calf and the young lion <will graze> together, And a little child serve as their leader. 20 7 The cow and the bear will graze. Together will their young ones lie down, And the lion will eat straw like the ox ; s And the suckling will play about the hole of the asp. And the weaned child will stretch forth his hand to the 25 basilisk's tdeni. 9 No harm nor destruction will there be in all mj' holy moun- tain,'' for the land is becoinc full of the knowledge of Jhvh, as wtiters fill the sea. 10 In that da)-, the Root of Jesse ''^ which stands as a banner 30 to the peoples — to him will the nations resort, and glorious will be his habitation. '9 II 7 'and he will find a sweet savor in the fear of Jhvh 25 ^«*e!j8»i- 1 36aia5 ->;®3#3*< — 11,11-12,2 11,11 T 5. (Jle(urn of t6« 6rtfce. (Post-Exilic) N that day, the Lord will put forth His hand, the second time, to recover the remnant of His people,''" the captives in Assyria, and Egypt, and Pathros, and Ethiopia, and Elam, and Shinar, and 5 Hamath, and the countries by the sea.'' [casts of Israel, 12 He will lift up a banner to the nations, and gather the out- And the dispersed of Judah will He collect from the four 13^ The jealousy of Ephraim will cease, [corners of the earth ; 10 And the adversaries of Judah be cut off" 14 They will swoop down on the slope of the Philistines in the West, together will they spoil the Sons of the East ; Edom and Moab will be within their grasp, and the Sons of Amnion will be their subjects. 15 15 Jhvh will <dry up- the tongue of the Egyptian Sea, <[**]) and shake His ^clenched* hand over The River [],'^ And strike it into seven 'shallow* streams, and make men cross it dry-shod. 16 So a highway will arise for the remnant of His people, the 20 captives in Assyria, as there arose *a. highway* for Israel when it came up out of the land of Egypt. 6. ^0afm of '^(lan^e^xvin^. (Latest Addition) 12,1 /\ND thou wilt say in that day:'^ [nie, 25 l\~ I thank Thee, Jhvh ! for Thou hadst been wroth with Thy wrath <turned away>, and Thou <didst comfort* me. 2 Behold, God, my Help, will I trust without fear, Jah ' is my strength and my song, It is He who has helped me. 3° 11,13'' "Ephraim will not be jealous of Judah, and Judah will not be adverse to Ephraim * 15b «with the 'violence' of His blast * 12,2 'Jhvh i2,;,-ao,6 — ^-i«g^a<- 1 38ota5 -5S@*8a+< — 26 12,3.4 Ye will draw water with joy from the founts of deliverance, and will say in that day : Thank ye Jhvh, call upon His Name, [Make known among the peoples His deeds. Declare that His Name is exalted. 5 Strike the harp to Jhvh, for He has wrought in majesty, Let this be known through the whole earth ! 6 Give a resounding cry, O Zion, For great in_the midst^of thee is the Holy One of IsraeJ. Prophecy i 2. 10 Captivity of <Bg5pi anb (Bf^iopia." ( Not before 711 n. C.) 20 , 1 T N the year that tThe* Tartan came to Ashdod, sent by Sargon, 3 A king of Ass)'ria, and assaulted Ashdod, and took it," Jhvh said: Just as my Servant Isaiah has gone naked and barefoot three 15 4 years= as a sign and a warning to Egypt and Ethiopia, so will the king of Assyria lead away the captives of Egypt and the exiles of Ethiopia ; young and old, naked and barefoot and their 5 bodies exposed.* And those who looked to Ethiopia, and boasted 6 of Egypt, will be dismayed and disappointed. And the inhabitants 20 of this coasts will say in that day.- Truly, if such is the plight of those to whom we looked, ♦and* to whom we fled for help to obtain safety from the king of Assyria, how can we ourselves thope to* escape? 20,2 "At that time spoke Jhvh through Isaiah ben-Amoz, saying: Go, and loose the sackcloth from off thy loins, and take thy shoe from off thy foot. And he did so, going naked and barefoot. * 4 ^the shame of Egypt 27 — »*ta|{aSS5- 1 'ieaia^ -m^^sH^ — 28,7-17 Prophecy 13. (Central Portion, shortly before Sennacherib's Invasion, 701 b. c.) I. ^aii of ^amavta. (See Prophecy 7, p. 17) 2. (pDarntnga to Jerueafetn, Suggested by the earlier prophecy (703 b. c). 28,7'nr^HESE also *in Jerusalem* reel with wine, and stagger A Priest and prophet reel with mead, [with mead;' They are confused by wine, they stagger because of mead; 10 They reel during ttheir* visions, they totter while giving judg- ment. 8 All tables are full of loathsome disgorgements; filth everywhere. 9 Whom, -fsay they+, would he teach knowledge ? and to whom explain a re\-clation ? To weanlings forsooth just parted from the 15 10 breast ? For *he is ever gibbering* : (Jav la-gav, gav la-gav ; qav 11 la-qav, qav la-qav; here a word, there a word. *Yea* through a gibbering people, and in a foreign tongue, will He tverily* speak to 12 this people ! - who said to them : This is the +true* rest, grant rest to the weary ; this is the *true* refreshment. But they would 20 13 not hear. So to them the word of Jhvh shall come : ^av la-gav, 9av la-gav ; qav la-qa\% qav la-qav ; here a word, there a word. So that, as they go, they may stumble, +and fall* backward, and be shattered, be ensnared, and be taken. 14 Therefore hear the word of Jhvh, ye men of scorn ! 25 Rulers of this people which is in Jerusalem ! [death, 3 15 Because ye have said : We have entered into a covenant with And with Sheol have we made a compact; The overwhelming scourge,'* when it passes, will not reach us. For we have made a lie our refuge, and in falsehood have we 3° 16 Thus, therefore, says the Lord Jhvh : [hidden ourselves. Behold, I cfoundi in Zion a stone, a tried stone, [firmly planted; .s A precious foundation-cornerstone: he who believes will cbe 17 And I will make justice the measuring-line, and righteousness the plumb-w eight ; * 35 28,iS-27 — »4^^!s- I 38aia5 -sgssfg**-! — 28 28 AikI hail will sweep away the refuge," and waters will over- whelm the hiding-place ; 18 And )-our covenant with death will be wiped out, and your compact with Sheol will not stand: When the whelming scourge passes through, by it will ye be 5 beaten down. 19 As often as it passes through, it will take }-ou away. For morning by morning will it pass, and by day and by night. And •then* it will be sheer terror to understand the revelation.^" 21 Jhvh will arise, as on Mount Perazim, He will be wroth, as in 10 To do His work — -alien is His work! [the Plain of Gibeon," And to CcU-ry out His task — strange is His task ! » [tight, 22 And now, behave not as scorners, le.st your bands'" become For a strict decree of destruction' have I heard from Jiuii Sabaoth." 15 3. ^ropcrBtaf (poem." (E.xilic, or post-Exilic) 23 T ISTEN, and hear ye my voice, -L/ Attend, and hear ye my speech. 24 Is the ploughman never done with his ploughing, 20 With the opening' and harrowing of ground? 25 Docs he not, when its surface is leveled. Scatter fennel, and sow cummin broadcast, And duly set wheat there and barley. And for its border *plant* spelt ? 25 25 It is cJhvh> who has taught these right courses. It is his God who has trained him. 27 We do not thresh fennel with sledges, Nor are cart-wheels rolled over cummin. But fennel is threshed with a staff, 30 And cummin »is threshed* with a rod. 28 , 17 'of a lie * 20 "for too short is the bed for one to stretrh himself out at length, and too narrow the coverlet to wrap oneself in it 22 nipon the whole earth 'the Lord 24 'in order to sow 29 -^!-»«3Ss@55- 1 38'*ta3 -«>S3#5*** — 28,28-29,8 28 , 28 Do we ever crush bread-corn to pieces ? Nay, the threshing goes not on for ever, But when +over it* cart-wheels are driven. Or csledgesj, our care is never to crush it. 29 This also from Jhvh" proceeds: Wonderful counsel, great wisdom has He. 4. Strange ^aU of cSnaf. (703 B. C. ) 29,i"\^7"OE! cArial, Ariah," city against which David encamped! V V Add year to year; let cAriab feasts *againt run their 10 «******■»*»**** [course ;'3 ************** 2 Then will I distress cAriah, so that there will be moaning and And it will become to me a true cAriab:'* [bemoaning, 3 I will encamp like <David> against thee,'' [thee, 15 And close thee in with intrenchments, and set up forts against 4 Then being humbled, thou wilt speak from the ground. And from the dust will thy speech come submissiveh'." 5 Then will the horde of thine enemies become as fine dust, and the horde of the tj'rants like flitting chaff"' 20 6 And then — suddenly, full suddenly, ♦AriaU will receive punish- ment from Jhvh Sabaoth, With thunder, and with earthquake, and a great noise, with whirlwind, and tempest, and flame of devouring fire. 7 Like a dream, a vision of the night, will it be with the hordes 25 of all the nations that fight against cAriab and all . . . and its 8 strongholds?, and of those who distress it. Yea, as when a hungry man dreams he is eating, but awakes with his appetite keen ; or when a thirsty man dreams he is drinking, but awakes faint from his unquenched thirst ; so will it be with the hordes of all the 30 nations that fight against Mount Zion. 28, 29 "Sabaoth 29,4 "and thy voice shall be Uke that of a ghost from the ground, and from the dust thy speech shall chirp 5. Q0ftnJnC66 of tf)t (Rufcve. (703 B.C.) 29,9 OTUPEFY yourselves, and be .stupid! blind yourselves, and v_/ be blind ! [mead.'^ <Be drunken', but not with wine ; <stagger>, but not with 5 10 For Jhvh has poured out upon you a spirit of deep .sleep. And has closed your eyes," and covered your heads," 11 so that the prophecy of all these things is become to \'ou like the words of a sealed book, which if one delivers to a man 12 who is a scholar, saying: Pray read this, he says : I cannot, for it 10 is sealed ; and should it be delivered to one w4io is no scholar with the words: Pray read this, he says: I am no scholar. 6. (punteCmcnf of ;§'onnaft6m. (703 B.C.) 13 A^^D Jhvh .said: 1\. mouth, and wi( Because this people draw near' with their 15 lith their lips honor me, but their heart they keep far from me, and their fear of me is but a precept of men, learned by rote : [wonderful and astonishing 14 Therefore, behold, I will deal with it again' in a fashion so 20 That the wisdom of their wise men will be lost, and the dis- cernment of their discerning ones will disappear. 7. Z?>i 63ppftan oRfftancc. First Fragment ( 703 B. c. ). 25 [purpose,'' 15 T 11 rOE unto those who from Jhvh hide deeply their V V So that their work is done in the dark, * * « And who say : Who sees us, and who knows of us ? 4S-**************** 30 29,10 "♦?■. e.* the [srophets *♦/. <■.♦ the seers 14 'with this people 31 — »*s=geas- 1 38ata5 -iS^^ceM-s— 29,16-30,2 8. ^er&ife MppvoacUn^ (Regeneration. dRgatnat ©ouBtere."? (Post-Exilic) 29,16 TD^RVERSE that ye are! Is the potter no better than clay? X Shall the thing made say of its maker: He has not made me aright? A thing fashioned say of its fashioner: He has no under- 5 17 standing? Surely, yet a very little while, And Lebanon will be turned into fruitful gardens, And fruitful gardens be accounted a forest. ^° 18 In that day •••even* the deaf will hear the words of a book. And out of gloom and darkness the eyes of the blind will 10 19 The humble will win fresh joy in Jhvh, [-see; And the poorest exult in Israel's Holy One ; [no more, 20 For tyrants will have +then» disappeared, the scorner will be And all who were zealous for iniquity will have been cut off, 21 Who made men appear sinners by words, and laid snares for 15 the umpire in the gate, And turned away the just by a pretext.^' 22 Thus, therefore, says Jhvh, cthe God of the House of Jacob, who freed Abraham :'"' Jacob will not thenceforth be shamed, nor will his face thence- 20 forth turn pale; 23 For when he" sees the work of my hands °3 in the midst of him, they shall count my Name holy. They will count the Holy One of Jacob holy, and hold in dread the God of Israel, 25 24 Those who erred in spirit will attain discernment, and the murmurers receive instruction. 9. ZU Sgjpttan <Hfftance.=^t Second Fragment (703 b. c). 30,i"\^7'OE to the unruly sons! says Jhvh, 30 V V Carr^'ing out a purpose which is not mine, And concluding a treaty contrary to my spirit, Thus adding sin to sin ; [counsel, 2 Who set forth on the way to Egypt, without asking my 29,23 ■■•;'. f.» his children 30,3-io — »*«^^C»- I 38<»'o3 •*SS»eK-«— 32 30 To flee to tlie shelter of Pharaoh, and to seek protection in the shadow of Egj'pt. 3 The shelter" will turn to your shame, and the refuge* to your confusion. 4 For thouyii his ^vassals, the* princes are in Zoan, and his 5 messengers go as far as Hanes,^' 5 None wins aught but disappointment from a people which can avail nothing, cFrom a people; which brings no help,' but disappointment and also disgrace. 10 10. ^ame ^uBject. Third Prophecy (703 B.C.). 6 Oracle on the Beasts of the South -land. **'******■»***»**** ****************** 15 * * * through a land of distress and difficulty, [dragon,'^* Of the <roaring> lion and lioness, the viper and the fl>'ing They carry their wealth upon the backs of young asses, and upon the humps of camels their treasures, 7^ To a people that can profit no one,* whose help is ^but* 20 vapor and emptiness.'^' 11. 3wpen6tng (Ruin of t{>i ^tatt. (703 B.C.) NOW go in, write it That it mav serve it down,' and on a scroll inscribe it, /e in days to come las a testimon\-: for 25 9 For it is a rebellious people, lying sons, [e\er. Sons who will not hear the direction of Jhvh ; 10 W' ho say to the seers : See not ! and to the prophets : Prophesy not to us true things! Speak to us smooth things, prophesy delusions ! 3° 30,3 "of Pharaoh "in the shadow of Egypt 5 'and no profit 7 ''Egypt 'therefore do I name her -Egypt*, Rahab the quelled «nionster» * 8 ' on a tablet in their company 33 — »-l«g^Si- 1 380'o5 -^SH^^** — 30,11-20 30,11 Turn from the way, go aside from the path, Trouble us no more with Israel's Holy One! 12 Thus, therefore, says Israel's Holy One : Because ye reject this 13 Word, and trust in <wile> and policy, and rely thereon, therefore this guilty act shall be to \"ou like a bulge caused by a breach in a 5 lofty wall ready to fall ♦at an instant*, and to which breaking comes 14 suddenly, full suddenly. Yea, it breaks, as one dashes an earthen pitcher to pieces, shattering it ruthlessly, so that, among its shattered pieces, not a sherd is found wherewith to take up fire from the 15 hearth, or to draw water from the cistern. For thus had the Lord 10 Jhvh, Israel's Holy One, said : By turning and remaining quiet ye would have been delivered, In quietness and *pious+ trust ye would have found your *truet strength ; 16 But ye refused, and said : 15 "No, but on horses will we fly." Therefore shall ye flee! "And on that which runs swift will we ride." Therefore shall your pursuers be swift ! 17 °Ye shall flee at a war-cry of five, till your remnant is become Like a pole on the top of a mountain, and like a signal on a 20 hill. 12. I^appj Coneequencea of '^evAcVe (Regeneration.^^ (Post-E.xilic) iS Therefore Jhvh longs to be gracious to you, 25 Therefore He lifts Himself up to show mercy to you ; For Jhvh is a God of justice; Happy are all who long for Him ! 19 For, O ye people in Zion, twho dwelb in Jerusalem, ye shall weep no more; 30 He will be gracious to you at the tfirst* sound of your crying; so that when He has heard it, He has ^already answered you. 20 And though the Lord give thee ♦O Israel* bread in short measure and water in scant allowance, Yet will not th)- Teacher^' any more withdraw Himself, 35 But thine eyes will constantly see thy Teacher, ■fms^^^ 30, 17a "each thousand at the war-cn' of one 30.21-30 — *-*«?«s:<:- 1 3oaia6 -sB^fsa*-* — 34 30,21 Thine ears will hear the call behind thee, [walk ye in it! When ye swerve to the right or to the left : This is the way ! 22 Then wilt thou defile thy car\-ed statues overlaid with silver, And thy molten images covered with gold ; Ye will scatter them as a thing that is loathsome ; Begone ! 5 wilt thou sa\- to them.^° 23 And He will give rain for thy seed, wherewith thou sowest the ground. And thy wheat, the produce of thy ground, will be rich and nourishing. 10 In that day, thy cattle will feed in a broad pasture; 24 And the oxen and the young asses that till the ground — Salted provender will they eat, which has been winnowed with 25 And there will be on every lofty mountain, [shovel and fork. And on every high hill, streams running with water, 15 In the day of the great slaughter, 3^ when the towers 3' fall. 26 And the light of the moon will be as the light of the sun, And the light of the sun will be sevenfold," In the day that Jhvh binds up the fracture of His people, And heals the bruise with which they have been wounded. 20 13. ^6« ^orb'o £om6af mtfi dRoepm." (Post-Exilic) 27 TOEHOLD, the Name of Jiivh3+ comes from far <with -L) burning anger and heavy, rising clouds, With lips full of rage, and a tongue like de\-ouring fire, 25 2.8 And breath like an overflowing torrent, which reaches to a man's neck), 35 To toss nations with the fan of destruction, while between the jaws of peoples is a bridle that leads astray. 29 From you ♦meantime* a song will rise, as at night when a feast 30 is opened, 3^ And joy of heart, like his who sets forth to the flute to go to the mountain of Jhvh, to the Rock of Israel. 30 And Jhvh will cause the crash of His voice to be heard, antl the descent of His arm to be seen, 55 30,26 "as the light of seven days 35 — ix^-B^esBs- 1 38iito§ «a»e(3*.<— 30,31-31,4 30 In furious anger and the flame of devouring fire, storm and rain, and hail-stones. 31 Assur will be terror-stricken at the voice of Jhvh, who csmites^ 32 with the rod). Wherever the appointed staff passes, which JiivH causes to light upon him, it will be to the sound of timbrels and 5 lutes ; and with onsets of vehement smiting will he assail them.^' [wide ; 33 A pyre has been made ready beforehand," made deep and The pile thereof is kindled wood in abundance; Jhvh's breath, _ like a stream of brimstone, fires it.3^ 10 14. Z^i. Sgjpttan JRfftance. Fourth Fragment (702 b. c. ). 3i,i"\^7'OE unto those who go down to Egypt for help, V V And who rely on horses, and [] on chariots because they are many, 15 And t[who trustjj in horsemen because they are in great number, But look not to Israel's Holy One, nor consult Jhvh ! 2 But He also is wise, and brings evil to pass, and His words He has not recalled, 20 He will arise against the house of evil-doers, and against the help of the workers of wickedness. 3 Yea, the Egyptians are men and not God; their horses are flesh and not spirit; Jhvh will stretch out His hand, so that the helper stumbles, 25 and he falls who is helped. 3? They all shall come to an end together. 15. Z^t Bovi'a (protection of Jcrueafem. A Fragment (702 b. c). 4 ' I ^HUS has Jhvh said to me: 30 A As a lion, or as a young lion, growls over his prey. When against him the band of shepherds is summoned. But at their shouting is not dismayed, and at their noise not daunted, 30,33 "Is this also prepared for the ' King?' 31,5-32.6 — >+!*;;'.•> 1 3'">'l5 -SSafc-^H^ 36 31 SO will Jin'H Sah.ioth come down to figlit against Mount Zion and against thi.- liiU tliL-rcof. 5 Like fluttering birds, so will Jhvh Sabaoth shelter Jerusalem, Sheltering and delivering, sparing and rescuing *her«. 6 Return ye to Him, against whom they went deep in trans- 5 7 gression, ye Sons of Israel. For in that day they will reject every one his idols of silver and his idols of gold, which <their> own iguilty hands have made tfor thenu. ************* 8 Assur will fall by the sword of no mortal, 10 The sword of no earth-born man will devour him : He will betake himself to flight from the sword, and his young warriors will be put to task-work ; 9 His rock will pass by through terror, and his captains flee affrighted from the <refuge>; 15 Says Jhvh, who has a fire in Zion and a furnace in Jerusalem. t" Appendix i. 16. (piceotanic jElge ©eecriBcb.^' (Post-Exilic) 32,1 T3KHOLD, a king will reign righteously, 20 XJ And princes rule justly. 2 Each tof them* will be like a hiding-place from the wind, +Like' a covert from the rain-.storm * *, Like water-courses in a parched land, Like the shadow of a high rock in a thirsty land. 25 3 The eyes of those who see will not be closed, The ears of those who hear will hearken ; 4 The mind of the rash will judge correctly, The tongue of stammerers will hasten to speak distinctly. 5 No more will the fool be called noble, 30 Nor the knave any more be named gentle*^ 6 For the fool speaks foil)-, : And his heart <meditates> wickedness, Practicing impiety, And uttering error concerning Jhvh, 35 Leaving the hungry unsatisfied, And unto the thirsty refusing drink. 37 ^-»*^^iSs- 1 36aio6 •^SM^<3*^— 32,7-i6 33,7 And the knave — his knaveries are evil, Such a one devises tricks To ruin the humble with lying words, Even when the plea of the poor is right; 8 But the noble devises noble things, And in noble things will he persist. Appendix 2. 17. (SJarmng to t^i fine Baike of ^erueafetn.^ (Post-E.\ilic) 9 "\ /"E women who are at ease! arise and hear my voice! lo X Ye self-flattering daughters ! give ear to my speech ! lo *Add* some days to a year,*'* and ye will shudder, ye self- flatterers. For the vintage will fail, the gathering of fruit will not come. I r Tremble, ye who are at ease! shudder, ye self-flatterers! 15 Strip you ! make you bare ! and about the loins gird ♦sack- 12 They smite upon the breast [cloth*! For the pleasant fields, for the fruitful vine! 13 Over the land of my people thorns and briars shoot up, Yea, on all houses of mirth in the joyous town. 20 14 For the palaces are forsaken, the city with its stir is desolate, Ophelts and the watch-tower serve as caves for ever,** The joy of wild asses, the pasture of flocks. Appendlx 3. 18. (Rcgcnctrafton of !}6vatt'*^ 25 (Post-Exilic) 15 ***** "there will be poured out A spirit upon us from the ^heavenly* height. And the wild pasture-land will become a land of gardens, And the land of fruitful trees will be accounted a forest;''^ 30 16 Justice will inhabit the wild pasture-land, And righteousness dwell in the land of gardens, 32, 15 'until 'there be* 32 . 17-33 . S^" — i>*egessi- 1 'ieaiai -s:--*>fes4.^— 38 32,17 And tlie fruit of rigliteousness will be peace, And assurance for ever the produce of" cjustice ;** 18 Yea, my people will inhabit the mansion of peace, Sure dwellings +and* easeful resting-places.' 20 Happy are ye who sow beside all waters, Who check not the feet of the ox and the ass!'»s Appendix 4. 19. (pva^iv of ©pprC66Cb ^0vad.^° (Post-Exilic) 33.iAXrOE! Thou spoiler — }-et never despoiled, 10 V V Thou robber, whom none has robbed ! When thou hast ceased to spoil, thou wilt be despoiled ; When thou hast cmade an end of robbing, thou wilt be robbed. 2 Jnvii ! be gracious to us; for Thee we wait. *«**■)«■*******#* 15 Be Thou -our-- arm every morning. Our deliverance in time of distress. 3 At the sound of a tumult peoples flee. At the uplifting of thyself nations are scattered; 4 <) Booty is gathered up as by +swarming* locusts, 20 Ravenously as grasshoppers +the foe* rushes upon it. 5 In\'ioIable is Jhvh, for He dwells on high, He has filled Zion with justice and righteousness.'' 6 With a wealth of deli\'erance, with wisdom and knowledge ; The fear of Jhvh — that is its treasure. 25 7 Behold, ttlie Arielsi cry without, 5' The ambassadors of peace weep bitter!)- ; 32,17 "righteousness *and * 19 'and it will hail, when the forest comes down, and the city will be low in lowliness * 33 , 6 " steadfast fortunes shalt thou have. Sa ' the highways are desolate ; the wayfaring man ceases 33,s''He has broken the covenant, despises cities, Of men makes no account. 9 The eartii mourns, it languishes, Lebanon is shamed, it is dried up; Sharon has become Hke the Arabah,^^ 5 Bashan and Carmel'- shake off *their leaves*. 10 Now will I arise, says Jhvh, Now will I exalt, now uplift, myself 11 Ye conceive hay, ye will bring forth stubble, Your own +angr>^* breath is a fire which will devour you; lo 12 Nations will become ^as if* burned to lime. Like thorns cut off, which are kindled with fire. 13 The far-off <hear> what I have done. And the near <acknowledge> ni)- heroic might. 14 Terror-stricken in Zion are the sinners, 15 Shuddering seizes the impious ; Who can sojourn, ♦they think*, with devouring fire? Who can sojourn with burnings everlasting? 53 15 He who walks in righteousness, and speaks uprightness, — ' 16 He will abide on ♦impregnable* heights ; 20 Fastnesses of rocks will be his stronghold. His bread is supplied, his waters never drj' up. 17 The king in his beauty will thine eyes behold, s-* They will see a land stretching afar;55 iS Thy mind will +thus* muse on the terror *that is past* : 25 Where is he who counted?" where is he who weighed? Where is []****«? 19 The insolent people wilt thou see no more. The people of obscure, unintelligible speech, Gibbering in a meaningless tongue. ,0 «3gSK=#«- 33^I5 "he who rejects the gain of oppressions, whose hand refuses to hold a bribe, who stops his ears from hearing of bloodshed, and wiio closes his eyes from looking on evil. * 18 * '[he who counted the towers]- 33.20-22,18 ^^-i^e£5*- 1 38<ita8 •«*3#M»« — 40 33,20 "Thine eyes will see Jerusalem As an easeful mansion, a tent never removed. Whose pegs are never drawn out, And whereof no cord ever breaks ; 21 There have we dhe river of JfiVH 5 In place of broad ^encompassing- streams j^* Thereon no fleet with oars can sail. Nor can stately ships traverse it. 22 Jhvh is our Judge! Jhvh is our Marshal ! 10 Jhvh is our King! He will deliver us I 23'' ''Then will spoil in abundance be divided,^' ♦ Even* the lame will seize on a prey. 24 Then will no inhabitant saj' : I am sick f^ [forgiven. 15 • For* the people who dwell therein have had their iniquity Prophecv 14. <S (ISifp (pofiftctan ©cnounccft. (704-701 B. c. Edited late) 22, IS*" Against Shebna," the Governor of the Palace. 20 15" ' 1 ^HUS says the Lord, Jhvh Sabaoth : Go in to this prefect, 16 A 'and say* : What tright* hast thou here, and what *kin* hast thou here, that thou hast hewed thyself out a sepulchre here ? thou that hewest out thy sepulchre on high, cutting thyself out in 17 the rock a habitation ! Behold, Jhvh will hurl, will hurl thee, lO 25 18 mighty mani, and . . . ; He will roll, will roll thee together, •and toss thee* like a ball into a wide-stretching land ; thither shalt thou 33,20 " behold Zion, city of our festival assembly! * 23a * thy tackliiigs hang loose ; they do not keep firm the stand of their mast, nor keep the sail spread out 41 -^>*e|M*- 1 3bi'*^ -^S*^***^ 33,19-18,2 22 go to die, and thither will go thy splendid chariots, thou disgrace of the house of thy lord ! ' First Addition. 19 And I will thrust thee from thy post, and from thy station 20 will <I. pull thee down. Moreover, in that day, I will call my 5 21 servant Eliakim ben-Hilkiah, and I will clothe him with thy robe, and thy sash will I bind about him, and thy authority will I give into his hand, that he may be a father to the inhabitants of 22 Jerusalem and to the House of Judah ; and I will lay the ke)' of the House of David upon his shoulder,- so that when he opens, 10 23 none shall shut, and when he shuts, none shall open. I will drive him in like a nail +fastened+ in a firm place, and he will be a throne of honor to his family. Second Addition. 24 The whole mass of his family will hang upon him, those of 15 high and those of low degree, +aye,t all vessels of the inferior class, 25 be they bowls or be they pitchers. In that day, says Jhvh Sabaoth, the nail that is struck into a firm place will give way; it will be cut down and fall, and the burden *hung* upon it will come to ruin. Jhvh has spoken ! 20 "■:A Prophecy 15. ®C0(ruc(iott of tU (Seegrian ilrm^. An Address to Ethiopia ' (702 B.C.). H, land of the shrill buzzing of +insects'+ wings, ^'' Which sends ambassadors on the sea, and in skiffs of 25 reed on the face of the water! 3 Depart, ye fleet messengers, to a nation tall and of polished skin. To a people dreaded far and wide, a nation of sinewy strength, Whose land rivers cut through. [and victorious, 30 18 , I ' which is beyond the rivers of Cush l8,3-I,2 — »*«JeS3fs- 1 3''aia6 -«S59|s** — 42 18,3 All ye inhabitants of the world and dwellers on the earth, When a signal is raised on the mountains, behold ! when a horn is sounded, hearken !■* 4 Thus has Jh\"h said to me: I will liold mi.' still, and look on in my place, 5 ♦As stilK as the clear heat in sunshine, as the dew}- mist in the heat of the harvest. 5 For before the har\'est, when the blossom is over, and the berry becomes a ripening grape, He will lop the branches with pruning-kniv-es, and cut off 10 and cast away the tendrils. 6 They will be left together to the ravenous birds of the mountains, and to the beasts of the land. Thereon the ravenous birds will summer, thereon all the beasts of the land will winter. 15 (Post-Exilic) 7 AT that time will a gift be brought = to Jhvh Sabaoth <from> IX. a people tall and of polished skin, from a people dreaded far and wide, a nation of sinewy strength and victorious, whose land 20 rivers cut through, to the place of the Name of Jhvh Sabaoth, Mount Zion. Prophecy i6. (preaching of (Kcpcnfancc during ^cnnac^criB'© jfnt^aeion. Before the Siege of Jerusalem (701 B.C.)- 25 1,1 "\ VISION' of Isaiah ben-Amoz, w^iich he saw concerning Judah V and Jerusalem in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. 2 Hear, O lieavens, and give ear, O earth, for Jn\'H speaks: Sons have I reared and set on high, and they have rebelled 30 against mc. 1,3 The ox knows its owner, and the ass its master's crib; Israel has no knowledge, my people no discernment ! 4 Ah! sinful nation, guilt-laden people, Race of evil-doers, degenerate children ! [back in estrangement. They have forsaken Jhvh, spurned Israel's Holy One, gone 5 [and more? 5 On what *part* can ye still be smitten,^ seeing ye revolt more The whole head is sick, and the whole heart faint. 6 From the sole of the foot to the head there is no sound part; ^Nothing but* wounds, and bruises, and fresh stripes! [with oil. lo ♦Which* have been neither pressed, nor bound up, nor softened 7 Your land is a desolation, 3 your cities are burned with fire, Your tilled land — strangers devour it before your face." S Zion* is left like a booth in a vineyard. Like a lodge in a field of cucumbers, s Hke a besieged city. 15 9 Except Jhvh Sabaoth had left to us a remnant n , ♦Almost* had we been as Sodom, we had been like Gomorrah.* 10 Hear Jhvh's word, ye chieftains of Sodom ;7 Give ear to our God's instruction,* ye people of Gomorrah ! 11 What care I for the great number of your sacrifices?* says Jhvh ; 20 I am sated with burnt-offerings of rams, and fat of fed beasts, And in the blood of bullocks, and lambs, and he-goats I have no delight' 12 When ye come do see my facei'° — who has required this at your hand? 25 13 No more may ye trample my courts, tnor* bring *me* oblations; Vain the sweet vapor ♦of sacrifice*, it is an abomination unto me; New moon and sabbath, calling of assemblies, — I cannot * * * ; <fast> and solemn meeting." 14 Your new moons and your set days my soul hates ; 30 They are an encumbrance to me ; I am tired of bearing it. 15 If ye spread forth your hands, I will hide mine eyes from }'OU ; Even if ye make manj' prayers, I will not hear; your hands are stained with blood. 35 16 Wash you, make you clean, let me see the evil of your doinsfs no more." 1,7" and it is a desolation, like the ruined land of <Sodom-- * 173 * Cease to do evil, learn to do well! I, i7''-28 — «*e!j«aift 3 8 ai a 6 •«?*!&«•* — 44 1,17^ Seek out justice, cchastise> the \iolent, Riijht the orphan, plead for the widow. '^ iS Come now, and let us argue together, '3 says Jhvh ; If \'our sins be scarlet, they may become white as snow; Be they red as crimson, they may become as wool.'-' 5 19 If \-e be willing and obedient, the good of the land shall ye eat, 20 But if ye refuse and resist, by the sword be ye eaten ! The mouth of Jhvh has spoken it ! 21 O how is she become a harlot, '^ the faithful city, <Zion- which was full of justice, where righteousness abode!" 10 22 Thy silver is changed to dross, thy wine is a ithick juicei." 2;, Thy rulers are unruly'* and companions of thieves ; Every one loves bribes, and is running after fees ; The cause of the widow comes not near them, the orphan they right not. 15 24 Therefore *this is* the oracle '^ of the Lord,' the Hero of Israel : Aha ! I will vent my displeasure on mine adversaries, and take vengeance on mine enemies ; 25 I will turn my hand against thee, and will smelt out <in the 20 I will remove all thine alloy; [furnace^ thy dross, 26 I will bring back thy judges as at the first, and thy counselors as at the beginning; Tliereafter thou wilt be called Citadel of Righteousness, Faithful City. 25 (|)06f-6xtftc dR^jpcnitx. 27 ''^lON will be set free through judgment, and those in her /-^ who have turned 'from evil* through righteousness; 2S But »there will be* a destruction of apostates and sinners together. Those who forsake Jhvh will perish. '^ 30 1,21 "and now •full of* murderers * 22 * •weakened- with water 24 '■Jhvh Sabaoth 45 — »*e«^Si- 1 38«»«5 ■*^«^«-= — 22,1-iia Prophecy 17. (701 li. c.) Oracle on the Valley of Vis ion. 3 22, 1 "\ 11 THAT ails thee, then, that all thy people have gone up 5 V V to the housetops. Thou who art full of uproar, tumultuous city, joyous town? 2 Thy slain are not slain with the sword, nor fallen in battle. 3 All thy chieftains fled together, swithout -the shooting of+ a bow they were made prisoners ; 10 All thine who were seized were together made prisoners!, ♦thought they had fled far away.= 4 Therefore I say; Look away from me, let me weep bitterly! Press not to comfort me for the destruction of my people ! 5 For a day of tumult, and of trampling, and of confusion has 15 ♦in store* the Lord Jhvh Sabaoth : In the valley of vision 3 ithey break down the wall, and the crying tsounds*' to the mountain. tThey come from far — a great nation from the ends of the ************** fearth);'' 20 ************** ************** 6 And Elam took up the quiver, on chariots with horses," And Kir 5 uncovered the shield * * * 7 * * * *" thy fairest \-ales were full of chariots, 25 And the horsemen set themselves in array against the gate, 8 * * and tthe enemy- drew aside the screen of Judah.'' Then cye> looked '' to the armor in the House of the Forest,' 9^* And ye saw that the breaches in David's cit)- were many;" 22,6 "with •troops of* men, •horsemen*, * 7 *and it came to pass •that when* * 8 'in that day * gb.io 'and ye collected the water of the lower pool, and the houses of Jerusalem iia ye counted, and ye broke down the houses to fortify the wall, and ye made a reservoir between the two walls for the water of the old pool 22, iiIj -14 — s^^emsn' I 3«'*»*§ ■ 46 22,11'' But yc looked not to Him who prepared all this, And Him who fashioned it long ago ye did ndt regard. 12 And the Lord, Jhvh Sabaoth, called" [with sackcloth;^ To weeping and to lamentation, to baldness and to girding 13 But behold, joy and gladness, killing of oxen and slaught- 5 Eating flesh and drinking wine — [<-'ring of sheep, Eating and drinking ; for *ye thought* : To-morrow we may die, 14 But Jhvh Sabaoth has revealed Himself in mine ears, Never can this your iniquity be canceled till ye die!* 22 , 12 'in that day 14^ says the Lord, Jhvh Sabaoth 2» ()f[att<xtmB fo un^eb on t^t ilc^a of 3^^ta^ Including Prophecies and Songs of Disputed Origin ( Post-Deuteronomic )' 36, 1 First Narrative. ND it came to pass' cat that timej^ that Senna- cherib, kins.;" of Assyria, went up aL,'^ainst all the j^V fenced cities of Judah, and took them. And the 5 ^'SM* king of As.syria sent the Rab-shakeh from Lachish ^ to Jerusalem to king Hezekiah with a great force; and he took up his position near the conduit of H' ^^ ^ ^^^ upper pool, on the highway of the Fuller's 3 'f' 'i' °f° Field. And there went out to him Eliakim ben- 10 •?• Hilkiah, who was over the palace, and Shebna, the 4 Secretary, 3 and Joah ben-Asaph, the Recorder. And the Rab-shakeh said to them : Say, I pray, to Hezekiah : Thus says the great king, the king of Assyria : What is this confidence which thou dost 5 cherish? Thinkest thou that a mere word of the lips is counsel 15 and strength for war? Now in whom dost thou confide that thou 6 rebellest against me? Surely, thou confidest in the staff of that splintered reed, Egypt, which, if a man lean thereon, will run into his hand, and pierce it. Such is Pharaoh, king of Egypt, to all S who confide in him.*" And now, lay a wager, I pray, with my 20 36, I "in the fourteenth year of king Hezekiah * 7 *And if 'ye say to me: We confide in Jhvh, our God, is not that He whose high places and whose altars Hezekiah has taken away, and has said to Judah and to Jerusalem: Ye shall worship before the altar here? 36,9^22 — •*e#e@Si- 2 38aiaB 36 lord, the king:" I will give thee two thousand horses, if thou 9 canst furnish for thyself riders on them. How then canst thou repel the onset of one of the least servants" of my lord? And yet thou puttest thy trust in Egypt for chariots and for horsemen ! 10 And now, have I come up without Jhvh against this land to 5 destroy it? Jhvh ^Himself- said to me : Go up agiiinst yonder land, and destroy it.' 11 Then Eliakim, and Shebna, and Joah said to the Rab-shakeh: Speak, we pray, to thy servants in Aramaic; we understand it ; but speak not to us in Hebrew,'' in the presence of the 10 12 people who are on the wall. And the Rab-shakeh said : Is it to th)- lord and to thee that my lord has sent me to speak these words ? is it not to the men who arc upon the wall, tand who will be driven* to eat and drink filthy food with 13 you ? And the Rab-shakeh stood forth, and cried with a loud 1,5 14 voice in Hebrew, and said : Hear ye the words of the great king, the king of Assyria. Thus says the king : Let not Heze- 15 kiah deceive you, for he is unable to rescue you, and let not Hezekiah make you trust in Jhvh, saying : Jhvh will surely rescue us; this city will not be given into the hand of the king 20 16 of Assyria. Hearken not to Hezekiah; for thus .says the king:" Make friendship with me, and come out to me, and ye shall, every one, eat of his own vine, and every one of his own fig-tree, and every one shall drink the water of his own cistern, 17 until I come and take you away to a land like your own land, 25 a land of wheat and new wine, a land of bread and vineyards. '' 21 And they kept silence, and answered him not a word, for the 22 king's commandment ran thus : Answer him not. Then came Eliakim ben-Hilkiah, the Governor of the palace, and Shebna, the Secretary, and Joah ben-Asaph, the Recorder, with rent clothes, to 30 Hezekiah, and told him the words of the Rab-shakeh. 36,8. 16 "of Assyria * 9 " 'governors' * 18 'Beware lest Hezekiah entice you, sayina; : Jhvh will rescue us! Did the gods of the nations rescue each one his own land from the hand of the king of 19 Assyria? Where are the gods of Hamath and Arpad? Where are the gods of Sephan,'aim? -And where are the gods of the land of Samaria? Have they 20 indeed- delivered Samaria out of my hand? Which are they among all the gods of these lands which rescued their land out of my hand, that Jhvh should Miow* rescue Jerusalem out of my hand? Ti n M Co Z 0 H W M ;3 "•■ o S o ^ H ^ O •33 49 — ^^^■^Ss- 2 3eata5 ^!Sage3*« — 37,i-io 37 , 1 When King Hezekiah heard it, he rent his clothes, and covered himself with sackcloth, and went into the house of Jiivh. 2 And he sent Eliakim, the Governor of the palace, and Shebna, the Secretary, and the elders of the priests, covered with sackcloth, to 3 the prophet Isaiah ben-Anioz. And they said to him : Thus 5 says Hezekiah : This is a day of trouble, and of punishment, and of rejection, for children are come to the birth, and there 4 is no strength to bring forth. Perhaps Jhvh, thy God, will hear the words of the Rab-shakeh, which the king of Assyria, his lord, has sent through him," and will punish the words which Jii\'h, 10 thy God, has heard ; therefore utter a prayer for the remnant which is left. 5 When the servants of King Hezekiah came to Isaiah, Isaiah said to them : Carry this message to your lord : Thus says Jh\"ii : Be not afraid because of the words which thou hast heard." 15 7 Surely, I will strike him with a groundless fright,* that when he hears a +disquietingt report, he will return to his own land; and I will cause him to fall by the sword in his own land. .s Then the Rab-shakeh returned, and found the king of As.syria 9<still at Lachish>."' And he heard say concerning Tirhakah, king 20 of Ethiopia: He has gone forth to fight against thee; and when 37 he heard it, he moved camp, and departed. So Sennacherib, 3S king of As.syria, returned, and dwelt at Nineveh. And as he was worshiping in the house of . . , his god, his sons Adram- melech and Sharezer slew him with the sword. The}', however, 25 made their escape into the land of Armenia, and his son Esar- haddon became king in his stead. '° i 2. ^ame ^uBjecf. Second Narrative. 9^ A' 10 1\ ND Sennacherib ad\'anced as far as Libnah^,'' and sent 30 messengers to Hezekiah, saj'ing;" * » -s- vt * . Let not thy God in whom thou trustest deceive thee, so that thou 37,4 "to insult the living God * 6 '^with which the minions of the king of Assyria have reviled me * 8 'besieging Libnah, for he had heard that he had moved camp from Lachish * 10 * Deliver this message to Hezekiah, king of Jndah 37.11-36 — »»i«ges»- 2 36a«a9 •«;%>»»«-«— 5° 37 shouldst say: Jerusalem will not be given into the hand of the 1 1 king of Assyria. Behold, thou thyself hast heard what the kings of Assyria have done to all lands, laying them under a ban ; and 12 shalt thou make good thy escape? Did the gods of the nations, destroyed b\- my fathers, rescue those -nations, such as* Gozan, and 5 13 Haran, and Rezeph, and the Edenites in Telassar? Where is the king of Hamath, and the king of Arpad, and the king of the 14 city of Sephar\aim, <> and of iA\'i\ah?" And Hezekiah took the letter out of the hand of the messengers, and read it, and went up into the house of Jhvh. And Hezekiah spread it before Jhvh,'^" 10 15. 16 saying: O Jhvh,* God of Israel, who art enthroned upon the Cherubim, . Thou alone art the *true* God for all kingdoms of the earth ; Thou 17 hast made the heaven and the earth. '3 Incline Thine ear, O Jhvh, and hear; open Thine lexes., O Jhvh, and see; and hear the message iS of Sennacherib, wherewith he would insult the Li\ing God. Of 15 a truth, O Jhvh, the kings of Assyria have laitl under a bam 19 all the.nationsi and their land, and ha\-e put their gods into the fire; for no treal* gods were they, but men's handiwork, wood and' stone ; hence they destroyed them. And now, O Jhvh, our God, deliver us out of his hand, that all the kingdoms of the earth 20 may know that Thou alone, O Jhvh, art God. Then Isaiah ben-Amoz sent to Hezekiah, saying: Thus says Jhvh, the God of Israel: As to that which thou hast pra\-ed to me concerning Sennacherib, king of Assyria, ****** 33 Therefore thus says Jhvh concerning the king of Assyria: 25 He shall not come into this city. Nor shoot an arrow into it. Nor come before it with a shield. Nor cast up a mound against it.' 35 I will guard this city that I ma\' rescue it, j^™^° For my own sake and for my Servant Da\-id's sake. IV 36 Then the angel of Jhvh went out,'* and slew in the camp of the Assyrians a hundred and eight\--five thousand. When ♦the people* arose in the morning, behold, all those were stark dead. 20 21 37,15 "and Hezekiah prayed to Jhvh «Sabaoth * 34 'by the way that he came, by the same shall he return, and into this city he shall not come, says Jhvh 51 — •^e^eas- 2 S^aia? -^S^i^siM-! — 37,22-32 3. ^ong of ©cneton upon ^cnnac6cn6. 37,22 *" I "^HIS is the word tliat Jhvh has spoken against him :'5 L Thee she despises and at thee is mocking — Zion, the \irgin! Behind thee her head she is wagging — the maiden, Jerusalem ! 23 Whom hast thou reviled and insulted ? against whom uplifted 5 the voice ? Yea, thine eyes to the heavens hast thou raised against Israel's Holy One. 24 By thy minions hast thou insulted the Lord; thou hast said: With my chariots ascend I the highest mountains, the recesses 10 of Lebanon, Its tallest of cedars I fell, and its choicest of pine-trees, And press on to its last "halting-placen, where its rich woods are thickest, 25tWells, too, in the wastest do I dig, and I drink iforeigni waters, 15 I dry up with the sole of my foot all canals of Egypt. 26 Hast thou not heard ? Long ago +all this* I prepared, I planned it of old ; at last I have brought it to pass ; Hence thy task : to lay low fenced cities in desolate heaps. 27 Their inhabitants, paralyzed all, were dismayed, put to shame, 20 ♦ Like+ grass, tender grass, they became, *like* blades on the housetops and hills. aScThou art full in my view> rising up, sitting down, going out, coming in ; Thy raging and cuproan against me have come to my ears. 25 29 So I put my ring through thy nose, and between thy lips my bridle, And by the way thou art come, ♦by that* do I make thee return. 30 And let this be the sign to thee : Ye eat this year that 30 which grows of itself,"' and the second year that which springs from the roots, and the third year ye will sow and reap, and 31 plant vineyards, and eat the fruit thereof And those of the House of Judah who have escaped and are left shall again take 32 root downward, and bear fruit upward ; for out of Jerusalem shall 35 go forth a remnant, and those who have escaped out of Mount Zion. The zeal of Jhvh ° will perform this. 37,32 "Sabaoth 38,1-12 -^-*e*«S»- 2 3oaia^ -sSiiCis-*-^ 52 4. Ipc^efttaB'e 3fft»i6e (^ni (Ricovir^.'' (By the Author of tht- pre. ^Ini. s,r,,n,| X.uiMlixx- ■") 38 , 1 T N those days Hezekiah was seized witli a mortal sickness. And 1 the prophet Isaiah ben-Amoz came to him, and said to liim : Give »th)- last* charge to thy house, for thou wilt die and not 5 2 recover. Then Hezekiah turned his face to the wall, and pra>-ed to 3 Jhvh, and said: Ah, Jhvh ! bethink Thee now, how I have walked before Thee faithfully, and with undivided heart, and have done what 4 is good in Thine eyes. And Hezekiah wept aloud. And the word 5 of Jhvh came to Isaiah: Go, and say to Hezekiah: Thus says Jhvh, 10 the God of thy father David : I have heard th)' prayer, I have seen thy tears ; behold, I will add to thy da\-s fifteen >-ears.'^ 6 And from the grasp of the king of Assyria will I resctie thee 7 and this cit)-, and I will shield this city.'y And let this be the sign to thee from Jhvh, that Jhvh will perform this thing which 15 S He has promised: Behold, I will cause the- shadow to go back as many steps as 'the> sun has gone down on the step-clock of Ahaz.^"* So on the step-clock the sun went back »the* ten steps which it had gone down. A cMI l\ .sic 5. ^eafm of ^Oonftegiftng.^' ( Certainly post-E.xilic 1 KTAM of Hezekiah, king of Judah, when he had been sick, and was recovered from his sickness : 10 I thought, I must go ♦hence* in the noontide of my days. Within Sheol's gates am I held for the rest of my years. 25 11 I thought, I shall no more see Jah in the land of the lixing, Not a man shall I behold any more with tlwellers in the tworldj. 12 My abode is plucked up and uncovered from me like the tent of a shepherd ;=' 30 ■»esS^«S<- 38,21 •'.'Vnd Isaiah said: Let them fetch a cake of figs, and press it as a poultice on 22 the boil, that he may recover. And Hezekiah said: What is the sign that I shall go up to Jhvh's house? * 8 "ten steps / -^ V S4fv 53 -^*e;t^S5- 2 3«*'<»§ -^SS^sM-^ 38,13-20 38 I have rolled up, like a wea\-er. my life ; from the loom He severs me.^^ 13 Night and day Thou givest me up *to my pains+; I cry even till morning; Like a lion — so does +my torturing pain+ break all my bones." 5 14 Like a swift, "^ so do I scream ;=■* I mourn like a dove; Mine eyes <Iook tearfully^ heavenward: Jhvh, ibe carefuh for me, be Thou my surety ! 15 What shall I say, and twhat* tobjecti against Him, when He Himself has done it ? 10 because of the bitterness of my soul. 16 O Lord, cDo thou refresh; my spirit, and make me sound, and revive *******x***** [me 1 *********** X * 15 17 Behold for +my* welfare came bitterness to me.^s ^ ^ ^ . ****************** But Thou hast cwithheldj me from the cbottomlessj pit of<ruin>,=* Yea, Thou hast cast all my sins behind Thy back. 18 For Sheol does not thank Thee, nor does Death praise Thee,^^ 20 Those who have gone down to the pit hope not for Thy floving-kindness> . The Ii\'ing, the li\ing, he praises Thee, as I do this day, A father to sons makes known Thy faithfulness.^* Liturgical Appendix.'? 25 20 cBe Thou pleased), O Jhvh, to deliver me; And we will play on ctho stringed instruments xA.U the days of our life before Jhvh's house. 38, 13 "night and day Thou givest me up * 14 "'or* a crane 39. I -S ^^^js^tglii. 2 3cai'>B ->S»?<sM.«— 54 6. 6in6ae6ji of Q1lcro5ac6 QBafaSan.^" I I>y saiiu- author as 2 and 4 < 39.1 AT that time tlic king of Bab)-lon, Mcrodach Baladan ben- l\. Baladan, sent cchamberlains: and presents to Hezekiah, for 2 he had" heard that he had been sick, and had reco\-ered. And 5 Hezekiah had pleasure at this, and showed them his treasure-house, the silver, and the gold, and the spices, and the fine oil, and the whole of his armory, and all that was found in his stores ; there was nothing in his house, and in all his dominion, that Hezekiah 3 did not show them. Then came the prophet Isaiah to King 10 Hezekiah, and said to him : What have these men said, and \vhence come they to thee ? And Hezekiah said : From a far 4 country are they come to me, from Babylon. And he said : What ha\ c they seen in thy house ? And Hezekiah said : All that is in my house the)- have seen ; there is nothing in m\- stores which 15 5 I did not show them. Then Isaiah said to Hezekiah : Hear the 6 word of Jhvh !" Behold, the days come when all that is in thy house, and that which th}' fathers have stored up until this day, 7 will be carried to Babylon ;3' nothing will be left, saj's Jhvh. And of thy sons wdio will issue from thee" some will be taken as 20 .s chamberlains in the palace of the king of Bab\-lon. And Hezekiah said to Isaiah : Good is the word of Jin'u which thou hast spoken. P'or jjeace and stability, he thought, will be 'at least* in my days. 39,6° Sabaoth 7 " whom thou wilt beget Whereof each now contains an Isaianic Fragment 15. 1 Prophecy i. faff of (moaV (722. or 1589- B. C; Isaiah's portion 711 B. C; the whole edited late) Oracle on Moab. AIL YE,* because in the night Ar-Moab was 5 stormed, destroyed ! Because in the night Kir-Moab was stormed, de- stroyed ! - <Dibon's people go up^ to the sanctuaries to weep, 3 On Nebo and on Medeba Moab wails, 10 On all heads baldness, every beard shorn. '9' In Moab's streets they gird themselves with sack- cloth, on her roofs cis lamentation^. In her market-places all Moab wails, weeping sbitterly?. [heard. 4 Heshbon and Elealeh cry out, even as far as Jahaz the sound is 15 Therefore the +very* iloinsi of Moab complain, her inmost soul quails. ^ 5 My heart cries out for Moab,^ * * * Whose fugitives * * * * as far as Zoar;° 15,5 "'to* the -third Eglathi i5.6-i6,H — »*^*sai- 3 3eata^ -jgS^isM^— 56 15 For the ascent of Luhitli, in tears do they ascend it, In the way to Horonaini a cry of ruin do they ishouti. 6 For the waters of Nimrim become waste places,'^ [none. Withered is the grass, gone is the herbage, \erdure there is 7 Therefore the abundance which tiiey have gotten, and their 5 0\er the torrent of the ;willowsi do they carry it, [store, 8 Because the cry has gone round the border of Moab; [waiHng; Even to Eglaim »resounds* its wailing, and to Beer-Elim its 9 Because the waters of Dimon are become full of blood. For I destine fresh +woest for Dimon, [land ***».' 10 For the escaped of Moab lions, and for the remnant of the i6,i Send ye the cpresentS) for the ruler of the land; *send them* b\- the way of the rocky country through the wilderness, to the moun- 2 tain of Zion.^ Then will be seen at the fords of Arnon, like fluttering birds, scattered nestlings, the communities of Moab. 15 3 Apply counsel, act an umpire's part,^ At highest noon make thy shadow like the night. Shelter the outcasts, betray not the fugitive! 4 Let ithe outcasts of Moab sojourn with thee ; be to them a shelter from the destroyer -, for the cviolenb are no more,'° spoilers 20 are disappeared, they who trampled down are perished from the land ; 5 The throne is established by kindness, There sits upon it in faithfulness in David's tent [justice. A judge who is both zealous for judgment and skilled in 25 6 We have heard of the pride of Moab, the \-er\' ]3roud ; of her pride, and her haughtiness, and her insolence, and of her baseless pratings." 7 Therefore Moab wails for Moab, she wails in all her borders ; For the raisin-cakes"'' of Kir-Hareseth ttheyj moan, utterh- 30 crushed. S Withered are the tvine-blossoms- of Heshbon «and- the \ines of Sibmah, Whose choice grapes smote down the lords of nations, '^ Which reached as far as Jazer, which straj'ed 'CX-en* into the 35 desert,''' Whose shoots spread abroad, ♦and. passed over the Sea.'s To face p.s6 STOXE OF MESHA (Seep.}6S, 1. 30; p,i6g, 1. 3; ^,213, Xo.r) 57 — •*e|^*- 3 38a«a§ -«^^4-< — 16,9-21,12 16,9 Therefore do I join in Jazer's weeping for the vine of Sibmah; I water thee with m\- tears, O Heshbon and Elealeh, [fallen, "" For upon thy fruitage and upon thy vintage is a war-cry 10 Vanished are joy and gladness from the land of gardens. In the vineyards there is no singing, no shouting; [stilled. 5 None treads out wine in the presses; the cry of the vintage is iisTherefore my inmost parts wail like a lute for Moab, And all that is within me for Kir-Hareseth:. 12 And it shall come to pass, that when Moab wearies herself" 10 on the high place, and comes to her sanctuary to pray, and prevails not, <then shall Moab be ashamed of Chemosh in whom she trusted^/' 13 Such is the word which Jhvh spoke concerning Moab afore- 14 time. But now Jhvh speaks thus : In three years, exactly 15 measured, shall Moab's glory^ become contemptible, despite all that great tumult, and the remnant shall be very small *and* without strength.'* Prophecy 2. ^ragm<^n(0 on t^c ®oom of (Biom anb Ivedar. (.5S9. ; VV. 15- 17:. 711. B. C.)' Oracle on <Edom> of Seir there comes a voice to me: /atchman, how late is the hour of the night? W'atch- 12 The watchman answers: [man, how late is the hour? 25 SI, II /^UT \y \Va The morning comes, and also the nieht : '& Would ye inquire, inquire; come ye again.' 16, 12 "appears 21, 13-1/ — 5~H^«@Ss- 3 38aia5 •*?*«< — 58 Oracle ''In Arabia." 31,13 In the thickets of +the wilderness- must ye lodge <at eventide>, ye caravans of Dedanites Is 14 Bring ye water to meet the thirsty, Ye dwellers in the land of Tema,* <offer> bread to the fugitive. 5 15 For before the swords are they fled, before the t\vhetted> And before the bent bow, and before the press of war. [sw^ord, 16 For thus has the Lord said to me : In a year more, exactly 17 measured, all the glory of Kedar will be over, and the number that is left of the warlike archers of the Kedarenes' will become 10 small. Jhvh, Israel's God, has spoken it. 4. {pvop^mtB on t^t 5^£f of (§(X^^2on By Unknown Writers at the Close of the Exile ai,i Prophecy i. (B. c. 55t>-545) Oracle on" cChaldea^. IKE the rush of storms in the Southland 5 It comes from the desert, from a terrible land.^ To me is announced a direful vision : [dexastates ; The robber ♦still* robs, and the devastator +stilh Go up, O Elam ! Besiege, O Media ! All sighing +of captives* I ^vill hush for ever. 10 Therefore are my loins full of anguish ; Pangs have seized me like ♦the pangs of* a woman in travail : f ft ■ ' I writhe, so that I cannot hear; I am troubled, so that I cannot 4 My mind is bewildered; a horrible dread has dismayed me; [see. 15 Eventide that I long for is turned for me into trembling. 5 They prepare the table ; they spread the carpets ;" Arise, ye princes, make the shield ready with oil ! ^ 6 For thus has the Lord said to me : Go, station a watcher ; what he sees he shall announce. 20 ^ <^ ai , I " the wilderness of the sea 5 '^they eat, the}' drink 21,7 13. f> — »*is*ssffiit- 4 38ata5 -sSSifEM-e— 6o 21,7 And when he sees a troop of riders, horsemen in double rank, A train of asses, a train of camels,-' He shall liearken with the utmost heed. S Then he cried -in my audience*: Upon the watch-tower, O Lord, Do I stand continually by day, 5 And I remain at my post through all the nights. — [rank; 9 And behold, just then came a troop of horsemen in double So lie began, and said: Fallen, fallen is Babylon ! All the images of her gods have come shattered to the ground, lo O my *people*, threshed out and downtrodden!' lo What I have heard from Jiivii Sabaoth, the God of Israel, have I announced to you. Prophecy 2. Jaff of QBa6pfon, With an Ode of Triumph. ( b. c. 550-545). 15 13,1 Oracle on Babylon which Isaiah ben-Amoz saw.' 2 T T PON a treeless mountain raise ye a signal, lift up the \-J voice to them, Wave the hand, that they may enter the gates of the princes. 3 I have given a charge ([concerning my wrath]) to my conse- 20 crated ones, I have also summoned my heroes [], my proudly triumphant ones. 4 Hark, a tumult in the mountains, as of a great multitude! Hark, an uproar of kingdoms, of nations gathered together! 25 It is Jhvh Sabaoth nmstering the warlike host. 5 They come from a far country^ from the end of the heaven, Jhvh and the instruments of His indignation, to destroy the whole earth. 6 Wail ! The day of Jhvh is near, as destruction from Shaddai^ 30 will it come! 7 Therefore will all hands hang down, » * » * , 8 And every heart of mortals will quiver, | and dismayed will be ■«■***; 6i — 9*e!^S3> 4 36ata3 -*©*§»«"« — 13,9-19 13 Pangs and throes will seize them, they will writhe like a woman in travail, Stupefied each will look at tlie other, their faces will glow like flames. 9 Behold," He comes, inexorable, with fury and burning wrath, 5 To make earth a desolation, and to extirpate the sinners thereon. lo^The heavens and the Orions thereof' will not shed their bright beams, The sun will be darkened at his going forth, and the moon will not give her brilliant light. 10 11 I will punish the world for tits^ evil, and the wicked for their iniquity, I will still the arrogance of the proud, and will lay low the haughtiness of tyrants. 12 I will make mortals more scarce than fine gold, and men than 15 the rich ore of (Jphir. 13 Therefore will I make heaven tremble, and the earth will mo\-e quaking from its place, At the fury of Jhvh Sabaoth, and in the day of His burning anger. 20 14 And then, like a hunted gazelle, like sheep which no man folds. They will turn, every one to his own people, and flee, e\'ery one to his own land ; 15 Whoso is seized will be thrust through, whoso is caught will 25 fall by the sword ; 16 And their children will be dashed in pieces before their eyes. Their houses will be .spoiled * * , their wives ravished. 17 Behold, I stir up against them the Medes, * * * * * Who regard not silver, and take no pleasure in gold. 30 iS * * * and bows * * * * * * young men * cmaidens) iwill bei dashed in pieces ; With ruth the)' will not look on children, nor will they have pity on the fruit of the womb. 19 And Babylon, glory of kingdoms, proud ornament of the 35 Chaldeans, will fare As when God +Himself* overthrew Sodom and Gomorrah. 13,9 "the day of Jhvh 10® the stars of 13,20-14,10 — ».»e^tjg»- 4 3ga«a6 ■^mm>f'^ 62 13,20 It will be uninhabited for ever, and tenantless age after age;^ No roving herdsman will pitch tent there, nor shepherds let ■•their flocks* lie down there. 21 Wild cats will lie down there, * * x * * Their houses will be full of jackals, * * * * 5 Ostriches will dwell there, satyrs will dance there, 22 H_\enas will howl to each other in cits; towers, and woh'es in the voluptuous palaces : Its time is nearly come, and its days will not be prolonged. 14,1 For Jhvh will have compassion upon Jacob, and will }'et again 10 choose Israel, and settle them upon their own land, and the sojourners will join themselves to them, and attach themselves to 2 the House of Jacob. 5 The peoples will take them, and bring them to their place, and those of the House of Israel will take them in possession on Jhvh's land, as bondmen and bondmaids, and they 15 will become the captors of their captors, and will subdue their 3 taskmasters. And then, Jhvh having given thee rest from thy travail, and from thy disquiet, and from the hard service which men 4 laid upon thee, thou wilt recite this strain of derision upon the king of Babylon, and wilt say: 20 How still is the despot become, || how still is the -raging* ! 5 Broken has Jhvh the staff of the wicked, || the rod of the tyrants, 6 Which smote peoples in passion |i with stroke luircmitting. Which trampled the nations in anger, || unchecked was his 25 trampling ! 7 Still and at rest, the whole earth ; || into shoutings of triumph break they ; 8 At th>' fate the pine-trees rejoice || nind- Lebanon's cedars, +saying* : 30 No woodman comes up against us || since thou art laid low. 9 Sheol beneath is startled because of thee, || expecting •soon* thine arrival;* For thee the shades it arouses, || all the bell-wethers of man- kind; 35 It makes arise from their thrones || all the kings of the 10 They all address thee * * * , II and say to thee: [nations. Thou, too, art made strengthless as we are — || to us hast thou been leveled! 63 ^«*e#^Ss- 4 3sata5 -s^^**^ 14 , n - 22 14,11 Brought down to Sheol is thy pride || tand* the twang of thy harps ; Beneath thee corruption is spread, || with worms art thou covered. 12 How art thou fallen from heaven, || O radiant one. Son of the 5 Dawn ! ^ <Howj art thou struck down to the ground, || ♦to lie- a stiff ♦corpse* upon <corpses> ! 13 And thou, thou didst say in thy heart: || The heavens will I Above the stars of God || will I exalt my throne, [scale,* 10 I will sit on the Mount of Assembly || in the recesses of the North, 14 I will mount above 'even* the hills of the clouds,' || I will match the Most High. 15 Nathless thou art brought down to Sheol, || to the -ver)'* 15 recesses of the pit. i5 They who see thee, on thee do they gaze || and thee they consider, ♦saying* : Is this he who startled the earth, || who shook kingdoms, 17 Who made the world a desert, || and broke down its cities, 20 Who sent not his prisoners back free, || c[each one doj his house])? 18 oKings of nations, all of them, || repose in high estate, [] 19 But thou camong the slain^ art flung down, || ♦among^ those who are pierced with the sword, 25 Who go down to the every base^ of the pit,'° || as a carcass trodden under foot. cHow art thou cut off' from thy grave, || as a scion abhorred, ***** clothed cwith shames. [with them. 20 <As for thy fathers), thou mayest not be joined || in burial 30 Because thou hast destroyed th)- land, || hast slain thy people. Nevermore be named || the race of -the e\'il-doer> ! [<father>, 21 Shambles prepare for his sons, || because of the guilt of their That they arise not, and take the earth in possession, || and fill the face of the world with theaps). " 35 22 And I will arise against them, says Jhvh Sabaoth, and will cut off from Babvlon record and remnant, scion and seed, ♦such* is 14 . ^3 - 40 , II _».,.e^^f!- 4 3Baia6 -ss^jga^^ 64 14,23 Jhvh's oracle; and I will make it a possession of the bittern, and pools of water, and will sweep it with the besom of extirpation, says Jhvh Sabaoth. Prophecy 3. Original Prophecies of the Second Isaiah.' t. (Boob. (IXirva for t6e 6rif«6. 40, 1 /^~~^OMFORT yc, comfort ye m\- people, says your God. - V_^ S])eak ye tendcrlj^ to Jerusalem, and proclaim to her That her hard service is accomplished, her ^debt of* guilt is 10 discharged, That slie has recei\'ed from Jhvh's hand double for all her sins.' 3 Hark! there is a cry: Clear ye in the wilderness the wa\- of Jhvh, Make plain 111 the desert a highway for our God, [uplifted, 4 Let every mountain and hill sink down, and ever)- valley be 15 And let the steep ground become Ie\'el, and the rough counlr)- plain ! ' 9 To a high mountain get thee up, O compaii}- that bringest good news to Zion, Lift up mightih' thy voice, O compan\- that bringest good 20 Lift it up courageously, [news to Jerusalem, 3 Say to the cities of Judah: Behold! your God! 10 Behold," Jhvh comes as a .strong one, His arm ruling for Him; Behold, His reward is with Him, and His recompense *goes* before Him. 25 11 As a shepherd will He tend His flock," with His arm will He gatlier «it». The lambs t> in His bosom will He carr\-, those that give suck will He lead. 40,5 "And the glory of Jhvh will be revealed, and all flesh will see it together, for the nioulli of Jiivii has spoken it. * 10 ''the Lord 65 — »4ei^s- 4 3«i»«a? •®JS*5«-'— 40,6-19 2. Ztx. creature firet ^umfifeJ an6 t^in encouraged by true thoughts of Jhvh. 40,6 T TARK! ♦A voice* says: Proclaim! and <I say> : What A L shall I proclaim? All flesh is grass, and all the <strength' thereof like the flowers 5 of the field; 7 The grass withers, the flowers fade, because the breath of Jhvh has blown thereon." 8 The grass withers, the flowers fade, but the word of our God stands for ever. 10 12 Who has measured the waters with the hollow of his hand, and meted out heaven with a span, And comprehended the dust of the earth in one third *of an ephah*, And weighed mountains with scales, and hills with a balance? 15 13 Who has meted out the minds of Jhvh, and ♦who*, as His counselor, gives Him knowledge? 14 With whom has He taken counsel, that He might obtain I insight, And be taught as to the path of right,* and be shown the 20 way of understanding? 15 Behold, the nations are like a drop on a bucket,* and as fine dust on a balance are they reckoned; Behold, He lifts up ♦the* islands' like a mote ; 16 And Lebanon is not sufficient for fuel, nor its beasts enough 25 for burnt-ofiferings. 17 All nations are as nothing before Him ; they are reckoned by Him as vacancy and chaos. iS To whom then will ye liken God, and what sort of likeness place beside Him? 30 19 An image! a craftsman has cast it, and a goldsmith over- lays it with gold;' 40,7'' "surely, the people is grass * 14b "and teach Him knowledge * 19 'and chains of silver a goldsmith * * 41,6-40,27 — ».*e^*@S!- 4 38aia6 -sssslea** — 66 41 , 6 One help.s tlic other, and sa)'.s to his fellow .- Be of good courage. 7 And tlie craftsman encourages the goldsmith ; he who smooths with the hammer, him who smites on the anvil, Saying of the soldering: It is good; and he fastens it with 5 40,20 . . . . chooses an undecaying wood, [nails." Seeks for himself a skilled craftsman, to set up an image that shall not totter.^ 21 Do ye not perceive? Do ye not hear? has it not been told you from the beginning? 10 Have ye not understood tfroni) the foundation of the earth?' 22 *It is He* who sits above the vault of the earth'° -so high* that its inhabitants are as locusts, Who has stretched out the heavens as -a firmament*, and spread them out as a tent to dwell in; 15 23 *It is He* who turns princes to nothing; twho* makes the judges of the earth like chaos. 24 Scarcely have they been planted, scarcely ha\e they been sown. Scarcely has their stem taken root in the earth. When He blows upon them, they wither, and like stubble a 20 tempest carries them away. 25 To whom then will ye liken me, that I should be equal to him ? says the Holy One. 26 Lift up your eyes on high ; who has created those ? " He who brings out their host in *full* number, *and» calls 25 them all by name ; For tfear of* His great strength and <mighty> power, not one remains behind. 27 Why sayest thou, O Jacob, and speakest, O Israel : My fortune is hidden from Jhvh, and my right is unnoticed :■ by ni)- God? 30 41, 7 "it will not totter 67 — »*«#eSS!- 4 3*<''i? -^ssJSa*-!- 40,28-41,9 40 , 28 Hast thou not perceived ? hast thou not heard ? '^pekfffl.'* An everlasting God is Jhvh, the Creator of the ends of the He faints not, nor can He be wearied; His insight is unsearciiable; 29 To the weary He gives vigor, and to the powerless He 5 increases strength ; 30 Youths may faint and grow weary, young warriors may stumble, 31 But they who wait for Jhvh renew 'their* vigor, they put forth, as it were, eagles' wings." 10 3. ZU Korl, tU onfj true <5o&, proved as such by the prophecy concerning Cyrus. ti,iT T EARKEN to me in silence, ye +far+ countries;" and ye' A 1 peoples, cwait for my arguingj; [tribunal. Come near! afterwards speak ! together let us approach the 15 [steps attends victory, 2 Who was it that roused up from the East him on whose +That« gives up before him peoples, and into kings strikes a terror ? His sword cmakes them; like dust, his bow like driven stubble; 20 3 He pursues them, passes on in safety ; the path with his feet he treads not. '3 4 Who has wrought and accomplished this ? He who called the generations from the beginning, I, Jhvh, 'who am* the first, and with those who come after ^am 25 still* the same."'** 8 But thou, Israel, my Servant, Jacob whom I have chosen, Offspring of Abraham, my friend, [from its remotest parts, I 9 Thou, whom I fetched from the ends of the earth, '^ and called To whom I said : My Servant art thou, I have chosen and 30 have not rejected thee; «siS3^8«> 40,31 "they run, and are never weary; they go onward, and are never faint * 41,5 ^the •far-off* lands saw it, and 'feared'; the ends of the earth trembled; they approached, and came -together to judgment- 41,10-19 — »**^«Si- 4 36ata^ -!Gs»tE»*<— 68 41,10 Fear not, for I am with thec; cast no look of terror, for I am thy God. I strengthen thee ; yea, I help thee ; yea, I uphold thee with my triumphant right hand, [confounded, 5 11 Behold, all who were enraged at thee will be ashamed and The men who contended with thee will become nought, and perish ; 12 Thou wilt seek them, and not find them, the men who strove with thee; 10 They will become nought and mere vacancy, the men who warred with thee. 13 For I, Jhvh, thy God, hold fast thy right hand, I who say to thee: Fear not, I help thee. 14 Fear not, thou worm Jacob, ye cpuny worms) of Israel ; 15 I help thee, such is Jhvh's oracle, and J am* thy redeemer," O Israel. 15 Behold, I make of thee a new threshing-sledge,* furnished with teeth ; Thou shalt thresh mountains, and crush them, and shalt treat 20 hills like chaff.'* 16 Thou shalt winnow them, and the wind shall carrj' them awa\-, and the tempest shall scatter them ; But thou wilt exult in Jhvh, and of Israel's Holy One wilt thou make thy boast. 25 17 'The poor who seek water, while there is none, whose tongue is parched with thirst, I, Jhvh, will answer; I, the God of Israel, will not forsake. 18 On bare hills I will open rivers, and fountains in the midst of valleys. 30 I will make the wilderness a brimming lake, and dry land channels of water. 19 I will set in the wilderness the cedar, the acacia, the m\'rtlc, and the olive-tree, 41, 14 "is the Holy One 'of Israel ♦ * 15 "a pointed instrument * 17 ' the afflicted and 69 — >-Ms#*af!- 4 3eaia5 -«gS#3*-«^ — 41,20-29 41 I will place in the desert the pine, the plane-tree, and the cypress together,'' 20 That men may see, and acknowledge, and consider, and understand at once. That Jhvh's hand has done this, and Israel's Holy One has 5 created it. 4. ©tepufe Bttroan t^i trut (Bob anl t^i ^aisi ©ctftea. 21 TURING forward your suit! says Jhvh;'* J_J Produce your cidolsj ! says Jacob's King. 22 Let them cdraw near=, and announce to us what shall happen; 10 The former events, how they were foretold, '^ do ye announce, that we may reflect upon them ! Or else the future events do ye declare to us, that we may mark their issue ; 23 Announce the things that are to come hereafter, that we may 15 know that ye are gods ; Yea, do something, either good or bad, that we may at once marvel, and have somewhat to see. 24 Behold, ye are nought, and your work is cnothingness)." 25 I roused up one from the North, and he came ; from the 20 rising of the sun, one who calls upon my Name, That he may ttrample^ governors like mortar, and as a potter who treads clay. 26 Who announced this from the beginning, that we might know it? and from aforetime, that we might say: Right. ^° 25 None was there who announced it, none who declared it, none who heard your words. 27 I, the first one, tannouncedj it to Zion, and to Jerusalem I gave a harbinger of good news.''' 28 But when I tlooked abouti, there was no one, and among 30 those ♦vain gods* there was none who prophesied. So that I might ask them, and they might give an answer. j 29 Behold, they all are \anity ; their work is nothing worth ; wind and vacancy are their molten images. ^^ 41.24 "an abomination is he who chooses yo'i 5. d^onfraef Sttnun t^i ibtai Ml tU attuat ^av&d. 42,1 "TyKHOLD, my Servant^' vvhom I uphold; JU M\- chosen, in whom my soul delights; I ha\e put my spirit upon hini, He will set forth the law to the nations.-* 2 He will not ci')' aloud, nor ^roar* *as a lion*, Nor cause his voice to be heard in the street. 3 A cracked reed he will not break, And a dimly burning wick he will not quench.^' Faithfully will he set forth the law ; 4 He will not burn dimly nor be crushed 'in spirit*, Till he have set the law in the earth, And for his instruction the -tfar* countries wait.^* 5 Thus says Jhvh,'?' He who created the heavens, and stretched them forth, 15 Who spread out firmly the earth with the products thereof. Who gives breath to the folk upon it, and spirit to those who walk thereon ; 6 I, Jhvh, have called thee in righteousness, and ihave taken holdi of thy hand, 20 And iformedi thee, and 'seti thee as a covenant for ♦the human- folk, as a light of the nations, 7 Opening blind eyes, tand unclosing deaf earsj. Bringing out captives from confinement, and from the prison- house those who sit in darkness ; 25 8 I am Jhvh, that is my Name, [images. And my honor will I not give to another, nor my praise to 9 The former events, behold, they are come, and new things do I ainiounce ; Before they spring forth -into being*, I tell you of them.=^ 30 10 Sing to Jhvh a new song, And His praise from the end of the earth ; T^et) the sea troan, and all that is therein, The -far* countries *by the sea* anti the inhabitants thereof 42, 5 "the -true' God 71 -^<««*e€Cif 4 36'i»a5 -^Bsia** — 42,11-21 42,11 Let the wilderness and the cdesert rejoico, The villages which Kedar inhabits ; Let Sela's inhabitants exult. From the top of +their+ mountains let them shout amain ;" 13 Jhvh goes forth like a hero, 5 Like a warrior He stirs up 'His* rage, He gives a cry, a piercing battle-cry, Upon His foes He proves Himself a hero. 14 I have been long time silent,=9 I have been still, and restrained myself; 10 *Nowt like a woman in travail will I groan, I will both pant and gasp. 15 I will lay waste mountains and hills, and all their herbage will I dry up; I will turn rivers into islands, and pools will I dry up; 15 16 And I will lead the blind on the way ;" in paths which they know not will I guide them ; I will turn darkness into light before them, and rugged ground into level. 17 These are the promises which I will not omit to fulfil. They 20 will *then surely+ draw backward; they will be tclothed with; shame, who trust in graven images, who say to molten images : Ye are our gods. 18 Ye deaf, hear; and ye bhnd, look up, that ye may see.3° 19 Who is blind' but <the Servants of Jhvh>, and deaf as <their rulers*.'' 25 20 Much hast thou seen, without observing it; *thou+ whose ears were open, yet didst <thou> not hear! 21 Jhvh was pleased, for His righteousness' sake to make ^His* instruction great and glorious,3" 42,12 "Let them render glory to Jhvh, And declare His praise in the •far-ofF* lands. * i6a * which they know not * 19 '<> as the Servant of Jhvh * ''as my messenger whom I send 42,22-43.7 — »*«s^j3!- 4 3eaia^ •'S*'*^**-'^ 72 42,22 Yet it is tstilU a people spoiled and plundered, [houses; iThey are all snaredi lin diingeonsi.^' and hid in prison- They are become a spoil, and there is no rescuer; a plunder, and there is none who says : Restore. 23 Who among you will give ear to this, will attend, and hear 5 for the time to come? 24 Who gave up Jacob to iplunderersj, and Israel to spoilers," 25 And poured out upon him the heat of His anger, and tHisj violence dike a flame, So that it scorched him round about, but he marked it not ; 10 and it burned him, but he laid it not to heart? 43,1 And now, thus says Jhvh, thy Creator, O Jacob, and thy Fashioner, O Israel ; Fear not, I redeem thee ; I call thee by name, mine art thou. 2 When thou passest through waters I will be with thee, and 15 rivers shall not overflow thee, When thou goest through fire thou shalt not be scorched, neither shall flame burn thee. 3 For I, Jhvh, am thy God ; ♦!♦, Israel's Holy One, thy deliverer; 20 I give Egypt as thy ransom, Ethiopia and Seba for thee," 4 Since thou art precious in mine eyes ; thou art honored, and I love thee ; I will give the +far* tcountries^ in thy stead, and peoples for thy life. 25 5 ^From lands of the sunrise I bring thy offspring, and from lands of the sunset I gather thee ; 6 I say to the North : Give up ! and to the South : Withhold not ! Bring my sons from far, and my daughters from the ends of the earth, 30 7 Every one who is called by my name, and whom for my glory I have' formed and made. ■atasss^ssfo- 42,24 "Was it not Jhvh, He against whom we sinned, and in whose ways they would not walk, and to whose instruction they were not obedient ? * 43, S-'' "Fear not, I am with thee 7 'created 6. ^Bv&it, eoen iv^en fiftni, muet Bear mifneee for the true God against the false gods ; the arsfument from prophecy repeated. 43,8 cTTO', ye people with eyes, but blind, and ye with ears, JTl but deaf! 3" *************** * * *5 .)(.************** * * * 9 <Let) all the nations cassemble themselves> , and let the peoples gather together. Who among them can announce such things, and <as the first one^^s ideclare it to usi? 10 Let them produce their witnesses, that they may be .proved* in the right, and that two may hear, and say : It is truth. 10 Ye are my witnesses, says Jhvh, and imy Servantsi whom I have chosen. That ye may acknowledge and believe me, and discern that I 15 am He .who* works; s* Before me no God was formed, nor shall there be after me. 11 I, I am Jhvh, and beside me there is no deliverer. 12 It was I who *both* announced ^> and declared, — there was no strange god among you ;3' ye are my witnesses, says Jhvh, and 20 13 I am cyour redeemer^ <from the beginning>,° and none can rescue out of my hand; when I work, who can hinder it? 7. 5aff of (gafijfon anJ t^i ^cconb &xoi\ia. 14 '' I ^HUS says Jhvh, your redeemer, Israel's Holy One: A F"or your sake have I sent to Babylon 25 15 I, Jhvh, your Holy One, the Creator of Israel, your King. 16 Thus says Jhvh :***** [waters, Who opens a way in the sea, and a path in the mighty I- Who brings forth chariot and horse, <a larger and potent host; 30 Together they lie down, they cannot arise, they are quenched, they have gone out like a wick. 3* [not ! 18 Remember not former things, and things of old time consider 43, 13 " I am He 43, '9-44,3 — »*«Si«**- 4 3B'»ta6 -sBJJta** — 74 43,19 Heboid, I accomplish a new thing; already it springs fort Do ye not perceive it? Yea, I will set a way in the wilderness, ♦and. ri\-ers in the desert ; 20 Wild beasts of the field will honor me, the jackals and the 5 ostriches/ 8. Z^t Bovt) pfcafta wit^ carefeee ^^i^o^f- 22 A/'ET not upon me hast thou called, 1° O Jacob, ♦nor* o X about me hast thou wearied thyself, O Israel ; 23 Thou hast not brought me the sheep of thy burnt-offerings, 10 nor honored me with thy sacrifices. •Truly, I burdened thee not with offerings, nor wearied thee with incense, 24 ♦Yet. thou boughtest me not sweet cane with money, nor with the fat of thy sacrifices didst thou satisfy me; 15 Burdens, nothing else, hast thou given me by thy sins, and weariness b}' th)- iniquities, 25 ^Yet* I myself am He who blots out thy rebellions,'''* and thy sins I remember not. 26 Put me in mind, let us plead together; recount thou, that 20 thou mayest be justified. 27 Thy first father sinned,''' and thy mediators-'s rebelled against me, 2S 'And thy princes profaned my sanctuary •■'•' * * » * * iSo I gave up' Jacob to the ban, and Israel to contumely. 44 , 1 And now hear, O Jacob, my Servant, and Israel whom I 25 hate chosen ; 2 Thus says Jhvh, thy Creator, and He who formed thee from the womb, who helps thee : Fear not my S.ervant, Jacob, and thou, Jeshurun,-*-^ whom I have chosen: 30 3 I will pour water upon the thirsty, and streams upon the dry ground. I will pour my spirit ""> upon thy posterity, and m>- blessing upon thy offspring. 43, 20b ' For I give waters in the wilderness, streams in the desert, to yield drink to my 31 people, my chosen. The people which I have formed for myself, they will proclaim my praise. 25 *for my own sake 75 ^**B|^as- 4 36<»ta5 -s®*^***— 44,4-13 44.4 So that they spring up <as grass> amidst <waters>, as willows by water-courses. 5 One will say: I am Jhvh's; and another will .name himselfi by the name of Jacob, And another will mark <on5 his hand : Jhvh's,'" and <receive 5 ;'. the surname> Israel.'''* 9. ^6« eofe Jtotnitp of t^i Botl propel 6p l^te pvopUcne. (With a later insertion on Idolatry) 6 'nr^HUS says Jhvh, the King of Israel, yea, his redeemer,' A Jhvh Sabaoth : 10 I am the first and the last, and beside me there is no God. 7 And who is like me? <let him stand forth, and- cry; let him declare it, and set it in order before me ! (Who has announced very long since> the future ? and things that are to come let +the vain gods* declare <to us> ! 15 8 Shudder not, nor tbe disquieted^ ; have I not long ago declared' and announced it? Ye are my witnesses. Is there a God* <or> a Rock <beside me) ? 9 Those'''' who fashion images are all of them dike* chaos, and their precious things are unprofitable, 20 Their .own* witnesses neither see nor perceive -anything* — that they may be put to shame. 10 Who dares fashion a god, and cast an image, to no profit? 11 Behold, all his icharmersi will be put to shame, and ihisi enchanters^" cwill be confounded;. 25 Let them all assemble, -and* stand forth; they will all shudder, and be shamed. 12 The smith prepares it over the burning coals, and with ham- He prepares it with his strong arm ; [mers fashions it. He becomes hungry also, and has no 'more* strength ; he 30 drinks no water, and is faint. 13 The carpenter stretches out a line, [<with a carving tool>,'' He 'determines the proportions> with a stilus, he shapes it * And makes it like the human figure, hke the beauty of a man, to dwell in a house. 35 44. S -to thee * beside me * * 13 'he makes it ''with compasses 44.14-23 ^<-M3|*i6a<- 4 3Baia§ -!ias*6*i.'— 76 44,14 cedars, and took an ilex, An oak, too, he reared up for his use among the trees of the He planted a pine, and the rain nourished it. [forest; 15 So it served for a man to burn ; He kindled a fire therewith, and warmed himself; 5 He heated the oven also, and baked bread ; Yea, he formed it -into- a tjod, and prostrated himself; made it into an image, and bowed down to it. 16 Half of it he has burned in the fire, [and is satisfied ; And <upon the coals thereof- he roasts flesh ; he eats the roast, 10 He warms himself also, and says: Aha! I am warm, I feel the glow ; 17 And the residue of it he has made into a god, .into an image, and bows down to it> ; He prostrates himself, and prays to it, and says : Rescue me, 15 for thou art my God ! 18 They have no perception nor discernment. For their eyes <are bedaubed), past seeing, and their minds past comprehending. 19 And he considers not, nor is there knowledge or sense to say : 20 Half thereof I have burned in the fire, [ate, 1 have also baked bread upon its coals, I roasted flesh, and And of the remainder thereof shall I make an abomination? to a wooden cimage> shall I bow down? 20 Whoso troubles himself for ashes, a deluded heart has turned 25 him aside. That he cannot rescue himself, nor say: Is there not a lie in my right hand? 21 Remember these things,'^' O Jacob; -yea, heed them., O Israel, for thou art my Servant; 30 I have formed thee, a Servant art thou to me; O Israel, thou wilt not trenounce> me! 22 I have blotted out as a mist thy rebellions, and as a cloud Return to me, I have redeemed thee. [thy sins; 23 Be triumphant, O heavens; Jhvh has finished .His work.! 35 Shout, O depths of the earth ! Break forth, O mountains, into cries of triumph ! O forest, and e\'cry tree therein ! For Jhvh has redeemed Jacob, And glorifies Himself in Israel! ,4° 77 -^-»«3|eaSs- 4 ']eaia^ -«5J3|6*(i-.— 44 , 24 - 45 , 3 to. £pru6 conquera for t^t eafie of (Bob ani of Jeracf. 44, 24 ' I ^HUS says Jhvh, thy redeemer, and He who formed 1 thee from the womb : I am Jhvh, who wrought everything, Who stretched forth the heavens, alone, who spread forth the 5 earth — owho was with mea ? — 25 Who brings to nought the omens of the impostors, and makes the diviners ♦of Babylon* mad, Who turns the wise backward, and makes their knowledge folly, 10 26 Who ratifies the word of His <servants>, and' the prophecy of His messengers, 5' Saying of Jerusalem : Be it inhabited ! and cof> the Temple : Be thy foundations laid ! And of the cities of Judah : Let them be built ! and the ruins 15 of the land will I raise up ; 27 Who says to the flood : Be dry ! and thy rivers will I parch up; 28 Who says of Cyrus : My ifriendi" .is he*, and all my pur- poses will he accomplish. 5** 20 45,1 Thus says Jhvh to His anointed, to Cyrus, 5? whose right hand I have grasped, That nations cmay be terror-stricken> before him, and that I may ungird the loins of kings. To open doors before him, and that gates may not be closed; 25 2 I myself will go before thee; cways) will I make level. Doors of bronze will I break in pieces, 5* and bars of iron cut in sunder; 3 And I will give thee the treasures of darkness and the hoards of secret places ;' 30 For it is I, Jhvh, who calls thee by thy name, *!♦, the God of Israel. 57 44, 26 -accomplishes * 28 ^«who» say«s- of Jerusalem: Let it be built! and iof> the Temple : Be thy founda- tions laid ! * 45 , 3 ' that thou mayest acknowledge 45.4-14 — »-j-!i^«:a<- 4 38010? -W**^**^- — 78 45,4 For the sake of Jacob, my Servant, and Israel, my Chosen, I called thee by thy name; I -took delight in> thee, though thou knewest me not. < [°] > 5 I am Jhvh, and there is none else; beside me there is no God[]; 5 6 That men ma\- acknowledge, both in the east and in the west. That there is none beside me — I am Jhvh, and there is none else — 7 Who forms light, and creates darkness, who makes welfare, and creates calamity ,s^ 10 I, Jii\ii, -the *true* God-, am the author of all this. ,s Shower, ye heavens, from above. And let the sky rain righteousness ! Let the earth open <its womb>, And cbear the fruit of> deliverance * » * 15 And <let it> cause victory to spring up also ! I, Jhvh, have created this. 55 9 Woe unto him who strives with Him who formed him, a potsherd like mother* potsherds of earth 1"° Does the clay say to him who moulds it: What canst thou 20 make? and <his work>: <Thou hast> no hands! 10 Woe unto him who says to a father: What canst thou beget? and to a woman: What canst thou bring forth? 11 Thus .says Jhvh, the Holy One of Israel, and He who formed it : 25 Of things to come twill ye question, me ! and concerning the work of my hands" will ye lay commands upon me! 12 I m\,-self made the earth, and man upon it I created. My hands have stretched out the heavens, and upon all their host have I laid commands. 30 13 «So' it was I who aroused him in righteousness, and all his wa)-s will I make level; He will build my city, and my exiled ones will he set free.' 14 Thus says Jhvh <Sabaoth. : The texiles> of Egypt, [stature,^'' And the ccaptives) of Ethiopia, and the Sabeans, men of 35 45 .5'' "I s'irdtd thee, though thou knewest me not * II "concerning my sons*' 13 'not for price, and not for reward, says Jhvh Sabaoth z ^ 79 — »*e*S»- 4 Ssata? -^SS^es** — 45.15-25 45 Before thee will pass," * * * * » And to thee will they bow down, to thee will they pray,*3 ♦Saying*: Only in thee is God, and beside there is none, no Godhead at all ; 15 Truly cwith thee^ God hides Himself,*^ the God of Israel is 5 a deliverer! 16 Ashamed, yea, confounded are all <who rose up against Him>; Together are gone into confusion the <idol> -making craftsmen. 17 tBut* Israel has received from Jhvh an everlasting deliverance; Ye shall not be ashamed nor confounded to all eternity. 10 18 For thus says Jhvh, the Creator of the heavens, — He is the ♦true* God; The Former and Maker of the earth, — He established it, Not as a waste did He create it, to be inhabited He formed (I am Jhvh, and there is none else. [it.** 15 19 Not in secref's have I spoken, in* the land of darkness,** Nor have I said to the posterity of Jacob: Seek that which <I>, I, Jhvh, promise truly, +andt announce rightly. [is vain; 20 Assemble, and come ; draw near together, ye of the nations who have escaped ! 20 No knowledge have they who bear about their wooden idols, *' And pray to a god who cannot deliver. [counsel together! 21 Announce ye and produce *your idols*; let them also take Who has declared this from ancient times, +andt long ago has announced it? 25 Is it not I, Jhvh? and there is no God beside me, A God who speaks truth and delivers, there is not beside me. 22 Turn to me, and receive deliverance, all ye ends of the earth, For I am God, and there is none else. 23 By myself have I sworn, [not be recalled, 30 A true word has gone out of my mouth, a word that shall That to me every knee shall bow, every tongue shall swear. 24 Only through Jhvh has Jacob; victories and strength ; 'Together will they perish), and be put to shame — all those who were incensed against him, 35 25 tBut* in Jhvh will triumph, and *in Him* make their boast, all who spring from Israel. 45, 14 "and become thine; after thee will they sjo, in chains will they pass * 19 * a place of 46 , I - 12 — »*«#6@5c 4 36aia^ -jSi*9-^*«-» — 8o n. ZU ©ctftee of Q0a6jfon anb t()i (Bob of [ievAd contvaeM.^^ 46,1 T3 ML lias bowed down, Nebo <ha.s crouched>,''' Their -L/ images have passed to the beasts and to the cattle ; that which ye bore about ''° is carried as a burden, a burden for the jaded «beast*. 5 2 They have crouched, they ha\'e bowed down together; They, 'the gods*, could not rescue the burden, But are themselves gone into captivity. 3 Hearken to me, O House of Jacob, and all the remnant of the House of Israel, 10 Who have been carried as a load from the birth, who have been borne'" from the mother's womb, — 4 Even to old age I am the same, even to gray hairs I will support ♦you*, I have tcarried the burden), and I will •stilh bear, yea, I will 15 support and rescue *you». 5 To whom will ye liken and equal me, and compare me, that we may be like? 6 +Behold* those who <contribute> gold from the bag, and weigh silver in the balance, 20 They hire a goldsmith, that he make a god thereof; they fall down — aye, prostrate themselves, 7 They bear it upon the shoulder laden therewith, and set it tThere it standsi, not moving from its place; [on its base. Yea, let a man cry to it, it neither answers, nor rescues him 25 out of his trouble. 8 Remember ye this, and own* yourselves <guilty>; lay it to heart, 9 Remember the former things in distant ages, [ye apostates ! For I am God, and there is none else, — divine, and there is none like me, — 30 10 Who has announced the latter end from the beginning, and from ancient times things before they happened. Who has said: My purpose shall stand, and all my pleasure will I perform ; 11 Who has called from the East a bird of prey, the man of 35 His purpose from a far country, — As I have spoken, I will bring to pass; as I have planned, I will accomplish. 12 Hearken to me, ye <discouraged> ones, who are far from ^the thought of Israel's* victory ; '' 40 8i —^^Hs^msf ^ 'ieaia^ ■^Bm*i~— 46,13-47.10 46,13 I have brought near my *gift of* victory, it is not far off, and my dehverance will not tarry; I appoint in Zion deliverance, ^and* for Israel my glory. 12. ^ong of ©meton upon (^afijfon. 47,1 /^^OME down, and sit in the dust, || O virgin Babylon!" 5 \^^ Throneless, sit on the ground, || O maiden Chaldea! j For thou shalt be called nevermore || The Tender, The Dainty. 2 Take the mill-stones, and grind meal ; || put back thy veil. Lift up the train, bare the leg,'['']> || wade through streams. [] 3.4 clrreversible> vengeance will I take, || csays> our redeemer, — 10 Jhvh Sabaoth is His name, || Israel's Holy One. 5 Sit silent, be closed in darkness, || O maiden Chaldea ! [doms. For thou shalt be called nevermore || The Mistress of King- 6 I was wroth with my people, || ^and* profaned my heritage, I gave them to thee, tbut* thou showedst them || no compas- 15 On the aged thou madest thy yoke || to press heavily.''-' [sion, 7 And thou saidst: I shall last for ever, || ♦yea, be* mistress perpetually. Thou didst not lay this to thy heart, || nor think of the future. t \ 8 And now hear this, O Voluptuous One, || who sittest securely, 20 Who sayest in thy heart: || I, and none but me! T shall not sit in widowhood, || nor know the loss of children;-: 9 Therefore shall come to thee both of these || in a moment ♦and* in the same day : • Loss of children and widowhood, in full measure || shall they 25 f come upon thee. Despite the vast number of thy spells, || despite thy many enchantments, 10 And ^though* thou wast secure in thy wickedness, || and j saidst : None sees me. 30 tLo=, thy wisdom, thy knowledge, |) this has turned thee aside, So that thou saidst in thy heart: || I, and none but me! 47 , 3» " bared be thy nakedness ; yea, let thy shame be seen 47.11-48,4 -^>*f^es»- 'I 'ieaia^ -m^m**— 82 47,11 Therefore a -demon of* calamity shall fall upon thee || whom thou art powerless to appease, And suddenly a crushing storm shall come <>, || which thou art unskilled ^to* * * . 12 Pray, persist in thy spells, || and in thy many enchantments;" 5 Perchance thou canst help somewhat, || perchance thou wilt strike terror ! 13 Self-wearied art thou with counsels; || pray, let them stand forth. Yea, let them deliver thee, the sdividersi of heaven," || the gazers on stars, 10 Who make known, each new moon, || whence -troubles, are coming ! ^ 14 Behold, they are become like stubble || which fire has burned. They cannot rescue their own life || from the grasp of the flame;* 15 15 Such are they become to thee || about whom thou didst trouble thyself' from thy youth up, They flee staggering, every one straight onward; || there is none to save thee! 13. 'Zlii new ani tU of& (propS^cus.?? 20 48,1 T T EAR ye this, O House of Jacob, 1. 1 Who are called by the name of Israel, and have come forth from the cloinsi of Judah, Who swear by the Name of Jhvh, and celebrate the God of Israel, — 25 2 Not indeed truthfully nor rightly, — for they call themselves after the Holy City, And stay themselves on Israel's God, whose name is Jhvh 3 The former things I announced long ago ; [Sabaoth. From my mouth came they forth, and I tdcclaredi them; 30 suddenly I wrought, and they came, 4 Because I knew that thou wast obstinate, and thy neck an And thy forehead brass. [iron band, 47,12 "about which thou didst trouble thyself from thy youth * 14 *it is not a coal for giving warmth, nor a fire to sit before * 15 'thy traffickers 83 ^*-M=«6S> 4 3B<ita{! -«»Bsa*<— 48,5-17 48,5 And I announced it to thee long ago, before it came I showed it to thee, Lest thou shouldst say : My idol has wrought it, and my gra\en and my molten image has appointed it. 6 Thou hast heard it; .... ; and cthom, wilt thou not 5 bear witness tO) it? New events I declare to thee henceforth, »yea* <difficult> things which thou hast not known. 7 Now have they been created, not of old, and in former times thou heardest them not, 10 Lest thou shouldst say: Behold, I knew them. 8 Thou hast neither heard nor known them, nor cwas^ thine ear openced> heretofore, For I knew that thou wast indeed treacherous, and wast called: Apostate from The Birth, 15 9 For my Name's sake I defer mine anger, and because of my praise I cam indulgent> to thee, that I may not cut thee off. 10 Surely I have refined thee, but without gain of silver; I have tried thee in the furnace <in vain>. 11 For cmy Name's^ sake will I do it, — [not give. 20 For how is it desecrated! — and my glory to another I will 12 Hearken to me, O Jacob; 'give ear*, O Israel, my Called One: I am He *who works*, I first, I also last, [out the heavens ; 13 Yea, my hand founded the earth, and my right hand spread When I call to them, they stand forth together. 25 14 Assemble yourselves, all of you, and hear; who among them has announced this, "♦Who* thas brought him> to accomplish his pleasure on Baby- lon, and etc cause) his arm cto be known in) Chaldea? 15 I myself have spoken, and also called him, brought him, and 30 <made his way prosper>. 16 "From the beginning I have not spoken in secret, from the time that cJhvh declared it to mc).^^' 17 Thus says Jhvh, thy redeemer, Israel's Holy One, I, Jhvh, am thy God, who teaches thee to do what is 35 *indeed* profitable, 48,14 "Jhvh 16 "Draw ye near to me, hear ye this * 16 'And now has the Lord Jhvh sent m? aid Kis spirit 48,18-494 ^-»*eS«^)s- 4 36ataS -«S»§a*« — 84 48,1s Who leads thee in the way thou shouldst go. Oh, that thou wouldst hearken to my commands! Then would thy peace abound like a river, and thy pros- perity like the waves of the sea, 19 And thy posterity would be tcountless* as the sand, and thy 5 offspring as the <dust of the earth> ; ^9 <Then also> would its name not be cut off nor destroyed from before me. 20 Go ye out from Babylon, || flee ye from Chaldea ; With sounds of triumph declare it, || and make it heard ; 10 Cause it to go forth || to the end of the earth, Say: Jhvh has redeemed || His Servant, Jacob: 21 They thirsted not, || when through deserts He led them. Water from the rock || He caused to flow for them. He cleft the rock, || so that water gushed out. 15 22 tBut* there is no peace, says Jhvh, for the wicked.^ Appendix. 14. ^araeCe (Rceforatton. 49,1 y T EARKEN, ye +far* countries, to me, and listen, ye 1. 1 distant peoples, ^o Jhvh has called me from the womb, from my mother's lap has He celebrated my name ; 2 He made my mowth like a sharp sword, in the shadow of His hand He hid me; He made me a polished shaft, in His quiver He stored me. 25 3 He said to me : Thou art my Servant," in whom I will glorify myself, 5^ And I iwas honored; in the eyes of Jhvh, and my God became my strength ; 4 And as for nie, I said, I have labored in vain j to no pur- 30 pose and for nothing have I spent my strength ; Nevertheless my right is with Jhvh, and my recompense with my God. «s®ii=;^*;'' — - 49.3 "Israel. 85 ■ — •*^SiS«- 4 3«««<>6 -^^^s*** — 49,6-12 49,5 And now Jhvh says, — He who formed me from the womb to be a Servant to Him, That I might bring Jacob back to Him, that Israel •> might be gathered : — 6 "It is too light a thing" to raise up the tribes of Jacob, and 5 t to restore the preserved of Israel;; So I set thee as a light of the nations, that my deliverance ^ ._ may be to the end of the earth. ^' 7 Thus says Jhvh, the redeemer of Israel, his Holy One, To him who is deeply cdespised), labhorredi of the people, a 10 servant of tyrants : Kings shall see tthce*, and shall arise; princes, and they shall bow down,^^ Because of Jhvh who is faithful, and of Israel's Holy One, 8 Thus says Jhvh : [who chose thee. 15 In a time of favor do I answer thee, and in a day of deliverance I help thee. And form thee, and set thee as a covenant of the people, *3 * * * That thou raise up the land, that thou distribute the desolate 20 heritages, 9 Saying to the bondmen : Go forth ! and to those in darkness : Show yourselves! They will pasture on <all> ways, and 'even* on all bare hills shall be their pasture : 25 10 They will not hunger or thirst, nor will the glowing heat or the sun smite them : He who has compassion on them will lead them, and to brim- ming fountains will He guide them. 11 And I will make all -mountains- a road, and <causeways> 30 shall be raised on high ; ****************** 12 Behold, these, from afar do they come, tand these from the end of the earths, And behold, these' from the sea, and these from the land 35 of tthe Syenites^,*'' 49,6 "He says *for thy being a Servant to me * 12 'from the North and 49.13-23 — ^*e§^!s- 4 Jeaio? •'S*****^ 86 49, Rin_<; with shouts of jo}-, 0 heavens, anii 1 cxu it, 0 earth ! Let the mountains break : forth into s houts of joy! l-"or Jii\ii comforts His people. And has compassion on His afflicted ones. 15. Coneofattone for jion an6 ^cr €6tf6ren. 5 14 T3 UT Zion said: Jh\'h has forsaken me, and my Lord has J_J fortjotten mc ! — [sion on the son of her womb ? 15 Can a woman so forget her suckling, as not to have compas- Should even these forget, yet I will not forget thee ! i6 Behold, on the palms of *my« hands have I graven thee ; thy 10 17 walls are continually before me;*^ <those who will build thee-*'' make haste ; those who destroyed thee, and laid thee waste, will 18 go forth from thee. Lift up thine eyes round about, and see; they are all assembled, they come to thee. As I live, says Jh\h, thou wilt clothe thee with them all as with an ornament. And 15 fasten tlicni on thee, as a bride -.her jewels*. 19 I'"or thy ruined and desolate places, and thy destroyed land ***************** * For then thou wilt be too narrow for the inhabitants, and those who swallowed thee up will be far away. 20 20 Thou wilt yet hear this cr}' from the sons of thy bereavement: The place is too narrow for me ; move away from me that I may establish myself 21 And thou wilt say in th)- heart: Who has borne me these. Seeing I am bereaved and unfruitful? )'ea, these, who has 25 brought them up? Behold, I was left alone; these, how are they indeed mine?*' 22 Thus says the Lord Jhvh: Behold, I lift up my hand towards the nations, and set up my banner towards the peoples, 30 And they shall bring thy sons in ttheir* lap, and thy daughters shall be carried on ♦their* shoulders. 23 Kings will be thy foster-fathers, and their queens thy nursing- mothers ; With face to the earth will they do thee homage, and lick 35 the dust of thy feet, And thou wilt know that I am Juvii, in whom those who hope will not be put to shame. 87 — .*«)#SBi- 4 38<»«<l? ^@9§3*«^ 49,24-50,5 49, 24 "Can the prey be taken from a warrior, or the captives of a 25 *Yea, verily*, for thus says Jhvh: [ <tyrant> escape ?" '* Even the captives of a warrior shall be taken, and the prey of a tyrant shall escape; With him who contends with thee I will contend, and thy 5 children will I save. 26 I will cause thy oppressors to eat their own flesh ; [drunken. With their own blood, as with new wine, shall they be So that all flesh shall know that I, Jhvh, am thy deliverer, And that thy redeemer is the Hero of Jacob. 10 50,1 Thus says Jhvh : [her away, Where is your mother's bill of divorce wherewith I put Or which of my creditors is it to whom I have sold you?^'' Surely, for your iniquities were ye sold, and for your rebel- lions was your mother put away. 15 2 Wherefore, when I came, was there no one? was there no one to answer, when I called ? Is my hand too short to deliver? or have I no power to rescue? Surely, with my rebuke I dry up the sea, I make rivers 20 a desert, +So that* their fish -dry up' for lack of water, and ctheir monsters) on thirsty lands ; 3 I clothe the heavens in mourning, and sackcloth I make their covering; 25 ****************** 16. Z^i Servant ae QUartjr. 4 '' I ""HE Lord Jhvh has given me the eloquence of *Hist A disciples, 9° That I ma}' know how cto revive) the wear\' one with 30 words *of comfort* ;'' " In the morning He wakens mine ear^^ that I ma\' hearken as *His* disciple, 5 /And I have not been rebellious ; I have not turned back. 93 50, 4 " He wakens in the morning * 5 *the Lord Jhvh has opened mine ear 50,6-51.3 »'»c8ttaii- 4 JaaiaB -^Sa^sH-;^- 88 50,6 My back I gave to smiters, and m\- cheeks to those who plucked out the beard, My face I hid not from insult and spitting."* [founded; 7 But the Lord, Jhvh. will help me; therefore am I not con- Therefore I hardened m\- face like flint, and was sure that I 5 should not be ashamed. S Near is He who redresses m\- wrongs; who will contend with mc? Let us stand forth together! Who is my opponent ? Let him draw near to me ! 9 Behold, the Lord, Jhvh, will help me : who is he that can 10 worst me? Behold, they will all fall to pieces like a garment; the moths will eat them. Application to L.\tek Times. 10 Whoso among you fears Jhvh, clet him hearken> to the voice 15 of His Servant; Whoso walks in darkness, with no brightness ^of dawn*, Let him trust in the Name of Jhvh, and lean upon his God. 11 Behold, all ye who kindle a fire, who <set' arrows <aflame» -.^^ Begone into the flame of your fire, and into the firebrands 20 which ye have lighted ! This befalls you from my hand, that ye lie down in a place of pain.'' 17. 6x6orfafton anb Comforf. Midway, the Prophet encourages himself by prayer.'' 25 EARKFIN to me, ye who pursue righteousness, who seek Jhvh ! Look to the rock whence ye were hewn, and to the quarry" '■ H whence ye were digged !- 30 2 Look to Abraham, your father, and to Sarah who bore you He was alone when I called him, and I iblessed him, and increased hini). 3 -So- Jhvh comforts Zion, He comforts all her ruins, .And makes her desert like Jhvh's garden, and her wilderness like Eden; 35 51. 1 'pit 51 Joy and gladness will be found in her, thanksgiving and the ************ [voice of song, 4 Attend to me, my people, yea, to me give ear," For from me will instruction go forth, and my law as a light of the -nations'. 5 5 (Suddenly will I bring nean my redress, ^suddenly* will my deliverance go forth ; Mine arms will judge the peoples, for me do the »far» coun- tries wait/ 6 Lift up your eyes to heaven, and look on the earth beneath ; 10 For the heavens will be fretted to dust as by the moth=, and the earth like a garment, <The world will fall to pieces, and the dwellers therein will die like gnats ; But my deliverance will be for ever, and my righteousness 15 will not ccome to an end>. 7 Hearken to me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my teaching. Fear ye not the insults of frail men, and be not dismaj-ed at their revilings ! 20 8 For like a garment the moths will eat them; and like wool, the worms ;' But my redress will last for ever, and my deliverance age after age. 9 Awake, awake, put on strength, O arm of Jhvh \^ 25 Awake, as in the days of yore, the ages of far-off antiquity ! Was it not Thou who didst <shatten Rahab, who didst <deal despitefully with> the dragon?"" 10 Was it not Thou who didst dr}- up the sea, the waters of the great ocean ? 30 Who didst make the depths of the sea a way for the redeemed to pass over?'"'" 51 , 4 ■ niy people * 5 ^and for my arm do they hope « 8 ' will eat them II 'And Jhvh's freed ones \v\]\ return, and will come to Zion with exultation, and with everlasting joy upon their heads; joy and gladness will overtake them-; sorrow and sighing will flee away.'o^ 51 , 12-22 ->"*Ke#^a*- 4 36aia6 -ss^^ta^'* — 90 51,12 I, I am He who comforts ^thee*. <Whom dreadest thou) that thou art afraid Of frail man who dies, and of a son of the earth-born, who is destroyed like grass ? 13 And forgettest Jhvh, tliy Maker, who has stretched out the 5 heavens, and spread out firmly the earth ? And trembfest continually all the day for the fury of the [oppressor? 14 10 15 seeing that I am Jhvh, thy God, who stirs up the sea, that 16 its waves roar, whose name is Jhvh Sabaoth. And I put my words in thy mouth, and with the shadow of my hand I covered thee, to <stretch out- the heavens, and to found the earth, and to say to Zion : Thou art my people.'"' 15 ts. (JOorlie of tf>itr to (pvoetrati Jton. 17 T~) OUSE thee ! rouse thee ! stand up, O Jerusalem, Xv Who hast drunken at Jhvh's hand the cup of His fury! The goblet" of bewilderment thou hast drunken and drained.'"*" 19 A double +woet befell thee; who can tfitly* condole with thee? 20 Storming and destruction, famine and sword; who <can- com- fort thee? 20 Thy sons lie fainting,' as an antelope in a net, [God. So full are they of the fury of Jhvh, of the rebuke of thy 21 Therefore hear now this, thou afflicted one, and drunken, but 25 not with wine, 22 Thus says <> Jhvh, <■ thy God, who befriends the cause of His people, Behold, I take out of thy hand the cup of bewilderment; The goblet" of my fury — thou shalt not drink it again; 30 51,17.22 "cup 18 ^ There is not one to guide her of all the sons whom she has borne, and none to take hold of her hand of all the sons whom she has brought up. * 20 'at all the corners of the streets 91 — .*e#fSSs- 4 36110^ -)aj3#*«-«^ 51,23-52,11 51 , 23 And I put it into the hand <of those who oppressed, and of those who afflicted* thee, Who have said to thee: Bow down, that we may pass over! So thou madest thy back the ground, a street for wayfarers. 52,1 Awake! awake! put on thy strength, O Zion ! '°5 5 Put on thy splendid garments, O Jerusalem, holy city ! No more shall enter thee the uncircumcised and the unclean. 2 Shake from thyself the dust, ♦and* arise, O <captive= Jerusalem! Loose thyself from the bonds of thy neck, O captive maiden, ************* [Zion ! 10 ************* 3 For thus says Jhvh : For nought were ye sold, and not for 4 money will ye be redeemed. For thus says the Lord, Jhvh: To Egypt my people went down at the first to sojourn there, and 5 Assyria oppressed them without cause. And now, what have I 15 ♦received* here, says Jhvh, that my people have been taken away?'°* cBehold, those who waited for me are become a byword^, says Jhvh, and continually, all the day, my Name is 6 reviled.'"' Therefore in that day <= will my people know my Name, that it is I who promised. 20 [brings good news,'°^ 7 cBehold, hastening) over the mountains are the feet of one who Of one who announces peace, of the harbinger of good tid- ings, of one who announces deliverance. Who says to Zion: cThy redeemer is come), thy God is 25 become king ! 8 Hark, thy watchmen! They cry aloud; together they shout triumphantly; For they behold, eye to eye, '°9 Jhvh returning to Zion!"° 9 Break forth into exultation together, ye ruins of Jerusalem ! 30 For Jhvh has comforted His people. He has redeemed Jeru- salem ! 10 His holy arm has Jhvh made bare in the sight of all nations. And all the ends of the earth shall see the deliverance of our **************** [God. 35 11 Away! away! go out thence! touch not an unclean thing! Go out of the midst of her; purify yourselves, ye who bear the vessels of Jhvh!"' 52.12 53.5 — i-»^^m)f 'i 'ieaia^ ■inmm*-'^- 92 52.12 Not liLirriedly may ye go out, and not in flight may ye • depart;"" Before you goes Jhvh,"^ and your rear-guard is the God of Israel. 10. ^6c ^crpanf'e QUarfprliem ani Hb (Kewarb.'"" 13 \ /"ERILV, my Serv^ant will deal wisely, V He will rise, be exalted, and be very high. 14 As <on his account> many were appalled, So will <manv in him take delight>. '&' Deeply marred was his appearance, out of all human likeness, 10 And his form out of semblance to sons of man, 15 *Butt as deep <will be the obeisance of many, Before him kings will be awe-struck in silence ; For that which had not been told them, do they see, And that which they had not heard, do they perceive. 15 53, I Who ♦indeed* can ♦yet. believe our revelation ?"s And the arm of Jhvh, — to whom has it disclosed itself? 2 He grew up as a sapling before usj, And as a sprout from a root in dry ground. He had no form nor majesty," 20 And no beauty that we should delight in him."'' 3 Despised ♦was he», and forsaken of men,"' A man of ♦many* pains, and familiar with sickness,"^ Yea, like one from whom men hide the face,"' Despised, and we esteemed him not. 25 4 But our sicknesses, ♦alone^, he bore,'^° And our pains — he carried them, Whilst we esteemed him stricken,'^' Smitten of God, and afflicted. 5 But ♦alone- he was humiliated- because of our rebellions, 30 •Alone he was^ crushed because of our iniquities ; A chastisement, all for our peace, was upon him. And to us came healing through his stripes. 53.2 'that we should see him 93 'jo^KBi- 4 Jeaia^ -igSj#5*«-«— 53, 6- 12 53,6 All we, like sheep, had gone astray, We had turned, every one to his own way, While Jhvh made to light upon him The guilt of us all. 7 He was treated with rigor,"^ but he resigned himself, 5 And opened not his mouth. Like a lamb that is led to the slaughter, And like a sheep that before her shearers is dumb. '^3- 8 Through an oppressive doom was he taken away, And as for his Tate\ who thought thereon,"'' 10 That he had been cut off out of the land of the living, *That« for my people's rebellion <he had been stricken to [death? 9 And his grave was appointed with the crebellious=, And with the wicked his tomb),"' 15 Although he had done no injustice, Nor was there deceit in his mouth. 10 But it had pleased Jhvh to crush ♦and* <to humiliate him>. If he were to make himself an offering for guilt,'* He would see a posterity, he would prolong his days, 20 And the pleasure of Jhvh would prosper in his hands. 11 ************* ************* <He would dehver> from anguish his soul, <Would cause him to see light to the full*. 25 [many, With knowledge ♦thereof* my Servant o will tinterposo for And take up the load of their iniquities. 12 Therefore <shall he receive a possession> among the great, And with the strong shall he divide spoil, 30 Forasmuch as he poured out his life-blood," And let himself be reckoned with the rebellious. While it was he who had borne the sin of many, And for the rebellious had interposed. 53 , 7 " and opened not his mouth * 12 *to death 54 • ' " lo — «-»«)g<€!>i- 4 3'"»''3 -*SSJ§3*« — 94 20. ^uvt^tv Coneoiahone for jton, the Restored Bride of tlie Lord, under the new and everlasting covenar<i 54, I ^T^RIUMPH, O thou barren, who hast not borne! break X into cries of triumph, O thou who hast not travailed ! More are the children of the desolate than the children of 5 her who is married, says Jhvh. 2 Widen the space of thy tent, and the curtains' -stretch forth> abundantly; Lengthen thy cords, and fasten well thy tent-pins. 3 * x- * * * * , for right and left wilt thou spread forth, 10 And thy posterity will possess nations, and will people desolate cities. 4 Fear not, for thou wilt not be shamed; be not confounded, for thou wilt not be put to the blush: Thou wilt forget the shame of thy youth, and the reproach 15 of thy widowhood thou wilt no more remember. 5 rThy husbandi is thy Maker, Jhvh Sabaoth is His name. Thy redeemer is Israel's Holy One, God of the whole earth is He called. 6 As a wife forsaken and grieved in spirit [] has He called thee ;"' 20 And one who has been wedded in youth, can she be rejected ? says c[Jhvh]>, thy God. 7 For a little moment did I forsake thee, but with great com- passion will I gather thee; 8 In wrath I hid my face from thee," but with everlasting 25 kindness I have compassion on thee. Says thy redeemer, Jhvh. 9 Like the days of Noah is this tcrisis- to me; [earth. As I swore that Noah's waters should no more pass over the So do I swear that I will not be wroth with thee, nor rebuke 30 thee. 10 Though mountains should move, and hills should totter. Yet from thee my kindness will not move, nor will my covenant of peace totter. Says Jhvh who has compassion on thee. 35 54,2 "of tliy habitation 8 * for a moment 95 -^>*e^raSs- 4 36atag -iSiJjga^— 54.' '-55, 3 54, II Thou afflicted one, storm-tossed, unconsoled ! [with sapphires; Behold, I will set thy cbases> in srubiesi, and will found thee 12 I will make thy battlements of sjaspers, Thy gates of scarbunclesi, and all thy border of jewels; 13 All ithey that build theei will be Jhvh's disciples, "^^ 14 And great will be the prosperity of thy children ; through righteousness wilt thou be established. [to fear, cThou wilt be> far from oppression, for thou wilt have nought And from destruction, for that will not come nigh thee. 10 15 If *any+ should stir up strife, it will be against my will; Whoso stirs up strife against thee, will be brought by thee to ruin. 16 Truly it was I who created the smith, Who blows on the fire of coals, 15 And produces a weapon according to his craft ; It was I who created the destroyer ito take a pledgei"? +for thy debt*. 17 No weapon formed against thee will succeed, [gain thy cause. And against every tongue that contends with thee thou wilt 20 This is the inheritance of the Servants of Jhvh, And their justification that is of me, says Jhvh. 21. 3"'>»t«*t<'" <" ^62 <§tieein^& of t^i Qt«w £otienan<, followed by renewed prophecies of deliverance. 55,iT_TO! all ye thirsty ones, come to the waters! and ye 25 1 1 who have no thread), eat! <> [without payment. Yea, come, buy grain without money, and wine and milk 2 Why should ye spend money for that which is not bread, and your earnings for that which cannot satisfy? Hearken to me, and ye shall eat that which is good, and 30 delight yourselves in delicacies." 55 , 3 " Incline your ear, and come to me ; hear, that your soul may be revived ! 55.3''- '3 ^»*e#eS5<- 4 3B<ita^ -ijSS^jBa*.— 96 55.3''<'I will give you an everlasting covenant, the sure promises of lovingkindness to David ;'3° 4 Truly as a witness cto the peoples) did I give him, a ruler and commander of the nations. 'J' 5 Truly thou, 'too*, wilt call people whom thou know est not, 5 people who know thee not will run to thee. Because of Jhvh, thy God, and for Israel's Holy One, since He has glorified thee. 6 Seek ye Jhvh, now that He may be found;''- call ye upon Him, now that He is near!" 10 s For my thoughts are not your thoughts, nor are your ways my ways, says Jhvh. 9 <As» the heavens are higher than the earth. So are my ways higher than your ways, and my thoughts than your thoughts. 15 10 As the rain comes down, and the snow from heaven. And thither returns not, e.xcept it have watered the earth, And have made it bring forth and sprout. And given seed to the sower, and bread to the eater ; 11 So will niy word be that thas gone forthi out of my mouth; 20 It will not return to me void, E.xcept it have accomplished that which I pleased. And carried out that for which I sent it. '33 12 For with joy shall ye go forth, And in peace shall ye be led ; [exultation, 25 The mountains antl hills shall break forth before you into And all the trees of the field shall clap their hands. 13 Instead of the thorn-bush shall come up the fir-tree, And instead of the nettle shall come up the myrtle-tree; And it will be to Jhvh a memorial, 30 An everlasting sign which cannot be cut off. 55.7 ' I-et the ungodly forsake his way, and the wicked man his thoughts, and let him turn to Jhvh, and He will have compassion upon him. and to our God, for He will abundantly pardon. 5. (prop^ectea Composed after The Fall of Babylon 19. 1 Prophecy i. ©ownfaPf of <Sgppf." Oracle on Egypt. EHOLD, Jhvh rides upon a swift cloud, and comes to Egypt, 5 The idols of Egypt shake at His presence, And the heart of Egypt trembles within her. I will spur Egyptian against Egyptian, They shall fight, each one against his brother, and each one against his fellow, 10 City against city, and kingdom against kingdom.' Then will Egypt be drained of the spirit within And her counsel will I confound ; They will resort to the idols, and to the oracular spirits. To the ghosts, the wise spirits +of the deadt.^ 4 And I will shut up Egypt in the hand of a hard lord, A fierce king shall rule over her, — Says the Lord, Jhvh Sabaoth. 5 Then will the water dry up from the sea,'' And The River will become parched and dry; 6 And ♦its* branches become putrid, And the canals of Egypt become shallow and parched, Reed and papyrus will waste away.' [her, 15 19,7-20 — »*e*ffi> 5 'ieaia^ ■iim^^t"'— 98 19,7 by the brink of the Nile', And all that is sow 11 by the Nile Will wither, become dust, and disappear. S The fishermen will sigh. All who cast hooks into the Nile will mourn, 5 Those who spread nets on the face of the water will languish. 9 Those who dress combed flax"' will be shamed, 10 And those who tweave iti 'will be* broken-hearted, — All those who swork for hire -will be* grieved in soul. 11 Utter fools are the princes of Zoan ; 10 Pharaoh's wisest counselors are a witless council ! How can ye say to Pharaoh : A son of the wise am I, a son of ancient kings ! ^ 12 Where are they, thy wise men ? Pray, let them announce to thee, and let them <declare> 15 What Jhvh Sabaoth has purposed concerning P^gypt. 13 Grown foolish are the princes of Zoan, deceived are the princes of Noph ; ^ Egypt has been led astray by the <chieftains> of her tribes. 14 Jhvh has poured into the midst of <them> a spirit of error, 20 So that the)' have made Egypt stagger in all that she does, As a drunken man staggers in vomiting ; 15 And there will be nothing more for Egypt 40 do* Which the head with the tail, the palm-branch with the rush, might effect. 25 Appendix .5 (.275^ B. c.) i5 In that day will Egypt be like women, and will tremble and shudder, because of the lifting of the hand of Jhvh Sabaoth, which '7 He lifts against it. And the land of Judah will become a terror to 30 Egypt; whenever any one makes mention thereof to another, there will be shuddering, because of the purpose of Jhvh Sabaoth, 18 which He forms against Egypt. In that day there will be, in the land of I^gypt, five cities speaking the language of Canaan, and swearing ♦fidelity to Jhvh Sabaoth ; one will be named: Ir-ha-<heres>.'° 35 19 In that day there will be an altar to Jhvh in the midst of the land 20 of Egypt," and a pillar to Jhvh by its border; and it will be a 19 , 9b " and those who weave white stuffs 99 — »*^«3Ss- 5 3e'«<'>& *SS3#»«-=— 19,21-56,7 19 sign and a witness to Jhvh Sabaoth in the land of Egypt ♦so that*, when they cry to Jhvh because of oppressors. He will send them a 21 deliverer, and ihe will contendi ♦for them*, and rescue them. And Jhvh will make Himself known to Egypt, and the Egyptians will know Jhvh in that day, and will serve with sacrifice and offering, 5 22 and will make vows to Jhvh, and perform them. And Jhvh will smite the Egyptians, but so ♦gently^ that He heals them ♦again^. When they return to Jhvh, He will receive their supplications, and 23 will heal them. In that day there will be a highway from Egypt to Assyria : Assyria will come to Egypt, and Egypt to Assyria ; 10 and the Egyptians will serve ♦Jhvh^ together with the Assyrians. 24 In that day will Israel join itself as the third to Egypt and 25 Assyria, as a blessing in the midst of the earth, <which- Jhvh Sabaoth has blessed, saying : Blessed be my people, Egypt, and the work of my hands, Assyria, and my inheritance, Israel. 15 Prophecy 2. (prontiee© to (proeefpfce anb to <Bunuc^6.' (.4441 B. C. ) 56,1 ' I ""HUS says Jhvh: Keep the law, practice righteousness; X For my salvation will soon come, and my righteousness 20 be soon manifested. 2 Happy the man who practices this, the mortal who holds fast thereto. Keeping tHe Sabbath, so as not to profane it, and keeping his hand from doing any evil. 25 3 Let not the foreigner, who has joined himself to Jhvh, say: Jhvh will surely separate me from His people; and let not the 4 eunuch say: Behold, I am a dry tree. For thus says Jhvh : As for the eunuchs who keep my Sabbaths, =" and choose that which I 5 delight in, and lay hold on my covenant, I will give them, in my 30 house and within my walls, a monument and a memorial^ better than sons and daughters ; I will give <them> an everlasting memorial 6 which shall not be cut off And as for the foreigners who join themselves to Jhvh to minister to Him, and to love the Name of Jhvh, to be His servants, — every one who so keeps the Sabbath as 35 7 not to profane it, and who lays hold on my covenant, I will bring to my holy mountain, and gladden in my house of prayer; 56,S-57>6 — **t^«*Sf 5 38ata5 •!»*riei4-'- — loo 56 his burnt-offerings and his sacrifices shall be accepted upon my altar; for my house shall be called a house of prayer for all peoples. 8 The oracle of the Lord, Jhvh,'' who gathers the outcasts of Israel ♦is* : Yet will I gather »others- to Israel, to those of Israel who are ^already* gathered. 5 Prophecy 3. And against the Samaritans." ( •444> B. c. Supplement later) 56,9 ALL ye wild beasts in field and forest, come hither to 10 l\ devour ! " 10 cMy> watchmen ["] are all blind, ^ and know not <how to give They are all dumb dogs which cannot bark, [heed>; cCrouchingi and lying down, loving to slumber. 11 And the dogs are greedy, they know not how to be satisfied, [] 15 They all turn to their own way, each for his own lucre. 12 Come, +they say*, let me fetch wine, let us carouse with mead. And to-morrow shall be as to-day, an exceeding high day. 57 , 1 The righteous perishes, and no man lays it to heart. Men of piety are taken, but none considers 20 That for the wickedness ♦of the time- the righteous is taken,** 2 entering into peace: Let them rest on their beds — ccvery one> who walked in a straight path. 3 But ye, — approach hither, ye sons of a sorceress, ^ [sport? 25 Brood of can adulteress, of a harloti!* Of whom do ye make 4 At whom do ye make a wide mouth, 'and* put out a long tongue?' Are ye not children of apostasy, a brood of falsehood?" 6 The smooth stones of the valley are thy portion, they — they 30 are thy lot;' To them also thou hast poured out drink-offerings, thou hast offered cereal offerings.' •»s*!^^-« 56,11 "that is, shepherds * 57,5* Those who wax hot at the holy trees, ♦yea^, under each ever-green tree, who slay the children in the valleys -amidst- the clefts of the rocks.s 6 'Can I at such things repent myself? loi ^«*e^esS6- 5 360ta§ -*@3|s**«— 57, 7 -15 57,7 On a high and lofty mountain didst thou set thy bed,'° Thither, too, thou wentest up to offer sacrifice. 8 Behind the door and the post didst thou set thy symbol," For stirred up thereby; thou didst go up uncovered, thou didst enlarge thy bed, 5 Thou didst <buy> thyself such as thou lovedst for intercourse, <And didst practice much foulness with them>, twhen* thou sawest the phallus." 9 Thou didst also <anoint thyself> for Melech with oil,'' and didst use many perfumes, 10 Thou didst send thy messengers afar, and deep down to Sheol ;'* 10 Though wearied with thy long journeying, thou saidst not: There is no hope ; sFresh life in thy hand? didst thou get, therefore thou didst 15 not desist>. — 11 Of whom then wast thou in ^such* craven fear that thou didst play the traitor. And gavest to me no thought, nor didst lay ♦thy duty* to heart? 20 Truly I kept silence and <hid mine eyes>;'s cTherefore= * * * , and of me wast not afraid. 12 I will expose thy righteousness,'* and thy practices; And thine tabominations),'' when thou criest, will neither profit nor rescue thee ! 25 13 Yea, the wind will carry them all away, a breath will bear ************* *'^[them off; And he who trusts in me will inherit the land, and take my holy mountain in possession. 14 "Cast up, cast up *tlie highway*, make clear the road ; take 30 up stumbling-blocks out of the way of my people ! 15 For thus says The High and Lofty One, who abides for ever, whose name is Holy One : On high cas3 the holy one do I abide, and with him who is crushed and lowly in spirit, 35 To revive the spirit of the lowly, and to revive the heart of those who are crushed. '» 57, 14 "and J saidi 57.16-58,5 -^>*e^^5f 5 Seata^ -«jgsf!3*« — 102 57,16 For I will not contend for ever, nor will I be alwa\--s wroth. For the spirit would faint before me, and the souls which I have made. 17 For diis> guilt I was wroth <for a moment-, and ismotei him, hiding myself on wrath.; and turning aside, he went on in the 5 18 way of his own heart. His ways have I seen, <[says Jhvh], and I will heal him, and igive him resti; I will requite him *for his 19 trouble* with comfort, and to his mourners d> make the lips blossom anew with speech.^" Peace, peace *shall there be* to the far-off and 20 to the near [] . " But the wicked are like the tuptossed> sea, which 10 cannot rest, and whose waters ctoss up> mire and dirt. No peace, 21 says my God, to the wicked ! Prophecy 4. 1450-444 B. C. ) 15 58,1 /'"^RY with full throat, refrain not! lift up thy voice like a V — y horn. Declare to my people their rebellion, and to the House of Jacob their sin. 2 Me indeed they consult daily, and to know the ways that I 20 would have is their delight. As a nation that has done righteousness, and has not forsaken the law of its God! They ask me concerning ordinances of righteousness,^ to draw nigh to God is their delight. 25 3 Wherefore have we fasted, *say they*, and Thou seest not? mortified ourselves, and Thou markest it not?^ Surely, on your fast-day ye pursue <your- business, and all tmoney lent on pledge- ye exact.-* 4 Surely, it is for strife and contention ye fast, and to smite 30 with the fist -the poor.; Such fasting as yours to-day will not make \-our voice heard on high. 5 Can such be the fast that I choose, a day when a man mor- tifies himself? 35 57,19 ^and I heal him 103 — ►*e*6S!fi- 5 38*w5 -sS^^s*** — 58,6-13 58 To droop one's head like a bulrush, and to make sackcloth and ashes one's couch — Wilt thou call this a fast, and a day acceptable to Jhvh? 6 Is not this the fast that I choose, <says Jhvh> ; [lence>, To loose the fetters of injustice, to untie the bands of <vio- 5 To set at liberty those who are crushed, to burst e\er)' yoke asunder. 5 7 Is it not to break thy bread to the hungr)-, and to bring the homeless" into ♦thy* house ;'^ When thou seest the naked to cover him, and hide not thy- 10 self from thy own flesh?' 8 Then will thy light break forth as the dawn, th)- wounds will be quickly healed over. Thy righteousness will go before thee, and Jhvh's glory will be thy rearward.^ 15 9 Then wilt thou call, and Jhvh will answer; thou wilt cr>-, and He will say: Here am I. If from the midst of thee thou remove the yoke, the pointing finger, and the speech of mischief, 10 And supply thy <bread> to the hungry', and satisfy- the bowed- 20 down soul. Then will thy light be resplendent in darkness, and thy gloom will be as the noonday. 11 Then will Jhvh lead thee continually, [He crenew). And satisfy thy soul in parched lands, and thy cvigor; will 25 So that thou wilt be like a well-watered garden, and like a conduit whose waters deceive not. i2cThy sons> will build up the ancient ruins,? thou wilt rear again the long-deserted foundations, And men will call thee: Repairer of Ruins, Restorer of 30 cDestroyed Places> for Inhabiting. '° Appendix on the Sabbath. (Later) 13 If thou turnest back thy foot from the Sabbath," <not- pursuing thy business on my holy da\", 35 And callest the Sabbath a delight, ♦and* the hol\- *da)-* of Jhvh honorable. 58,7 "'that is*, the poor 58,14-59.10 — "^-^^mii- 5 '^eaiad -iffma*^- 104 58 Aik] honorest it, not doing- thy wonted things, nor minding thy business, nor speaking +vain* words," 14 Then wilt thou delight thyself in Juvn, and I will make thee ride over the heights of the land,"^ And grant thee to enjoy the inheritance of Jacob, thy father; 5 for the mouth of Jhvh has spoken it. Prophecy 5. ©cnunciafton anb Confceeton." (450-444 B. C.) 59,1 OURELY, the hand of Jhvh is not too short to deliver,^ 10 vS) nor His ear too heavy to hear, 2 But your iniquities have become a barrier between you and your God, And your sins hai'e hidden His face from you, so that He hears not. 15 3 For your hands are defiled with blood, ^ and your fingers with iniquity, Your lips speak lies, and your tongue utters depravity. 4 None sues with truthfulness, and none pleads with honesty; Men trust in pretenses,'' and speak falsehood ; conceive trouble, 20 and bring forth mischief.' " 9 Therefore has .our* right been far from us, and redress does not overtake us ;* We wait for the light, but behold darkness ; for bright beams, but we walk in gloom;' 25 10 We grope, like blind men, by the wall ; eyeless, we grope along ; We stumble at noonday' as in the twilight ; . . . like the dead * * * 59.5 "Vipers' eggs do they hatch, and spiders' webs do they weave; he who eats of their eggs will die ; and if one be crushed, it breal<s out into an adder. 6 Their webs serve not for clothing, nor can men cover themselves with their works ; their works are works of mischief, the deed of violence is in their 7 hands. Their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed innocent blood. Their thoughts are thoughts of mischief; desolation and destniction are on their roads. S The way of peace they know not, and there is no justice in their tracks; their paths ha\e they made for themselves crooked; whoso treads thereon knows not peace. 105 ^**ef6@Ss- 5 Jeata? 'S^gss**— 59i"-i9 59,11 We all groan like bears, and mourn sore like doves; We wait for *ourt right, but there is none; for deliverance, but it is far from us ; 12 For the multitude of our transgressions is before Thee, and our sins testify against us, 5 For we are conscious of our transgressions, and as for our iniquities, we know them : 13 Treason and unfaithfulness to Jhvh, and drawing back from following our God, Speaking <perverseness> and transgression, and <uttering> from 10 the heart lying words.' 14 Justice has been driven back, and righteousness stands afar off. Truth has stumbled in the public place, and uprightness cannot enter, 15^ So that truth is not to be found *in the roll of citizens*, and 15 whoso avoids evil must <put himself down as childless^ ! '° Prophecy 6. (Pieion of ©cPtuerance." ('432' B- c. * * * *#*■****** 20 59,15'' A ND Jhvh saw it, and was displeased; tHe perceived> that there was no right;' 16 He saw that there was no man, and was astonished that there was none to interpose ; Therefore His own arm delivered Him, and His own right- 25 eousness upheld Him. 3 17 And He put on righteousness as a coat of mail, and the helmet of deliverance was upon His head; He put on garments of vengeance for clothing, and clad Himself with zeal as with a mantle. 30 18 In proportion to ♦their- deserts will He render ta recom- pense)— wrath to His adversaries, -disgrace* to His enemies;" 19 And they will see the Name of Jhvh where the sun sets, and His glory where it rises. For He comes like tthe riven cof Egypt), when Jhvh's breath 35 cblows) upon it,* 59,i8i) "to the -far* countries He will render a recompense 59.3O-60.6 — »4-«^e@!f 5 Jeoio? -^SS^m-c— io6 59,20 He comes as a redeemer for Zion, and for those who have turned^ from rebclHon in Jacob." Appendix for the Reformed Community. (Later) And as for me, this is my covenant with them, says Jhvh : 5 My spirit which is upon thee, and my words which I have put into thy mouth, shall not depart from thy mouth nor from that of thy posterity, nor from that of thy latest descendants, says Jhvh, from this time forth for evermore.^ Pkophecv 7. 1° ^uppfcmcnf to t?>c ^cconi ^eaia^. ( .432. n. c. I I. (poem on (Bfonfiei jton." 60,1 ARISE,' shine! for thy light is come, and the glor)' of li. Jhvh beams upon thee. 15 2 For, behold, darkness covers the earth, and gross darkness the peoples, But upon thee Jhvh will beam, on thee His glor>' will appear, 3 And nations will set forth to thy light, and kings to the 20 brightness of thy beams. 4 Lift up thine eyes round about, and see ! they all gather together, and come to thee,' Thy sons come from afar, and thy daughters are borne at the side.* 25 5 Then wilt thou see, and be radiant, and thy heart will tremble and <throb-. For the treasures of the sea will turn to thee, the riches of the nations will come to thee. 6 An abundance of camels will cover thee, young camels of 30 Midian and F'phah ; All those from Sheba^ will come,* Jhvh's famous deeds will they proclaim ; 59,20 -•it is- Jhvh's oracle 60,6 *gold and incense will they bear 107 -^**^««Se- 5 36ata§ ^S@»«i»*«^ 60,7-16 60 , 7 All Kedar's"^ flocks will gather to thee, Nebaioth's' rams will tseek) thee ; With acceptance will they mount mine altar, and my house <of prayer> will I glorify. 8 Who are those who fly like a cloud, and like doves to 5 their cotes ? 9 Yea, to me the cships^ igather;, in the van the vessels of Tarshish, To bring thy sons from afar, their silver and gold* with them, To the Name of Jhvh, thy God, and to Israel's Holy One; 10 because He glorifies thee.^ 10 Strangers will build thy walls, and their kings will minister to thee. For in my wrath I smote thee,"° but in my favor I have compassion on thee. 15 11 Thy gates will stand open continually; day and night they will be unclosed, That men may bring to thee the riches of the nations, their kings deadingi tthe train*." 13 The glory of Lebanon will come to thee, pine and plane and 20 cypress together,"' That I may glorify the place of my sanctuary, and make my footstool honorable ; 14 To thee will they go crouching, the sons of those who afflicted thee, and* spurned thee, 25 And they will call thee the City of Jhvh, the Zion of Israel's Holy One. 15 Instead of being forsaken," hated, and unvisited, [upon age; Thou wilt be made an everlasting pride, a delight for age 16 Thou wilt suck the milk of nations, and royal breasts wilt 30 thou suck, '3 And thou wilt know that I, Jhvh, am thy deliverer, and that thy redeemer is the Hero of Jacob."" 60, 12 -The nation and royal house that will not serve thee shall perish, and the nations shall be laid waste. * 14 ^at the soles of thy feet will bow down all those who 60,17-61,3 — '•t^i^iii- 5 'ieaia^ -m^^a**— '"^ 60, 17 Instead of brass I will bring gold, and instead of iron I will bring silver," And I will make peace thy governor, and righteousness thy magistrate, is Violence will no more be heard of in thy land, nor desolation 5 and destruction within thy borders. And thou wilt call thy walls Deliverance, and thy gates Renown. 19 No more will the sun serve thee for light,'* nor for brightness the moon illuminate thee, 10 But Jhvh will be to thee an everlasting light, and thy God thy adornment. 20 Thy sun will set no more, and thy moon will not wane,'^ But Jhvh will be to thee an everlasting light, and thy days of mourning will be ended. 15 21 Thy people will be all righteous, they will possess the land for ever. The scion of <Jhvh'S) planting, the work of <His- hands, with which He adorns Himself 22 The smallest will become a clan, the least a large nation; 20 I, JnvH, * * will hasten it in its time. 2. Z^i ^itvant of tU JSorb eofifoqutjee concerning the gracious message committed to him, and Jhvh confirms his uiird.'* 61,1 'nr^HE spirit of the Lord Jhvh is upon me, because Jhvh 25 1 has anointed me,'^ *And* has sent me to bring good news to the afflicted, to bind up the broken-hearted. To proclaim liberty to the captives,"' and opening of the eyes to the -blind •,'' 30 2 To proclaim Jhvh's year of favor and the day of vengeance of our God,^° 3 To comfort all mourners <> , to give them instead of ashes =' a coronal. Oil of joy for the garment of mourning, a song of praise for 35 a failing spirit," 60.17 "and instead of timber, brass; and instead of stones, iron 19 *by day I09 — **e#^Sf 5 38'>"'B -«®*^sM-s — 61,4-62,4 61 So that men will call them <Children> of Righteousness, the Planting of Jhvh with which He adorns Himself^' 4 They will build up the ancient ruins, they will rear again the desolations of the forefathers. They will renew the ruined cities, the places long ago made 5 desolate. 5 Strangers will stand, and feed your flocks, and aliens will be your ploughmen and vine-dressers, 6 But ye, — priests of jHVH^t will ye be called, ministers of our God will ye be named, 10 The riches of the nations will ye eat, and their splendor <will be your adornment-. 7 Because ctheirj contumely was in double measure, =5 and shame cand spitting) was their lot,^* Therefore in their land they will possess double, their joy will 15 S For I, Jhvh, love justice, I hate <unjust> spoil, =' [be everlasting. And I will give ♦them* their recompense faithfully, and make with them an everlasting covenant. '^^ 9 Their posterity will be known among the nations, and their offspring amidst the peoples ; 20 All that look on them will discern that the\' are a race which Jhvh has blessed. II For as the earth puts forth its sprouts, and a garden causes the things sown in it to spring up. So will the Lord Jhvh cause victory to spring up, and renown 25 before all nations. [I will not rest.^s 62,1 For Zion's sake I will not be silent, and for Jerusalem's sake Till her victor}' go forth like the brightness +of the dawn-, and her deliverance like a torch that is lighted. 30 2 Nations will see thy victory, and all kings thy glory, [] 3 And thou wilt be a crown of adornment in Jhvh'.s hand, and a royal diadem in the open hand of thy God. ['] 4 No more wilt thou be named Forsaken, and thy land** iDeso- late., 35 But thou wilt be called Well-pleasing, and thy land Married ;3° 62, 2^ "and thou wilt be called bj' a new name which Jhvh's mouth will determine 4a * will no more be named 62,5-61 ,10 — ^-H^etSf 5 38*io5 •*?S3#iH-s^ — no 62 For JuVH is well pleased with thee, and thy land will ^again* be married. 5 For ♦as* a young man marries a virgin, 'So* rhe who builds thee upi3' will marry thee. And with the joy of a bridegroom over a bride thy God will 5 joy over thee. 6 Over thy walls, O Jerusalem, I have set watchmen ;3= The whole day and the whole night through they are never Ye who are Jhvh's remembrancers, take ye no rest, [silent. 7 And give Him, *too*, no rest, until He establish, 10 And until He make Jerusalem a renown in the earth. 8 By His right hand has Jhvh sworn, and by His strong ami; Surely I will no more give thy wheat to be food for thy foes, Nor shall strangers drink thy new wine for which thou hast labored; 15 9 But those who have garnered -tthe wheat* shall eat it, and praise Jhvh, And those who have gathered in 'the ' new wine in the cluster*' shall drink it in my holy coiuts.33 [people! 20 10 Pass through, pass through the gates! Clear the way for the Cast up, cast up the highway ! Free it from stones ! 3^ Lift up a banner over the peoples ! [of the earth. 11 Behold, Jhvh has made *redemptiont to be heard to the end Say ye to the Sons of Zion : Behold, deli\erance comes ; [Him. 25 Behold, His wage is with Him, and His recompense before 12 Men will call them The Holy People, Jhvh's Redeemed Ones; And thou wilt be called Sought Out, The Unforsaken City. Prophecy 8. 61,10 T T EARTILY will I rejoice in Jhvh, my soul shall triumph 1 1 in my God, For He has clothed me with garments of delixerance, in the mantle of righteousness He has arrayed me ; -I rejoice* like a bridegroom who 'Orders> *his* coronal,'' and 35 like a bride who decks herself with her jewels. ****************** '-W ^*s«!#e@Ss- 5 JeatoB -ssssis**-! — 63,1-65,2 Prophecy 9. Mnot^ct (Pieion of ©cfivcrance. ( .432. B. C.) HO is he who comes from Edom, in bright-red gar-* ments from Bozrah? 5 So splendid in his apparel, marching- in the fulness of his strength? It is I, who <am glorified> in the redress of wrong, *and am* mighty to deliver.' 2 Why is there red on Thine apparel, and Thy garments like 10 his who treads in the wine-press? 3 A wine-trough have I trodden, ° I alone, and of the peoples there was no man with meji So I <trod> them in my wrath, and <trampled> them in my fur>', 15 And their *red» juice >besprinkled- my garments, 3 and all my apparel have I defiled ; 4 For a day of vengeance was in my heart, and the year of my redeemed was come.'* 5 And I dooked>, but there was no helper, and >was astonished*, 20 but there was no upholder. Therefore mine arm helped me; and my >righteousncssii, it upheld me; 5 6 And I <stamped> upon the peoples in my wrath, and .broke them to pieces- in my fury, 25 And <spilled> their juice on the ground. ***** ** * * ********* Prophecy 10. Z'^vcatcnin^e to t^c ^amantan&; Promises to the Faithful Jews." 30 ( .4501 B. c. ) 65 , 1 T OFFERED admission to those who asked not -after me> ; I 1 offered my oracles to those who sought me not; I said: Here am I, here am I, to a class of men which <called not> upon my 2 Name.= I have spread out my hands all the day to unruly and 35 disobedient* people, who follow the way^ which is not good, after 65,3-14 - -.*e»^C<- 5 3ea»a5 ■ 65,3 their own devices; the people who vex me to my face continuall)-. 4 who sacrifice in gardens,'' and burn incense upon bricks ;5 who tarry in graves,* and lodge in tsecret places> ; who eat swine's 5 flesh,' and -in- whose vessels is broth of unclean meats;* who say: Keep by thyself, come not too near me, for *else* I ishall sanctif\'i 5 thee." ■•At* such things there is a smoke in my nostrils, a fire 6 that burns continually. Behold, it is recorded before me; I will 7 not keep silence, except I have requited []" <their> iniquities, and the iniquities of <their> fathers together, says Jhvh, who burned incense upon the mountains, and dishonored me upon the hills ; '° 10 I will measure out their recompense first, [and will requite it]) into their bosom. 8 Thus says Jhvh : As when new wine is found in the cluster. And they say; Destroy it not, for a blessing is in it," [whole. So will I do for my servants' sake, that I destro\- not the 15 9 And I will bring forth from Jacob a posterit}-, and from Judah possessors of my mountains. And my chosen ones shall possess the land, and m\- servants shall dwell therein, 10 And Sharon shall become a pasture for flocks, and the \'alley 20 of Achor a resting place for herds.® 11 But as for you who forsake Jhvh, who forget my hoh' moun- tain,'= Who prepare a table for Fortune, and pour out mingled wine for Destiny, '3 25 12 I destine you for the sword, to the slaughter shall ye all bow down; Because when I called, ye did not answer; when I spoke, ye did not hear. But did that which \\as evil in mine eyes, and chose that 30 wherein I had no pleasure. 13 Therefore thus says the Lord, Jhvh : Behold, my servants shall eat, but ye shall hunger; Behold, my servants shall drink, but ye shall thirst ; Behold, my servants shall rejoice, but ye shall be abashed; 35 14 Behold, my servants shall exult for gladness of heart. But ye shall cr^' out for grief of heart, and for breaking of spirit shall ye wail. 65,6 •' into their bosom 10 *for my people who have inquired of me 113 — **g§^Ss- 5 3«<»'o5 ■^S*t«s*"=^ 65,15-25 65,15 And ye shall leave your name as a tform of. cursing to my\ chosen ones, .to wit*: And let the Lord Jhvh slay theeli But <my' servants tshall men calb by another name.'-t 16 oHe who blesses himself in the land will bless himself by the God of ifaithfulnessi, 5 And he who swears in the land will swear by the God of ifaithfulnessi, j Because the former troubles are forgotten, and because theyj are hidden from mine eyes. 17 Behold, I create new heavens and a new earth, "^ [to mind.! 10 The former things shall not be remembered, nor be recalled iS Rather shall -they* rejoice and exult for ever in that which I create, For behold, I create Jerusalem .anew* as an exultation, and her people as a joy, 15 19 And I will exult in Jerusalem, and rejoice in my people. No more shall there be heard in her the sound of weep- ing, nor the sound of a cry ; 20 No more shall there be an infant of a few days. Nor an old man who cannot live out his days : 20 The youngest shall die a hundred years old,'" but the sinner; shall be cut off by the curse. '^°i 21 They shall build houses, and inhabit them ; and plant vine-' yards, and eat their fruit; 22 They shall not build, and another inhabit; they shall not 25 plant, and another eat, For like the days of the trees'^ shall be the days of my' people, and the work of their hands shall my chosen ones wear out., 23 They shall not labor for nothing, or bring forth +children* 30 to see them perish, P"or they are a race blessed by Jhvh, and their offspring ♦ shall remain, with them. 24 Before they call, I will answer; while they yet speak, I will hear. 35 25 ♦Then* shall the wolf and the lamb feed together, and the lion eat straw like the ox." No harm or destruction shall there be in all my holy moun- tain,'« says Jhvh. 65 , 20 "a hundred years old 25 * but the serpent, dust shall be its food 66,1-6 — !^««^Bi- 5 Ss*'"? ^Sg^^sM.-* — 114 Prophecv II. ^3<i ^cmpfc of (^c ^amari^ane; Their final destruction;' ('4321 B.C.) [footstool, 66,1 ' I ^HUS say.s Jhvh; Heaven is my throne, and Earth my 5 A What house would ye build for me, and what place as my habitation ?' 2 For all this has my hand made, and -mine is- all this, says Jhvh, But upon such a man do I look, upon the afflicted and the 10 downcast, and him who tremblingly follows my word.' 3 He who slaughters an ox, tbut also* slays a man ;3 he who sacrifices a sheep, -but also* strangles a dog ; He who brings an oblation, -but also* pours out; swine's blood ; he who burns incense, -tbut also* blesses an idol : 15 As these have chosen their own ways, and their soul has pleasure in their abominations, 4 So will I choose troubles that shall harass them, and the things which they dread will I bring on them, Because I called, and none answered; I spoke, and they did 20 not answer. But did that which was evil in mine eyes, and chose that wherein I had no pleasure. 5 Hear the word of Jiivh, ye who tremblingly follow His word: Your brethren, who hate you, who loathe you for His Name's 25 sake,* have said ; Let Jhvh imanifest His glor)'i that we may look upon your joy; but they themselves shall be put to shame. 17 Those who consecrate and purify themselves for the gardens, the one -tconsecrating* the other <on the tip of the ear), who eat swine's flesh, and the cswarming creatures;, and mice,' together 3° iS^ shall they come to an end, says Jhvh. And as for me, their works and their devices * * « * Prophecy 12. ^3^ Oppoetfe ^atce of ^ctmakm anb t^c ^oetih (Uafion©. ( '432. n. c. 1 35 ARK! a roaring from the city; hark! from the Temple *it comes*;' Hark! Jhvh who renders -their* deserts to His enemies. H 115 — »*^^5Ss- 5 Jeaia^ -i*s«*g3s*« — 66,7-20 66,7 (But shej, before she travailed, brought forth <a. soid, [child.*! Before her throes came to her, she was delivered of a male 8 Who has heard such a thing? who has seen the like? Is cthe people of) a land brought forth in a day? Or is a nation begotten at once? [her sons. 5 For no sooner was Zion in travail than she brought forth 9 Should I bring to the birth, and not cause to bring forth? says Jhvh ; Or should I who cause to bring forth, hold it back? says thy God. lo 10 cRejoicc) Jerusalem, and exult over her, all ye who love her. Be rapturously joyful with her, all ye who mourned over her,3 11 That ye may suck, and be satisfied, from the breast of her consolations, That ye may drink deeply, with delight, of the <wine' of her 15 glory. 12 For thus says Jhvh : Behold, I direct peace to her like a river, and the glory of the nations'* like an overflowing torrent, that ye may suck ttherefrom'. Upon the side will ye be borne, ^ and upon 13 the knees will ye be fondled. As one whom his mother comforts, 20 so will I comfort you, and in Jerusalem'' shall ye be comforted. 14 When ye see it, your heart will be joyful, and your bones will spring up like young grass ;' and men will perceive the -loving- kindness- of Jhvh towards His servants, and cHisj lindignation 15 towards His enemiesi. For behold, Jhvh will come clike^ a fire, 25 and like a whirlwind +will be+ His chariots, to pay back His wrath 16 in burning heat, and His rebuke in flames of fire. By fire will Jhvh hold judgment <upon all the earth>, and by His sword ^ upon all flesh, and many will be the slain b)' Jhvh. iS'' cFor behold, the time^ approaches when I will gather all 30 19 nations and tongues, so that they come, and see my glory. I will work a sign among them,' and will send those of them who escape to" the far-off countries, which have not heard my Name, nor seen my glory. They will show forth my glory among the 20 nations, so that they bring all your brethren out of all the nations 35 as an oblation to Jhvh'"" up to my holy mountain, to Jerusalem,] 66,19 "''""^ nations, Tarshish, -Put-, and Lud, -Meshech-, 'Rosh>, Tubal, and. Javan * 20 "upon horses, and in chariots, and in Utters, and upon mules, and upon dromedaries 66,21 34.4 — »*<#(€«:- 5 36<>'i 6 -Wss^a**— "^ 66 says Jnvii, as the Israelites brint; the oblation" in a pure vessel 21 to the house of Jn\ii. And some of them also will I take as 22tLevite priests.," says Jhvh. For as the new heavens and the new earth, which 1 make, '3 will continue before me, says Jhvh, so shall your posterity and your name contuiue. 5 Appendix. (Much !ater)'4 23 Moreover from new moon to new moon, and from sabbath to sabbath, will all flesh come to worship before me, '5 says Jhvh ; 24 and going out they will look upon the carcasses of the men who 10 rebelled against me,'^ for thereof the worm *of corruption* cannot die, nor can the fire be quenched,''' and they will be an abhor- rence to all flesh. Prophecv 13. (P^ngcance on <B6om anb f6e (Uaftone.' 15 ( <4ooi n. c, or later) 34,1 T~\RAW nigh, ye nations, to hear, 1_^ And ye peoples, attend ; Let the earth and its fulness hear, The world and" its offspring. 20 2 For Jhvh has indignation against all nations, And wrath against all their host. *** ********* [slaughter. He has laid a ban upon them, has gi\en them up to 3 Their slain will be cast forth, 25 Their carcasses — a stench therefrom will go up ; The mountains will dissolve with their blood, 4 All the 'hills> will rot, The heavens will roll together like a scroll. And all their host will fade *and falK, 30 As the leaves fade *and fall* from the vine. And as that which fades -and falls* from the fig-tree. 34.1 ^all 4 "the host of lieaven 117 ^<>*e#es3!- 5 3e(»ta6 -iSeij^sM-"— 34, 5-13 34,5 For talready* drunken cwith His wrathi Is cJhvh'S) sword in heaven ;' Behold, upon Edom it comes down, And upon the people of His ban, for judgment. 6 The sword of Jhvh is glutted with blood, 5 It is moistened with fat, With the blood of lambs and he-goats, With the fet of the kidneys of rams. 3 For Jhvh has a sacrifice in Bozrah,'' And a great slaughter in the land of Edom; 10 7 Wild oxen will be struck down with them. And bullocks together with steers. Their land will become drunken with blood, And their dust soaked with fat ; 8 For a day of vengeance has Jhvh, 15 A year of reprisal for the quarrel of Zion. 9 Edom's torrents are turned into pitch, And the dust thereof into brimstone, Its land becomes pitch, 10 Night and day burning.' 20 It will be unquenched for ever. Its smoke will go up from age to age; It will lie waste perpetually. There will be none passing to cand froj therein. 11 The pelican and the bittern will take possession thereof, 25 And the eagle-owl and the raven dwell therein ; cJhvH) will stretch out thereon The measuring-line of Chaos and the plummet of Desolation. 12 <Satyrs will dwell therein, And' its nobles <will disappear*; 30 There will be no royalty there to proclaim,* And all Edom's princes will be no more. 13 Where its palaces stood, there spring up thorns. Nettles and thistles are in its fortresses ; It is changed into a haunt of jackals, 35 An enclosure for ostriches. 34.14-35.4 —'•HmfSff 5 'ieaia^ •stam^m*"— ii8 34, 14 And wild cats join the hyenas, And satyr there meets with satyr ;' Only there does Lilith repose,* And a place of rest find for herself 15 There the arrow-snake nestles and lays, It hatches and broods over its ceggS'; Only there do the vultures assemble, 0 t[None is without its fellow]). 16 Search it out" in the book of Jhvh ; Not one of *a\U these is missing. []' For the mouth of Jhvh — -it has commanded. And His breath — it has collected them. 17 He Himself has cast the lot for them. And His hand has di\ided it tto them* with the line; For ever shall they possess it, Age after age shall they dwell therein. Prophecy 14. Z^c (Bof6cn Jigc after f^c (X)cngcance. (Same date) 35,1 ' I ^HERE will be joy in the wilderness and the desert, 20 1 And the pasture-land will exult and burst forth ; 2 Like the narcissus,' will it burst into bloom. And exult, how greatly! and resound witli triumph. The glor)- of Lebanon is given to it. The splendor of Carmel and Sharon ; 25 Those will see the glor}' of Jhvh, The splendor of our God. 3 Strengthen the hands that hang down. And the tottering knees make firm ; 4 Say to those whose hearts beat wildly : 30 Be strong, fear not ! 34. 16 - <! read iig ^**^«Sif 5 Ssoia^ -©ssisH.^- 35.5-10 35 Behold, your God ccomes> ! He will csurely avenge His people;; There comes a retribution of God ; He Himself comes to deliver you. 5 Then will the eyes of the blind be opened, 5 And the ears of the deaf unstopped; 6 Then will the lame man leap like a hart, And the tongue of the dumb give a shout of joy. For waters break out in the wilderness, And in the pasture-land torrents, 10 7 And the parched ground becomes a lake, And the thirsty land brimming fountains. In the haunt of jackals cand wild cats>, ♦Will be* la resting-placo cfor your flocks and your herds), The enclosure tof the ostriches) 15 tWill be filled' with reeds and rushes. 8 There will a <pure> causeway arise, ^ It will be called The Holy Way; The unclean will not pass over it, And fools will err elsewhere." 20 9 No lion will be there. No violent beast will come up thither,^* But <thereon> the redeemed will walk, 10 And Jhvh's freed ones will return. They will come to Zion with exultation, 25 And with everlasting joy upon their head ; Gladness and joy will overtake ctheni), " Sorrow and sighing will flee away.t 35 , 8 " indeed, it is for 'His people> when going on pilgrimage ^^ *such shall not be found there 63,7-15 -^>*ei«e> 5 38ata5 ^SS««*«— 120 PROPHtXV 15. j(6racf, afmoef at ite faef gaep, compfatna to t^t £or5." J ( '350' B. c. ) 63,7 J HVH'S loving acts will I praise, Jhvh's deeds of renown, In proportion to all that, Jhvh, o iso richi in goodness," 5 has wrought for us, Has wrought for us according to His compassion, and His manifold lovingkindness. 8 He said: Surely, they are my people, sons that will not prove false ; 10 9 So He became to them a deliverer -from- all their distress. <No angelic messenger>, »but* His -own* presence^ delivered In His love and clemency He redeemed them, [them. And took them up, and carried them all the days of old. 10 But they resisted, and pained His Holy Spirit, 3 15 So He changed into an enemy towards them, He Himself fought against them. 11 Then *Israeh remembered the days of old,* tthe years of past ages), ■•saying* :* Where is He who brought up from the sea^ the shepherd 20 of His flock? Where is He who placed within ^His flock* His Holy Spirit? 12 Who sent forth His glorious arm at the right hand of Moses,* Who cleft the waters before them to make Himself an ever- 25 lasting name? [stumbling, 13 * Where is* He who made them go through the deeps' without 14 Like a horse through the pasture-land, like cattle which go ****** ****x [down to the valley,^ 30 ***** cand' the spirit of Jhvh <leading them-? Thus didst Thou guide Thy people, to make Thyself a glorious name. 15 Look hither from heaven,' and behold from Thy hol_\- and glorious palace ! 35 63. 7 'to the House of Israel 11 *His -Servant- Mo.ses 121 — •*^«3Ss- 5 3e<»'o5 -«si»«~= — 63,16-64,6 63 Where are Thy zeal and Thy prowess? -where are+ Thy lively sympathy and Thy compassion? 16 cAh, do not) 'Thou restrain Thyself>, for Thou art our father; Abraham knows us not, and Israel does not regard us,'° — Thou, Jhvh, art our father; our Redeemer from of Old is 5 Thy name. 17 Why causest Thou us, O Jhvh, to err from Thy ways, and hardenest our hearts that we fear Thee not?" Return for Thy servants' sake, -for- the tribes of Thine inheritance ! 10 iS But a little while" have <we> had possession of Thy holy <mountain>; our foes have trodden down Thy sanctuary. 19 We are become <like> those over whom long time Thou hast not ruled, over whom Thou hast claimed no lordship. '3 64,1 Oh, that Thou wouldst rend the heavens, tand* come down, 15 that before Thee the mountains might shake, 2 That as a fire of thay> blazes up, +so+ fire <might flame from heaven), To make known Thy Name to Thy foes, so that nations might tremble before Thee, 20 3 When Thou didst terrible things which we hoped not for,'^' and whereof from of old no man had heard ! 4 *Yea+, <the ear has not heard>, +and* the eye has not seen ■Thy deeds> cand acts of prowessj <which Thou> wilt do for <those> who wait for cThee^. 25 5 cOh, that Thou mightst meet>^ <those who work- righteous- ness, -and> who remember <the ways Thou wouldst have>. •But* behold. Thou wast wroth, and we sinned, -wroth* tat our breach of faith, and we became guilty^.'s 6 We all became like one who is defiled, and all our 30 righteous deeds like a woman's unclean garment. We all withered like leaves, and, like the wind, our guilt _ icarriedi us away; 64,3 "that Thou wouldst come down, that the mountains might shake before Thee * 5 *him who exults, and 64 , 7 - 24 , 5 — »*e^^»- 5 3ea<a5 • 64,7 There was none who called on Thy Name, who* aroused himself to lay hold on Thee. For Thou hadst hid Thy face from us, and hadst <deUvered> us into the power of our guilt. 8 And now, O Jhvh, Thou art our father; 5 We are the clay, and Thou our fashioner, and the work of Thy hands are we all. 9 Be not very sore displeased, O Jhvh, and remember not iniquity for e\er; Ah! do but look hither; Thy people are we all. 10 10 Thy holy cities are become a desert,'^" Jerusalem a 'Curse>, 11 Our holy and glorious house, where our fathers praised Thee,'' Has been burned with fire, and all that we prized is become a ruin. 12 Wilt Thou restrain Thyself, Jhvh, at such things? +Wilt 15 Thou* be silent, and afflict us \'ery sore? Prophecy 16. (proepcce© at tU cnb of "f^i© .Sge.'" 1. ZU B&Bt Judgment ani t^i- ICtngbom of (Sob. (About 334 B. c.) 20 24,1 "TOEHOLD, Jhvh makes the earth desert and desolate. He turns 2 -D it upside down, and scatters its inhabitants. It shall be, as with the people, so with the priest; as with the servant, so with his master; as with the maid, so with her mistress; as with the buyer, so with the seller; as with the lender, so with the borrower; 25 3 as with the debtor, so with the creditor. The earth shall be utterly desert and clean despoiled, for Jhvh has spoken the word. 4 The earth faints, it fades away, The world fails, it fades away, tHigh heaven, likei the earth, fails. 30 5 The earth has been profaned by the touch of its inhabitants, In that they have transgressed the commandments, violated Broken the everlasting covenant ;" [the statute^^ 64, 10 -Zion is become a desert 123 ^«4^«€es- 5 38ata5 ^®»*3*«— 24,6-19 34,6 Therefore a curse devours the earth, And those who dwell thereon suffer for their guilt, Therefore earth's inhabitants ccease to be>, Few men are left. 7 The grapes fail, the vinet-blossom* fades, 5 All the glad of heart do sigh. 8 The joy of timbrels ceases, The uproar of those who are jubilant ends, The joy of the lute ceases. 9 No more do they drink wine with song, 10 Mead is bitter to those who drink it. 10 Broken down is the City of Chaos, 3 Closed every house so that it cannot be entered. 11 In the streets they cry because of +the failure* of the wine; All gladness has <passed away>; 15 Joy has been banished from the earth. 12 In the city is left desolation. And the gate is battered to ruins.'' 13 Yea, thus will it be throughout the earth, [trees, In the midst of the peoples, as at the shaking of the olive- 20 As at the gleaning of the grapes, when the vintage is done. 5 14 Those tyonder+ send forth resounding cries, Because of Jhvh's majesty they shout from the sea : 15 Therefore in the far countries give honor to Jhvh, [God.* In the far countries of the sea to the Name of Jhvh, Israel's 25 16 From the earth's border<s> we have heard songs of praise: Glory tis come* for the righteous ! i But I say : For me, miserj' ; for me, misery ; alas for me ! The robbers rob ; yea, robbers rob *a perfect* robbery, [earth ! 17 Terror, trap, and snare ^ are upon thee, O inhabitant of the 30 iS Whoso flees from the noise of the terror, will fall into the trap ; And whoso escapes from the trap will be taken m the snare. For lattices from high heavens have opened, 35 And the earth's foundations tremble. 19 The earth breaks, breaks. The earth cracks, cracks. The earth shakes, shakes. 24,20-27.12 — ■^•i^&Sf- 5 "^eaiat) ■Dss^vst'^ — 124 24,20 The earth reels, it reels like a drunkard, And rocks to and fro like a hammock; Its rebellion lies heavy upon it, It falls, and will not rise acjain. 21 In that day it will come to pass [in the height, 5 That JnvH»'.s wratht will visit the host of the Uieavenl}-* height And the kings of the earth on the earth. 22 They W'ill be swept together as prisoners into a pit, And led dow-n to be confined in a dungeon. And after many days will they be visited. ' 10 23 Then will the moon be confounded, and the sun ashamed, Because Jhvh Sabaoth is become king on Mount Zion and And before His elders is glory. [in Jerusalem, 25,6 On this mountain will Jhvh Sabaoth make to all peoples A feast of fat things, a feast of wines on the lees, 15 Of fat things full of marrow, of wines on the lees well strained.'" 7 On this mountain will He annihilate The veil which veils all peoples. The covering which covers all nations ; 8 "Yea, the Lord Jhvh will wipe away tears from all faces, 20 And the reproach of His people will He take away throughout Jhvh has spoken it. [all the earth;" 26, 20 Come, my people, enter into your chambers. And shut your doors behind )-ou ; Hide thyself for a little moment, 25 Until *His+ indignation be overpast. 21 For behold, Jhvh comes out of His place To visit the iniquity of the earth's inhabitants upon them ; The earth will disclose its bloodshed. And will no more cover its slain. 30 27,1 In that day will Jhvh punish with His sword, so hard and great and strong, the Leviathan, the fleeing serpent; and the 12 Leviathan, the coiled serpent; and \\ill slay the sea-monster." And 25,8 "He will annihilate death for ever 125 ^**6j|«ae- 5 Jeaia^ -si^^a*-:— 27,13-26,2 27 in that day Jhvh will beat out ears of wheat from The River to^ the Torrent of Eg)pt, and ye will be gleaned up one by one, ye 13 Sons of Israel. '=1 In that day also a great horn will be blown, and those will come who were lost in the land of Assyria, and those who were outcasts in the land of Egypt, and they will do 5 homage to Jhvh on the holy mountain, in Jerusalem. 2. tU Bow &6t(xti of Jevueafem. The Cause of it, and the Remedy. A fragment ( about 332 B. c. ) ■if*************" 10 7 T T AS He smitten it as He smote its smiter? A 1 Or was it slain as its slayers were slain? [] 9 Therefore, on this condition may the guilt of Jacob be expiated. Yea, this is all the ♦desired* result of pardoning their sin : 15 When they make all stones of altars like pounded chalk-stones. So that Asherahs and pillars of the sun rise up no more. 10 For the fenced city is solitary, [like the wilderness ; An abode whose inmates have been scattered, [*] and deserted There calves feed, and there they lie down, sand consume the 20 branches thereof.'-* 11 When its twigs are dry,'^ they are broken off, Women come, and set them ablaze: For it is not a discerning people. Therefore has its Maker no compassion upon it, 25 And its Fashioner shows it no indulgence. 3. cE militatm (^ctroepect. ( '332' B. C. ) 26 . 1 y N that day shall this song be sung in the land of Judah : '* [and bulwark. '7 30 A strong city is ours, -Hist help He gives ♦us* for walls 2 Open ye the gates that the righteous nation, that keeps faithfulness, may enter. I 27,6 "in -days- to come Jacob will take root, Israel will blossom and bud; and they will fill the face of the world with fruit * 8 * by affrighting it, by scattering it, contend with it, He ive.xed: it with His rough blast in the day of the east wind 26,3-i6 -^>-»^m!f 5 'ieaia^ ■^i!tm^i*<— 126 26,,^»The man of* steadfast mind Thou keepest in welfare-, for in Tliee is his trust. 4 Trust ye in Jhv}I for ever, for ■> Jhvh is an eternal Rock. 5 For He has cast down those who dwelt on high, the lofty city,'^ Abasing it <> even to the ground, bringing it even to the dust.' 5 6<>The feet of the afflicted'^ trample upon it, the steps of the helple.ss. 7 Tlie path for the righteous is good fortune <>; a road for the righteous Thou levelest. 8 Yea, in the path of Thy judgments, O Jhvh, have we waited 10 for Thee,=° Thy Name and Thy praise were the desire of ♦our+ soul. 9 With my soul I desired Thee;" yea, with my spirit within me I sought Thee earnestly : When " Thy judgments come on the earth, the inhabitants of 15 the world learn righteousness. 10 If the wicked be treated with clemency, he will not learn righteousness, ^no, not even* in the land of rectitude ; He goes on doing mischief, and cannot see the majesty of Jhvh. iioUplifted was Thy hand, *but» they saw it not; let them see 20 it, and be ashamed! Let *Thy zeal for Thy^ people, let the fire ^appointed* for Thine enemies, devour them, | O Jhvh! [2 Thou wilt establish prosperity for us, for indeed all our work Thou hast wrought for us. 25 13 O Jhvh, our God! other lords beside Thee have had dominion over us ;" Only of Thee tdo we make our boast'. Thy Name do we praise. 14 The dead will not live *again*, the shades will not rise; to that end Thou didst punish ♦them*; 30 Thou didst destroy them, and cause all memory of them to perish. 15 Thou hast increased the nation o, Thcui hast glorified Th\-- self, Thou hast extended far all the bounds of the land." i6i;In trouble 'we> looked for Thee; <\ve cried out in> <distre.ss> <when> Thy discipline came on <us>. 35 25,12 'and thy steep, higli walls He casts down, brings low, levels witli the ground, * ■ [even with the dnst^s 26, 9 '' in tlie night 127 — »*^«agis- 5 3«a«ft? -^^f^**— 26,17-25,5 26 , 17 As a woman with child, who draws near her time," cries out in her pangs, I-''. iS So were we -crying out* because of Thee, O Jhvh ! | we were with child, we writhed *in anguish*,* »Yea*, we brought not the land to true welfare, nor did 5 dwellers in the world spring to life.^'' 19 Thy dead' shall arise; <the> inhabitants of the dust <shall> awake, and shout for joy; For a dew of lights is Thy dew, and to life shall the earth ' bring the shades. ""^ 10 4. ,S ^onj. (Same date, '332! b. c.) 25,1 1\ /T ^' God, O Jhvh, Thou art, IVl Thee I exalt, Thy Name will I praise; Wonderful deeds hast Thou wrought, 15 Old prophetic counsels fulfilled.^'' 2<>A citadel Thou hast turned to a mound, To ruin a fenced city falls ; Where stood towers of <insolence> no city is found. Nor shall men ever build up its walls. 20 3 Hence to Thee they give honor *and praise*, Yea, men in the fierce heathenland ; The tyrants fear Thee *all their days*, | Because cThou hast shown Thy right hand^. 4 As a fortress to the weak Thou art made, A fortress to the poor in his woe, A refuge from storms, at noontide a shade;* 5^tBub <insolent> cpride> Thou laidst low.' 25 26,17a "writhes iS^ *when we brought forth, it was wind 19 'shall live; -their- dead bodies * 25,4''.5* ''for the blast ot the tyrants is hke a rain-storm in 'vvinter>, | Uke heat in a dry * [place 5b ■ .like* heat by the shadow of clouds the song of the tyrants He stills 25.927,5 -^-s-^^SfS 36(»ia^ •iWssieM-s — 128 5. Jlnot^cr ^ong. (Same date, 13321 b. c. ) 25,9 AND it will be said in tliat day: -ii. Behold, there is* our God, For whom we waited ['] 5 That He should deli\'cr us, [] Let us exult and rejoice in His deliverance. 10 For the hand of Jhvh will rest Upon this mountain. But Moab will be trodden down in her place, ^^ 10 As straw is trodden down in the water of a dunghill. 11 And if she spread forth her hands therein. As he who swims Spreads forth his hands to swim, [hands. Her pride will be subdued, together with the stricks! of her 15 6. cH t^ivl ^ong. (Same date, 13321 B. c. ) 27.2 <TT will be said, too), in that day: J. Of the 'fair- vineyard ising- *a lay*,^^ 3 I, Jh\'ii, hold it close in ward, 20 Each hour I give it water *cleart. Lest any harm ishould happeni there; Night and day am I its guard, | 4 And wrath I never bear. Oh, that before me might appear 25 Briars -and- the ♦prickly* thorn! War would I wage against them there, Together would I burn them there ! 5 Or let them to my shelter flee. And let them thei'e make peace with me<'! 30 25,9 "this is Jhvh for whom we waited (Uo^ee on 3eaia^ BOOK of Isaiali, as we now have it, falls into two parts, 1-39 and 40 - 66 ; the former, when provisionally completed ^ I perhaps about B.C. 400), was the only Book of Isaiah then known. CC. 1-39. not to speak at present of 40-66, are not 5 entirely the work of Isaiah. It was a practice of the later editors to ensure the preservation of anonymous prophecies by inserting them in the acknowledged works of well-known pro- phetic writers ( see, for instance, the Books of Jeremiah and ' Zechariah). Sometimes this may have been done with the idea 10 that there was a special affinity between the earlier and the later writer. We must not, however, allow this bare possibility to prejudice us in our inquiry into the authorship of a prophetic record. The fame of Isaiah as a ])rophet was so great that it was only natural that he should be chosen as a kind of patron for unclaimed prophetic writings, and the whole conception of prophecy 15 had become so largely modified in the post-E.xilic period (see the New Tes- tament pcissiin, and ben-Sirach's description of Isaiah in Sir. 48 , 24 1 that a book which was only in part Isaiah's would soon be unhesitating!},- referred to his authorship altogether. The Genuine Prophecies of Isaiah were occasioned by three great national 20 crises — the Syro-Israelitish invasion (734), the siege and fall of Samaria (722), and the western campaign of Sennacherib ( 701 ). On the finst two occasions the prophet foresaw with a striking degree of accuracy what would happen, and though on the third he took too gloomy a view of the immediate fate of Judah (for the state continued to exist under the suzerainty of Assyria), 25 yet he ditl but anticipate a doom which was irrevocably fixed ; nor was he the man to be taken in by a purely e.xternal reformation such as Hezekiah may (if there be an historical element in 2 Kings 18,41 have carried out subsequently to 701. From first to last a severe tone predominates in his prophecies, but the sternest prophecy of all is that in which, as the last of 30 the Assyrian warriors disappear from before Jerusalem, he rebukes the light- hearted populace for its ill-timed, self-deluding gaiety (22,1-14). Repent- ance alone could ward off the last and greatest of evils ; and of repentance, he says, there is no longer any hope. Had Isaiah forgotten his old Messianic hope (9,2-7; ii,i-S)? or is he simply overpowered by the apparent moral 35 130 — s'^^^^SBi- (llotce on '^eaia^ -5es»6ew-s — failure of his ministn? or shall we be persuaded by the latest critics to give up the Isaianic authorshiji of the Messianic sections referred to? However we decide, it is diflicult to believe that Isaiah lived long after this severe blow to his patriotic heart. Tlie story of his having been j^ut to death by Manasseh 5 is a mere Talmudic legend, the product of an age which sought to be wise above that icliich is written, and to account for Isaiah's having written prophe- cies which, if really his, could only have been composed in the compulsory retirement of a period of persecution. Let us now turn to these iion-Zsniaitu I^ropliccics. There are, properly 10 speaking, three collections, the combination of which, with a double Appendi.\ (cc. 34.35. and 36-39), makes up what we may call the First Book of Isaiah. These collections are {a) cc. 1-12; {^b) cc. 13-27; and (V) cc. 28-33. l" («), besides various passages which an editor has written in order to supply the place of illegible passages, and to adapt Isaiah's work to his own time, 15 there is one important little prophecy of late date inserted from another source (2,2-4). Like the other post-Exilic passages, this fine prophecy is retained here in its original place (see note 4 on Prophecy 8) to illustrate the procedure of the post-Exilic editors. — In \b) we have two Exilic prophe- cies on the fall of Babylon (cc. 13, 2-22 ; 14, 1-23, and 21, i-io) ; also (very 20 possibly) a pre-Exilic oracle, which has been edited, and made as much like a prophecy of Isaiah as possible (15,1-16,12), and two pre-Exilic but post- Isaianic pieces on Edom and Kedar respectively (21,11.12; 21,13.141, which have, like the Oracle on Jl/oab, been provided with a fragment of Isaiah's work in an epilogue. And lastly, we have two prophetic compositions of the 25 Persian period, one from its earlier, the other from its closing portion, viz. the Oracle on Egypt 119,1-15), with its still later Appendix, and a strange and difficult work without a title (cc. 24 and 27.1. 121, to which passages of an even later date have been added, and to which an equally late record near the end of the second part of our Isaiah corresponds. The latter work 30 (cc. 24-27), as it now stands, was probably inserted subsequently to the pro- visional completion of the original Book of Isaiah (which closed at c. 35). — In (f) there are at least two passages (both post-Exilic), which the editor took from other sources to form a better close for the book (32,15-20 and 33), and it should be added that this portion contains several passages of post- 35 Exilic origin (see especially 29,16-24 and 30,18-26), which were inserted to adapt the original prophecies to post-Exilic times. Two of the weakest and latest of all the prophecies (cc. 34 and 35) were added as a supplement both to (c) and to the whole Book. At a still later time, a second supplement (cc. 36-39) was appended, containing a sketch of Isaiah's activity during the 40 last Assyrian crisis as it appeared to a post-Exilic compiler. The second half of the existing Book of Isaiah is, like the first, of com- posite origin. No part of it belongs to Isaiah. Why indeed should we sup- pose the contrary-? The first half of the Book is sufficiently closed with a double Appendix, and, unlike c. 13, c. 40 does not embarrass us with an 45 editorial headin.g ascribing the following work to Isaiah ben-Amoz. It is quite true that cc. 40-66 were attributed to Isaiah as early as ben-Sirach (see Sir. 48, 24), ;'. c. before the end of the second century B. c. ; but this was only because the anonymous works which make up cc. 40-66 had for some time past found a home in the conveniently elastic Book of Isaiah. For ben-Sirach's very 50 natural mistake a modern parallel may be mentioned. Gregory- of Tours was misled into representing a canon of the Synod of Gangra as a Nicene canon, simply through the copyist's habit of appending the decrees of Gangra to those of Nicsea. That the Second Isaiah (as the author of the Prophecy of Restoration has been called) was well acquainted with the works of Isaiah is ^-**^«5f- Qtotee on 3oata5 -^Sii^**— 131 doubtless true. But he makes no attempt to reproduce his style. Even in language he differs from Isaiah vastly more than he agrees with him, while in manner and tone the two writers are as unlike as they can be. The argument froin the historical situation of the writer of the Prophecy of Restoration is however, of course, more easily apprehended by the ordinary 5 reader. The persons whom he addresses are not the contemporaries of Ahaz (735-715) or Hezekiah (715-686), but the Jewish exiles in Babylonia (597 ff.). Like a Christian pastor, he enters into the difficulties and aspirations of his people, removing the one by eloquent arguments, and stimulating the other by assurances which claim a divine origin. Cyrus (558-529) is even men- 10 tioned by name, and is called Jhvh's Anointed, and much is said of a personage of whom no pre-E.\ilic prophet has spoken : the Servant of Jhvh, through whom God's gracious purposes for Israel and the world shall be realized. This cycle of poetic passages on the character and work of the Servant of Jhvh (42,1-4; 49,1-6; 50,4-9; 52.13-53,12) seems to have 15 formed originally a separate collection which was subsequently incorporated into the Prophecy of Restoration, /. e. the expanded book of the Second Isaiah (cc. 40-55). The new theological ideas in 40-66 are so abundant that the only difficulty is that of selection. Isaiah might perhaps (had he been a critic ! ) have recognized in them germinal ideas of his own, but there is a gap 20 between the two theologies (if the word may be used) which only the troublous discipline of Israel can explain. Jeremiah, quite as much as Isaiah, prepared the way for the so-called Second Isaiah, and how far this later prophet is in advance of Jeremiah, the reader may easily convince himself by giving some attention to Jeremiah before proceeding to the study of the Second Isaiah. 25 The Prophecy of Restoration itself extends from c. 40 to c. 55. CC. 40-48 contain the Original Prophecies of the Second Isaiah. Apart from the lines referring to the Servant (see above, 1. 15), as well as the links con- necting them with the prophetic framework (42,5-7&c. ), and some other editorial additions (see note 77 on p. 1S2), they were written soon after the year 30 ( >546' ) in which Cyrus quitted Sardis (</. p. 175, 1. 12). CC. 49-55 form most probably an Appendix to the Prophecies of the Second Isaiah in cc. 40-48, designed to meet altered circumstances, and attached to the earlier prophecy of 545-539 B- c. at the time of Ezra (■4321), when there existed at Jerusalem a people in whose heart was jHi'frs teaching (51,7). The remainder of the 35 second half of the traditional Book of Isaiah consists of passages of different dates, but all post-Exilic. CC. 60-62 come nearest in style to cc. 40-55, and seem to have been composed as a supplement to that work. They betray, however, a falling off in stylistic originality and in religious depth, and the circumstances presupposed are those of the time of Ezra (432 B. c). There 40 are also other prophetic compositions of much the same period, which may help to give life and color to the dry skeleton of history. In some (cc. 56,9- 57,13^, and 65.66), we get an insight into the religious and social differences between the Jews and the Samaritans, and an early reference to the plan of a Samaritan temple. The latest prophecy appears to be 63,7-64,12. which 45 reflects the despondency of the darkest period in Jewish history between Ezra's Reform (432) and the Maccabean rising (167) — the period of the barbarities of Artaxerxes Ochus (about 347). There is nothing later than this in cc. 40-66, nothing, therefore, to place beside parts of cc. 25-27 (date, perhaps, 332) and the epilogue of c. 19 (date, perhaps, 275), It only remains to be added that 50 the latest editor gave a semblance of unity to the scattered prophecies which he had before him, by dividing the entire ma.ss into three nearly equal books, the two former of which close with nearly the same words (48, 22 ; 57, 21). In the present translation light rlue {e.g. 2,1) is used to indicate pas- 2,1-12 — »-j-^MSc (JlofcB on I '^eaiati -if-mi^^i^ — 132 sages written (at any rate in the main) as well as inserted by the redactor or editor (see p. 130, II. 13.36) of tlie Book of Isaiah (without distinction of first or second editors-, ('/■ p. 141,1.43). — Light red (f.^. 51,1) is used for pro- ])lietic or poetic passages written neither by Isaiah nor by the Second Isaiah 5 (p. 130, 1. 53), nor by the editors. — Daric pi'rple {e. ^. 42,1-4) indicates the poems in which the 'Servant of Jhvh ' (p. 131,!. 12) is referred to, while LIGHT PURPLE (€.«:. 6i , I ) is Used for certain passages (in cc. 61.621 written in imitation of those original poems (in dark purpl?). — The original prophecies of the .Second Isaiah (cc. 40-48) have been printed in dark red. In cc. 10 36-39 (cf. p. 130, 1. 39), on the other hand, dark red is used to distinguish the Second Narratii'c (pp. 49.50) from the First Narrative (p. 47), the latter being printed in dark blue {cf. p. 164,1.33). — Dark blue is also used for the links connecting the Songs on the Servant with the prophetic framework (42,5-7; 49,7-12; 51, 4''. 5'') as well as for the Oracle on Tyre in c. 23, 15 where some later prophetic writer (of course not the author of the First Narrative, \). 47, or the inserter of the Songs on the Servant ) seems to have made use of some slight fragments of Isaiah. It is hardly necessary to atld that the author of the Second Narrative (pp. 49.50) is not identical with the Second Isaiah (cc. 40-48). (Itotce on (propBccp I. (i) The prophet both hears and sees what he endeavors to communicate; 2, i his prophecy is at once a vision (28,7; Mic. 3,6; <;/. Is. I , i ) and tliat zi</iic/i is heard (28,9.19), i.e. an oracle. See on 18,9-12. When this heading was written, a collection of prophecies on the world outside Judah must have 25 been already known. (2) The opening words of v. 6 (due, like v. 5, to the editor) contain a 6 statement which would more properly have come at the end of the prophecy ; they take the place of something which has been lost. For the prophecy, or poem, which follows is certainly imperfect. Probably it is made up out of 30 more than one pcjem relative to Jhvh's judgment upon all human glory, especially that won so recently by Uzziah (778-736) for the kingdom of Judah. This prepares the way for the description, in 3, 1-7, of a national catastrophe such as actually took place long afterwards under Jehoiachin (597). Then in 3,8-15 we have a fervid denunciation of the ruling class in Judah as the 35 cause of the calamity. Notice the refrains vv. to. 19 and 11. 17. ( 3 ) Balak, king of Moab, sends for the great diviner Balaam from Syria . . . .from the mountains of the east (Num. 23. i). See also 9, 12, and note on Gen. 29 , i. (4) See I Sam. 6.2; 2 Kings 1,2. (5) See note on Is. 30, 1. 7 40 (6) It is not strange that there should be (including 9,7-10,4) three 11 poetical descriptions of judgment belonging to Isaiah's earliest period. The second of these differs in rhythm and refrain from the first. Probably vv. 11-17 take the place of a passage of the first description which had become illegible {cf. note 2) ; we can thus understand why it is so fragmentary. From v. 11 45 we may infer that a lost introductory portion of the same stanza contained a descrijition of the haughtiness of humankind. Both poems (there is no reason to doubt) come from the hand of Isaiah. (7) The passage illustrates the words of Ami is: Woe unto you luho desire 12 tlie day of fHVH ! Wherefore would ye have the day of JHVH? It is darkness, 50 and not li.^ht (Am. 5, iS). Both Amos and Isaiah adopt a popular phrase, and 133 -^-i-e^tS^- (Tlotee on I 3eaia6 ".-^^m*^ — 2 , 16-3 , 16 transform its meaning. To the mass of the people the Day of jHl'H meant His Z day of battle — an idiom familiar in Arabic (,day may be combined with the name either of a person or of a place, or even stand alone for battle). Jhvh being a god of war, and attached irre\ocably to Israel, His worshipers looked forward 5 with hope to some great day of battle when their God would invisibly fight on their side against their enemies. One such a day of battle was that in which I for these days were not limited to twenty-four hours) Joash, king of Israel (798- 7S3), was delivered from Syria t2 K. 13, 17), and if Jhvh was, as a poet said, the shield of Israel's help, and the sword of its pride (Deut. 33, 29), 10 might not Israel expect that many other such days would proceed out of the store of pre-e.\istent days? Amos and Isaiah, however, both deny this. There is virtually a moral contrast between Israel and its God. Jhvh's two great requirements are justice in the relations of civil life, and humility towards Him- self In Am. 5, 24; 6, 12; Is. 1 , 17. 21 . 23 ; 3, 14. 15 ; 5,7, &c., it is justice which 15 Jhvh looks for in vain in Israel; in Am. 6,13; Is. 2,11-17; 5,12.15, it is humility. In this early prophecy of Isaiah, the prophet does not name the agent of the divine punishment; Jhvh Himself interposes, with all the outward manifestations of a thunderstorm \ cf. 29,6; 30,27-31). Soon, however, the omission will be repaired, and in 28 , 2 the prophet uses the same idiom as here 20 to point out the terrible foe who already has his eye upon his destined prey {fHVH has in readiness, &c. ). From this idea of Jhvh's Day of Battle the conception of the Day of Judgment was gradually developed. (8) Cf. Coran 55,24: His are the ships which tower aloft in the sea like 16 mountains. 25 (9) The mention of ships of Tarshish in the first line suggests that in the second line some kind of ships must be again referred to. Perhaps indeed the ships of Tarshish may be still intended ; the word stately expresses admira- tion of the appearance of these noble products of civilization. The Hebrew word rendered vessels is, however, obscure, and perhaps corrupt. 30 (10) There are several indications that this passage (3,1-7) is no longer 3, in its original form. Note the want of arrangement in the list with which it opens, and the unrhythmical, prosaic style of the whole. The picture in vv. 6.7 corresponds to that in 4,1, which is also vigorous indeed but prosaic. (11) Isaiah passes from the people as a whole to the most important 9 35 section of it including the judges. These were (in the capital) probable mem- bers of the royal family (Jer. 21 , 11 . 12) ; hence in the next verse (12) there is another transition, to the king. The fault of which the judges are accused is observance of persons {cf. Mic. 7,3); they openly take bribes to oppress the innocent. 40 (12) The connection is broken by two commonplace didactic verses (10. 12 II I. which (like 2 , 22 ) are evidently a gloss. It is not the fate of the righteous or the wicked as a class that interests the prophet, but that of his much-lo\ed people, which he emphatically distinguishes from its governors. In v. 12^ he alludes to the weak and effeminate character of Ahaz (736-7281. The women 45 of the court are the true rulers of the state (v. 16, and ef. Am. 4,1). The glowing augun,- of v. 4 has been fulfilled, though the captivity spoken of in the conte.xt of that passage is still in the future. I 13 1 This introducton.' formula warns us that what follows was uttered on 16 another occasion, and does not strictly belong to the preceding prophecy. It is 50 directed against the proud and coquettish ladies of Jerusalem {ef 32,9-12; Am. 4, 1-3). Isaiah knows the influence which they exert both on the morals and on the policy of their husbands, and threatens them with captivity (a lot 4,1-4 — ^-Ms^issaS- Qtolce on 1 30'ii'>8 ^K*»i«'*-=- — 134 which actually befell the ladies of Hezekiah's court, according to Sennacherib's 3 account of the tribute of tlie king of Judah, 701 u. c.j. The inserted passage (vv. 18-25), due to the editor, conceals the close connection between v. 17 and V. 24. and dis|5lays an attention to trifles which would be surprising in Isaiah. 5 Are they a pre-E.\ilic fragment? The heathenish element in the toilet-articles suggests this; notice the little suns and moons, and the amulets (strictly charmed things; cf. v. 4). But this reason is a weak one. Heathenish elements in Jewish culture survived even in Talmudic times, and catalogues like this belong rather to a literary age. The passage is unrhythmical, nor is there any 10 obvious order in the list of objects {cf. vv. 2-4). The antiquarian interest of the passage, however, is considerable, and de Quincev (1785- 1859) has adorned the results of last century scholarsliip with his own jeweled rhetoric ( Works, vol. xi). (14) Cf. Tobit 3,8: Thou Iiast already had seven husbands, neither wast thou 4,1 15 named after any of them. Possibly a ceremony of re-naming a wife accompanied marriage ; it would indicate that the wife was adopted into her husband's kin. The picture here resembles that in 3 , 6. There the male population is in search of a ruler ; here the women are in search of husbands. (15) Whether any fra,gments of Isaianic work exist here, is uncertain. At 2 20 any rate, this unrhythmical passage, late in style and sometimes in ideas, cannot, as it stands, be Isaiah's. (16) One of the commonplaces of the later period {cf. Joel 2,19-27, and probably Is. 30,23; Am. 9,13). The idea is no doubt an early one (see Hos. 2,21 f. ), but one of the great prophets would have led the way up to it, 25 and made much more of it. He would have given us first an announcement that a remnant would escape in the judgment, and next an assurance that they would icall; more humbly ivith their God than their fathers, and take pride, not in their silver and gold, their fortresses and ships, but in Jhvh. But a writer of less grasp than Isaiah, guided by conventions rather than by 30 his own reason, felt it necessary to put forward the most easily remembered of the traditional features of the Messianic age, viz. that the soil would become exceptionally fertile. As to the phraseology, the expressions in the ])arallel members of the line are synonymous. AV renders in the former one tlie branch of the Lord {i. e. the Messiah) in accordance with Jer. 23,5; 33,15; 35 Zech. 3,8; 6, 12. But if this section be Isaiah's, the Messiah cannot be referred to in this condensed, enigmatic expression ( which, if correctly rendered in A\', presupposes Jeremiah), while if it be post-Exilic, still two objections to the Branch of Jhi'H remain: {a) that the parallel expression the fruit of the land, which is ]iresumably synonymous, is clearly to be taken collectively ; and ( b ) 40 that tlie Hebrew word rendered the Branch in AV is generally collective. The {self-)springing plants of Jhvh may be wild as opposed to cultivated plants {cf. Num. 24,6; Ps. 104, 16), or at any rate those which depend on the rain which Jhvh sends from His good treasury, tlie sky (Dent. 28,12), and not (in irri.gation. The form of the verse reminds us of 28.5. which is probably 45 of late origin. (17) Neither the natiim nor the individual is elsewhere called holy in the 3 works generally assigned to Isaiah, except in 6, 12 (on which see note). (18) Both the form and the expression of the verse remind us of Dan. 12. I : At that time thy people niill be delivered, every one who is found written 50 in the book. For the figure (which is derived from the registers of citizens), cf. also Ex. 32 , 32 ; Ps. 69 , 28. (19) Alludin.g to 3, 16. &c. ; i , 15. 4 (20) For the breath or spirit of JllvH. see 30, 28. In 11,2 the term ajipears J35 ^»*e#siS!- (Potce on 1 Jeata^ -*issfa*«— ■4.5-5. '9 to be used in a technical sense, and tlie good qualities of tlie ideal sovereign 4 are represented as emanations from Jhvh's spirit. So, too, in 28 , 6 martial courage and ability to administer justice are said to be spirits from Jhvh (;'. e. from His all-embracing spirit). 5 (21) The idea of this verse is that Jhvh Himself, represented by the pillar 5 of cloud and tiame, will come in lliat day to abide permanenth' with His people. It is doubtful whether Isaiah anywhere refers to the E.xodus ; on the other liand, the idea of the imagery would be highly congenial to a post-E.xilic writer, and the phraseology (as might easily be shown) is not without post- 10 E.xilic affinities. Qlofee on (Iprop^ccj 2. (p. 5) III The parable takes the form of a song. As in 23,16; 27,2-5 (see 5,1 Notes), the prophet assumes for the time the character of a popular singer. 15 From its dancing rhythm it might well be a dancing song that he gives us, but the bitter irony of the close dispels the illusion. It was only to attract attention that Isaiah so disguised his solemn earnestness, and he never did so again. If he accompanied his song with music, he must have changed his note at v. 3, and what an effect must have been produced when in the middle of a sentence 20 ( \'. 6 ) he suddenly passed out of the lyric into the grave proplietic rhythm, and became no longer a singer but an orator ! (llo(ce on (f>rojj0ccj 3. (pp. 6.7) (1) This powerful address appears to have suffered considerably. The 8 25 sections or stanzas were doubtless once much more nearly, or even altogether, symmetrical. At any rate one can hardly believe that any Woe consisted of but one line (v. 21). Notice the exact correspondence (reminding us of Dante) between the respective sins and punishments, and compare the parallel (and coiitemporary) prophecy, Mic. 2.3. The prediction of captivity is not repeated 30 in later discourses (except for Shebna). (2) Note that Isaiah, the high-born city-prophet, agrees with the peasant- prophet Micah (see Mic. 2,1-5) 'n denouncing those rich men who increased their landed estates by expelling the poor from their holdings. Cj. Job 20, 19; 22,8. 35 (3) The liquid measure called balli = \\\<; drv measure called tpliah ; it was 10 nearly equal to 9 gallons. The homer = 10 ephahs. (4) The artificial wine referred to (Hebrew slickdr, Assyrian s/iii-iini) 11 existed side by side with the wine of the grape both in Assyria (and Baby- lonia) and in Palestine. See v. 22, and cf. Hom. Odj'ss. 4,220. 40 (5) Supplement this by Amos 6,4-6. Through the commerce of Car- 12 chemish both Israel and Judah were influenced by the material civilization of the more advanced Asiatic nations. (6) According to Amos there were in his time two opposite views respect- 19 ing the Dav of JilVH. According to one, it would be undoubtedly a time of 45 I'^i^t and joy for Israel ; according to another, it might possibly be, as Amos said that it would be, an evil day. One class of persons therefore longed for it to come (Am. 5, 18); another put (it) far aivay, i. e.. supposed it to be still distant (Am. 6,3). To the former, Isaiah addressed the great prophetic poem in c. 2 ; on the latter, he now hurls a special denunciation. The ruling class, 5,20-9. '1 — ->*sS«t-:!:- (tlofcu on 1 3'5iiiaB -sS^rtsH-s — 136 to uhoin this uliole section relates, could not In- Minil to the clangers of the 5 slate ( ( /. .\ni. 6 , TiIj I. But they could not and would not believe that Assyria would pounce upon them as (|uicl<ly as Isaiah asserted. Judah might some day fall, and this would no doulit be .1 judiiinenl of lii\n, but not in their day. 5 When they saw the Assyrians at the door, they woukl believe Isaiah, but not before. (7 1 Not so much an irreligious sectioti of the zcisi' men is here meant as 20 a class of politicians who defended the social changes of the time as both necessary and right. The development of commerce and luxury, the centraliza- 10 tion of capital, and the impoverishment of small proprietors, were odious to Isaiah, but in a keen-witted nation cannot have wanted for defenders. (.S) \'. 24 seems to be the conclusion of the whole prophecy and not merely 24 of the preceding U'oe. The combination of figures in the first and second line must not be judged too harshly in an Eastern poem. 15 (9) Observe that the tenses in v. 25 differ from those in v, 24; also that the 25 phraseology of v. 25 is conventional, and drawn from the common stock of prophetic imagery (see c. g. Ezek. 16,14; 14 . 9 . '3 ; Is. 29 , 6 ; 64 , 19 ; Jer. 9 , 2t ; Zeph. 1,17). This verse was probably inserted by the editor at a time when vv. I - 24 were immediately followed by the great prophetic poem which begins 20 at 9,8, and should close with vv. 26-29. Its object seems to have been to connect 5 , i - 24 with the magnificent poem referred to. The editor took the idea of the verse from the refrain of the poem which declares that God's heavy hand is still outstretched for punishment. By the prefi.xed word Thtrcfoyc he linked the new verse with the preceding denunciations, and by attaching the 25 refrain to his \ague but awful threat, he connected the verse with the only too clear description of Israel's sins and their punishment, which belongs to the prophet Isaiah. (llofco on (prop^ccp 4. (pp. 7-9) 30 (i) Against whom is this prophecy directed? The first three lines of the 9,8 first stanza and the whole of the fifth stanza ( vv. 26-29) relate to the people of Israel (South as well as North); lines 4-14 of the first stanza, and the vvh()le of the second and third stanzas relate to the Northern Kingdom alone; and the whole of the fourth stanza (10,1-4) relates to judah alone. In its original 35 form, however, the prophecy seems to have been a warning to Northern Israel analogous to that addressed to Judah in vv. .S-24 (cf. the parallel retrospect and warning in Am. 4,6-12). In a word, the prophecy is now in its second edition, revised and enlarged. Still there need be no doubt of Isaiah's author- ship of it in all its parts. The stanzas are perfect ; each has the same number 40 of lines, and the same refrain, (2) This places us in the years following the death of Jeroboam II. (743 10 n. c. ); cf. Hos. 7,8.9; 8,8. (3) Syria is the/bt'; the Philistines are the enemies of Israel. The former 12 had been humbled for a time by Jeroboam 11. ( 2 Kings 14 , 28), but directly 45 after his death (we cannot doubt) had re-asserted its independence. On the accession of Pekah (736), Rezin appears to have forced that king (who was more reluctant naturally than Ahab in 853) to join an alliance against Assyria, as he afterwards endeavored to force Judah. Of the hostility of the Philistines we have no other record. 50 (4) /. e. in one battle (as 10,17; (,/ 9,3, and note on 2,12). For the 14 figiu'es, (/. 19, 15; Dent. 28, 13.44. 137 — ->4«f^5!!s- Qtofce on I 38ata6 -!)?*tSC5«-=^ — 9 , iS-io, 4 (5) The injustice which prevails in all classes of North Israelitish society 9,18 (see Amos and Hosea) is compared to a forest-fire lio, 17; Ps. 83, 15). (6) A figurative description of a state of anarchy. See 2 Kings 15. 20a (7) The Northern Israelites forgot their local jealousies whenever there was 21 5 a chance of a successful raid into Judah. Such a chance presented itself on a grand scale when Rezin ordered his vassal Pekah (735) to join him in invading the Southern Kingdom as described in 7,1. (S) Verses 1-3 are so similar both in form and in the spirit of tlie con- 10 , i tents to the denunciations in 5,8-24, and the impassioned question in v. 3 10 reminds us so forcibly of that in 3,15, that Isaiah must be supposed to address persons whom he sees before him in Judah. See note 4 on c. 9, 14. (9) Cf. 46,1; Jer. 50,2. This rendering presupposes a rearrangement of 4 the consonants of the text, which seems necessary to produce a satisfactory sense. Beltis or Baaltis (/. e. Lady) was a Phtenician deity, worshiped especially 15 at Gebal or Byblus, where her cultus became fused with that of the Egyptian Isis, just as that of her consort Adonis became fused with that of Osiris. The divine name Osiris enters into many Phcenician names, and was even perhaps used now and then as a Hebrew name (Ex. 6,24 Assir). It is conceivable that those Northern Israelites who hankered after foreign alliances may have sought 20 to propitiate Egyptian and Phcenician deities. At any rate, the editor seems to have thought so, and he makes Isaiah taunt these Israelites with the futility of the refuge and the aid which they had hoped for. Cf. Am. 5 , 26, where the 5, 26-6, I -»-Hs#«€9s- Qlofco on I Joaia^ -sJB*^-*-' 138 editor has similarly introduced a reference to the worship of deities, whom there 10 is no evidence that the Northern Israelites worshiped in the eighth centurj- B.C. The answer to the question in v. 3 is a most ingenious but not an entirely hai^iiy one. Lines i and 2 of the stanza do not cohere well together. The 5 subject of the verb in 1. 2 is most probably the Lsraelitish nobles. In short, the original first line has been irrecoverably lost. (10) The word rendered sigiia/ is often supposed to indicate a banner. 5,26 But it will cover any sort of military signal which is raised aloft. Almost all scholars agree that the Assyrians are the nation referred to. The iirophet 10 paints the Assyrians in glaring colors, and exaggerates (as we may think) their remoteness from Judah, to heighten the effect. The figure of the roaring lion (v. 29) is characteristically Assyrian. In the luraflt of my lieart, says Sargon, / roared like a lion, and turned to eonqiier those lands. ASSYRI.^N ST.\ND.\RD. (ii) The Assyrians are compared to bees, as in 7, 18. 15 (12) A late insertion suggested by 8,22. Probably some lines, containing 30 the usual consolatory close, have dropped 1 lut of the text. (llotce on (propBccj 5. ( PI). 9 - 1 5 1 (i) A prophetic revelation consists in general of thoughts respecting the 6,1 20 world of men. Here, however, it is an unseen spiritual world which opens itself to Isaiah's inner eye, though the world of men very soon claims his attention. The prophet relates what he has seen as faithfully as he reproduces the thoughts which Jhvh suggests to him. In neither case can we be sure of perfect accuracy, but in neither case is there any trace of conscious fiction. 25 The scene of the vision is the Temple, i. e. the Temple at Jerusalem (as in 139 (JlotcB on I 'ieaiafi -JijjJie**-!^ — 6,2 other prophetic ecstasies. Am, 9,1; Ezek. 8,3; 10,4; c/. Acts 22,17). But 6 the temple which he sees, though a material building, has become gloriously expanded in his imagination ; the temple of Solomon had to be idealized to take in the exalted throne and the host of heaven. The vision was accom- 5 panied by what Isaiah felt to be a divine call. To see his God thus was in fact equivalent to a call to prophecy ; for how could he go about among those who were blind to true divinity without seeking to open their eyes? Yet Isaiah kept silence respecting this sacred fact of his inner history until probably he, or a disciple of his, collected and condensed his prophecies on 10 the Syro-Ephraimitish war. He then wrote it down, not however as simply as he would have done in the year that king Uzziah died (740), but with the addition of a passage (vv. 9.10) which contains his prophetic inferences from the moral state of Judah and Israel at the time of the sore danger to both from the near approach of the Assyrians. C. 6 forms the prologue of 15 another minor group of prophecies, closing at 9,7. Cf. p. 140, 1. 39. (2) The Seraphim are mythical beings, adopted instinctively by Isaiah from 2 the folk-lore of Judah, and quite distinct from angels, which are described as altogether human, and without wings. To judge from their name, they were popularly imagined as serpents ; and who can help recalling the wide-spread 20 ancient belief in serpents as protectors of the temples? Compare, for instance, the black granite serpent, from a temple in the city of Athribis, now in the Gizeh Museum ( Xotice des Monuments, 1893, p. 71). [This monument (which was dedicated bv the famous Amenhotep III, the Nimmuria of 25 the Amarna tablets, about 1400 B. c. ) represents a serpent stand- ing erect in an oval shrine. The Egyptians entertained the same superstitious awe of serpents as 30 the ancient Semites, and they ra- garded some serpents as Agatho- demons or benevolent divinities. As a rule, the serpent symbolized female deities. The great god- 35 dess of destiny, Shay, or Fate, had the form of a serpent. Sev- eral great gods of Egypt were represented in the form of ser- pents. Local guardian deities 40 were symbolized in the same way. All the larger temples kept, en- closed in a shrine, a living snake, which was regarded as the repre- sentative of the tutelary demon. 45 The second of the two hiero- glyphic papyri from Tanis (ed. BLACK GRANITE SERPENT. W. M. Flinders Petrie, Lon- don, 1SS9; Roman period) gives a list of all the sacred titles of erect serpents in all the larger temples of Egypt, thus showing the importance attached to their worship (hence, the large number of mummified serpents ). Winged serpents are frequently mentioned in the Egyptian religious texts, and are represented in Egyptian paintings and sculptures of the period after 1600 b. c. The idea, however, was not Egyptian, but borrowed from Asia [cf. Well- HAUSEN, Skizzen, part iii, p. 138). Monumental evidence is as yet too scanty to allow an accurate definition of the precise theolog- ical meaning of serpents in the religion of Egypt, but they seem to have been guardians and pro- tectors of temples like the Hebrew Seraphim.] These powerful genii appear before us here as guarding the threshold of the temple at Jerusalem (see v. 4). They stand; for to Isaiah's imagination the seraphic guards have put off their form of a serpent, to qualify them to assume 50 the new and high function of choristers of Jhvh. They are therefore no longer merely supernaturally gifted servants of the sanctuary, but Ministers of Jhvh, into whose moral purposes they can, to some extent, enter. And they are said to stand erect before jHl'H, because this would naturally strike the gazer's eye; they seemed in fact to tower above the throne. In fact, Isaiah's seraphs, like 6,4-7.6 — »*e*e«Si- (Jlofco on I ^emad -^^s^^ei^^ — 140 tliosc uf Milton, are of siiperliuman proportions. It may be inconsistent in 6 Isaiah to call these guardian choristers by a name suggestive of serpents, but the name was too deeply rooted botli in his own and in the popular imagina- tion to lie rejected. We may to some extent compare these Seraphim with 5 the harmful serpen/ (a synonymous word is usedj of Gen. 3, which is also repre- sented as capable of speech. (3) The siiioi-e is not a token of the acceptance of the seraph's praises, 4 but an indication of the divine dis|)leasure. See the parallel passage, Rev. 15,8, and (/'. I'ss. 18,8; 74 , i j 80,5. Displeasure against whom? Against the 10 unpurified man who has penetrated into the sanctuary. (4) Compare chapter 3, verse 8; Matthew, chajiter 12, verse 34. 5 (5) There is no need for Jhvh Himself to interpose. It is the duty of 6 the guardians of the sanctuary to exclude the profane, or to purify one whom the great King purposes to admit into His service. On the altar were heated 15 stones such as were used (we may infer) for burnt-offerings, and also some- times in common life for baking cakes of meal (see on i Kings 19,6). Isaiah imagines one of the seraphs to take such a hot stone from off the altar, and touch Isaiah's lips with it. Jhvh has been wailing for tliis ; now He can put Isaiah to the test. 20 (6) So then JiiVH is not alone in His divine activity. There is a// tlie 8 host of heaven standing by Him on His right hand and on His left (i Kings 22,19), in f'lct all the Sons of Elohim (Gen. 6,2; Job 1,6), among whom Isaiah may possibly have included the Seraphim who appear in vv. 3.6.7 to have a moral sympathy with Jhvh. Cf. Ps. 82, i. 25 (7) Isaiah here goes beyond Am. 5,3. The destruction of Jutlah shall be 13 complete. The te)ith which survives previous judgments is compared to the stump of a tree which has been cut down. The husbandman cannot leave this stock in the ground; he burns it. This is Isaiah's dread warning to the mass of the people; for his own disciples he has a word of comfort ready (8, 30 16-18). The following line was added for the consolation of post-Exilic readers. It is wanting in the Septuagint, and directly contradicts the most natural interpretation of Isaiah's words. The writer of the gloss denies that the stock or stump of the tree of Judah can be destroyed; he puts forward the idea, so characteristic of later writers, that Israel, and especially Jerusalem, is 35 safe from complete destruction. But Isaiah at this time certainly held that Judah, as a people, was doomed. Of course, it did not follow that there would be no reward for the righteous. lUit this side of Isaiah's belief does not appear to have had any full development. (8) A fresh collection of prophecies begins here, ending at 9,7, and 7,1 40 presenting numerous traces of post-Exilic editing. Cf. p. 139. 1. 14. (9) The original opening verse seems to have become illegible. An Exilic or post-Exilic editor therefore substituted a passage, slightly altered by him, from 2 Kings 16,5 (which see). The concluding statement is anticipative. (10) Like a swarm of insects (cf. v. 19). 2 45 (11) Further explorations at Jerusalem will enable us to decide where tliis 3 spot was. At any rate, Ahaz was providing for the water-supply in prospect of a siege (f/^22,9). Shear-jashub = rt remnant shatt retnr)i \ef. 10,21), an evidence of the stress Isaiah laid on the doctrine of the remnant (p. 151 below). (12) The object of Rezin is to set a vassal on the throne of Judah who W'ill 6 50 support him in his anti-Assyrian policy. From the form of the name we may conjecture the nominee of Syria to have been himself a Syrian. He was at any rate, according to Isaiah, a man of low origin, like the son of no one whom Tiglath Pileser made king of the land of J.ib.il [Records of the Past, New Series, Vol. v, 11. 126 1. Cf. beii-Remali.ih, v. 4. 141 — »4«#g3!s- (JlofcB on I 3aata^ -5!SMfs»<- — 7>9-i^ (13) Isaiah's argument is incompletely given. He seeks to preserve his 7,9 people from the fate of captivity with which he has already threatened it. Probablv, therefore, the lost passage referred to the overthrow of Syria and Israel by the Assyrians. Who are Rezin, he says, and ben-Renialiah that 5 they should terrify you? They shall soon be overthrown, and their people dragged into exile. Trust the prophetic word, and ye shall never have to gii'C cvay (28,16). Of course, Isaiah does not mean merely the word of promise ; he implies all those moral conditions which he has e.xpressed in cc. 2-5. Observe the paronomasia at the end of v. 9. The gloss inserted in 10 v. 8 probably refers to Assurbanipal's colonization of the territory of Samaria, described authentically in Ezra 4,8-10. The chronology may or may not be strictly accurate. (14) Probably vv. 11 -16 represent a prophecy of a later day. Isaiah may 11 have heard, or divined, that Ahaz (736-72S) is on the point of inviting the 15 aid of Assyria. He makes one more desperate effort to stimulate Ahaz to that great spiritual effort already called failh. If he cannot believe Isaiah without some extraordinary sign as a confirmation of the prophet's word, then (Isaiah makes this strange condescension) let him choose his own sign. Isaiah adds, going deep to S/ieol or high to heaven (so literally), to give 20 Ahaz the utmost range of choice [cf. Job 11,7.8). Ahaz refuses the offer. He does not doubt the wonder-working capacity of Isaiah, but he knows that the prophet demands, not only a change of policy, but a change of life. (15) The sign appointed in vv. 14.16 is not in order to persuade Ahaz, 14 but to save the honor of Jhvh's prophet. It is not, therefore, such a startling 25 one as if it had been selected by the king. It consists simply in the name which mothers will before long, by a kind of inspiration, give to their newly born babes. Not Ichabod [No glory, i Sam. 4,21), but Immanuel [God ivHh us), or some similar name expressing the deliverership of Jhvh, shall become the common name of the children of that generation. Nothing is said of the 30 diet of the children who are referred to ; v. 15 is a very misleading gloss. The name Immanuel will be to all the people a memorial of the retreat of the invading armies, and a pledge of the impending desolation of Syria and Ephraim, and to Ahaz in particular it will also be a memorial of his own unbelief. Cf. the sign of the divine mission of Moses tn Ex. 3 , 12. In a tradi- 35 tional Arabian story told by Ibn Hisham, a Jew of Medina is said to have uttered a prediction, the sign of which consists simply in the fact that a boy present in the company (the relator of the story) will live to see the predic- tion fulfilled. See Bev.\n, Jcivish Quarterly Review, vi (1894), pp. 220 ff. ( 16) Before he has learned to distinguish between what is wholesome and 16 40 harmful, especially in foods (2 Sam, 19,35), /. e. before he has been weaned. Cf. 8 , 4. (17) The words the king of Assyria are a subsequent addition inserted 17 by a scribe. It is a gloss which supplements a gloss, and shows how persistent were the endeavors of the editors to adapt the ancient Scriptures to the wants 45 of later readers. (iS) This first fragment may, from its vigorous style, be mainly Isaiali's iS work. Whether the flies and the bees refer to one nation, or (as the glosses assume) to two, must be uncertain. If to two, we may make the fragment contemporary with the negotiations between Tirhakah and Hezekiah, which 50 issued in the despatch of a relieving force under some of Tirhakah's Egyptian vassals to encounter the host of Sennacherib. In the other case, the date may be early. The figure of hissing, and the use of end for furthest part, remind us of 5 , 26 -8,6 -^*«^*g£*- (llo(c6 on I 300116 142 (19) I, it. the hair of /hr /ccf, the latter being a euphemism for pudenda; so 7,20 also /oiiis (Heb. fffi) in 6 , 2. (20) For this strange figure, cf. Ezek. 5,1-4. The people is personified as a man (1,5.6). The razor is the sword (not the king who wields it i. 5 The River is the Euphrates (Jer. 2, 18; P.s. 72,8). (21) Verses 21-25 are a most clumsy", prosaic, and incoherent passage! 21 The general sense, however, is clear. Owing to the havoc wrought by the invaders there will be a superabundance of pasture-land, and the few survivors of the fortner settled population will have to live, like nomads, on soured milk 10 and ( wild ) honey. Even the vineyards and carefully tilled hill-country will then be desolate. Soured milk is the chief food of the Arabian nomad. "The bowl brought in foaming," says Mr. Doughty, "the children gather to it, and the guest is often bidden to sup with them the sweet froth ; or this milk poured into the sour milk-skin and shaken there a moment, the housewife serves it 15 forth again to their suppers, with that now gathered sourness which they think the more refreshing" (Arabia Dcscrta, i. 263). (22) A Hebrew silver shekel is about 65 cents (or 2/S). This may help 23 us to form an estimate of the natural riches of ancient Palestine. Cant. 8,11 is partly parallel. 20 (23) Probably a wooden or a stone tablet is meant [cf. Hab. 2,2). It 8,1 would be a boon if the Israelitish scribe could be imagined at his work as distinctly as the ancient Egyptian scribe can be through the paintings in the tombs. Whether papyrus was used in ancient Palestine, is a point which can- not be decided. The scribe in the illustration is writing on a strip of papyrus ; 25 he has a pi-n in reserve behind the ear, and a bo.\ for the requisites of his art before him. Ki.vrriAN scKiui: (24) /. e. perhaps in characters like those of the workmen in the Siloam Tunnel (see ne.\t page), with no calligraphic modifications. Lit. with the pen 0/ (eoiinnon) men; ef. Deut. 3, 11. 30 (25) See 2 Kings, chapter 16, verses 10. 11. 2 (26) /. e. Swift-Spoil — Speedy-Prey, the name on the tal>let. 3 (27) As a matter of fact, Damascus was taken in 732, and Samaria in 722. 4 Isaiah was no mere soothsayer. (28) The prophet contrasts the apparently slender resources of Judah with 6 35 the overwhelming force of Assyria. The people of Judah are blind to the true source of greatness, which is spiritual and not material. They virtually reject Jhvh (/. e. the Jhvh of Isaiah), and bow down in abject terror before Assyria. The former is symbolized by the Waters of Shiloah, which, however beneficent, an- to outward appearance insignificant; the latter by the Euphrates. 40 What then are the IVaters 0/ Shitoah^ In 2 Kings 20,20 we are told that it 143 QXotce on I 3saia& <B^%i»t^- — was Hezekiah w/io made the pool, and the conduit, and brought water into the 8 city. No doubt the Pool of Siloain is meant, which is situated at the extreme south of the eastern hill of Jerusalem (on the north of which stood the Temple). A conduit or tunnel, cut through the rock from the Virgin's Spring, 5 supplies this pool with water, and in iSSo an inscription in ancient Hebrew SILOAM INSCRIPTION. characters was found, describing the meeting of the workmen coming from opposite ends, when there flowed the water from the source to the pool, 1200 cubits. This inscription most probably belongs to the time of Hezekiah (727-699), but it is very possible that already under his father Ahaz (736-728) 10 there was some less elaborate means of conducting the water ( which then 'flowed softly,' i. e. trickled) from the Virgin's Spring to the pool. Note that the name Shiloah (cf John 9,7) properly belongs to the spring, not to the pool. Thus Isaiah's figure has a twofold meaning. The people would use it contemptuously, but Isaiah in heartfelt respect (see Ps. 46,4, and 15 <■/ Is. 33.21). (29) This line seems to belong to a different context from And shall sweep S forward, &c. It should probably be connected with vv. 9 . 10, which state that the peoples hostile to Judah will be overthrov\'n. The outspread wings are those of Jhvh ; see Deut. 32, 10. II ; Pss. 17,8; 36,7; 91,4; Mai. 4,2, and compare 20 the winged solar disk on Egyptian wall-sculptures. Verses S^-io are probably WINGED SOLAR DISK ON EGYPTIAN WALL-SCULPTURES. a later insertion; they seem to presuppose the same circumstances as 28,1-6. We need not deny the authorship of Isaiah, though it is probable that the refrain For with us is God, by which the address to the hostile nations is enclosed, is due to the post-E.\ilic editor. See on 17, 12-14. 8,io-9,i ^*4«»e®is- (HolcB on I 3eaiaB -»*s|a*<^ 144 (30) The same refrain as in Ps. 46,7.11 ( Ps. 46, as the present writer 8.10 holds to be certain, is post-Exilic). Cf. Is. 7, 14 ( Inimanuel ). (31) A figurative description of a prophetic ecstasy. The divine Hand is 11 specialized to indicate the compulsion of uiiich the inspired prophet is con- 5 scious. Nowhere else does Isaiah employ this phrase ; for similar language w'e must descend to the time of Ezekiel (about 570), who in several respects is a reviver of antique modes of consciousness (see Ezek. 1,3; 3 , 14 . 22 ; 8,3: 37 , i ). It was perhaps only at great national crises that Isaiah passed through these ecstatic experiences in their most exalted form ; the strain of existence at such 10 times may have made him more liable to these abnormal states. There is a trace of his having had another ecstasy at the beginning of the crisis of the invasion of Sennacherib (see on 28, 10) ; of course, it was not his only one. (32) Verses 11 -15 are a continuation of vv. 5-S. In v, 6 we have lieen 12 told, This people has rejected a God whose power they liken to the trickling 15 waters of Shiloah, and despond because of Rezin and Pekah, and in vv. 12. 13 the prophet and his disciples are warned not to cry out in alarm at every fresh combination of enemies, but to reserve their fear, their heartfelt reverence, for Israel's mighty God. Only thus can they avoid tlie fate which awaits uiany of both Houses of Israel. 20 {Zi) i- c. an occasion of misfortune. 14 (34) The admonition or instruction is the whole body of prophetic revela- 16 tions from 7,3 onwards (in the form in which Isaiah wrote them). It is to be bound up and scaled (cf. Dan. 12,4), /. e. carefully kept in the circle of the prophet's disciples, to be brought out on a later day [cf. Is. 30,8). 25 (35) The prophet refers to the names Isaiah (Deliverance of jHi'll), Shear- iS jashub [A remnant shall turn), and Malier-shalal-hash-baz (see v. i). Nonieii- omen. (36) Two kinds of spirits are described: those in the underworld and tliose 19 that attended the soothsayer. Corresponding to these were two slightly different 30 kinds of diviners : the one assumed a cheeping voice like that ascribed to the shades (cf. Horn. //. 23, loi), the other a moaning or crooning voice like that of doves (28, 14) ; cf. also 29, 4, and notes on i Sam. 28. (37) /. e. to the prophetic revelation of the will of Jhvh. Isaiah means, not 20 his own recent prophecies, but others which the people (dramatically introduced 35 by him) vainly hoped to obtain. Cf. Am. 8,11, / linll send a famine . . . of hearing the words of jHi'll. .bid they shall run to and fro to seel; the "word of JllfH, and shall not find it. (38) These words do not connect themselves well with the foregoing pas- .sage. They may be a fragment of a passage of Isaianic origin which preceded 40 vv. 21.22. These two verses (which contrast with vv. 19.20 by their vigorous and rhythmical style) cannot be denied to Isaiah. (39) i. e. through the land, which in the original context must have been 21 mentioned. (40) ;'. e. the national God (cf. i Kings 21 , 10). 45 (41) The districts mentioned are those xvliich suffered in the ciplivity of 9,[ Tiglath-Pileser III ( 734 1 ; see 2 Kings 15,29, where, however, Zebulun is not mentioned. This prosaic passage introduces a grand poetic composition, in which the writer places himself imaginatively at the end of the period of Israel's oppression, when a great divinely appointed leader and governor will appear, 50 who will iiutdu all that David, his father, did of old. Tlie whole description is in the manner of a vision ; the perfects and presents are equivalent to futures. 145 — i>**5^eai*- (Jlotcs on I 38ata3 -ifiK^sK-s — 9,1''' -17, 9 If it were Isaiah's we should have to place it in i!. c. 734, but there are grave 9 difficulties in the way of this view. Only two can be here mentioned: (<;) there are no references to 9, 1-6 elsewhere in Isaiali, or indeed anywhere in pre- Exilic, Exilic, and early post-Exilic prophecy ; [/>) The prophecy lacks Isaiah's 5 lucidity. Who is the king? Is he a relative of Ahaz? And how has he been prepared for his work ? Isaiah's prophecies are always in close relation to the circumstances of his age. The passage, moreover, is in a rhythm which occurs nowhere else in this section, and cannot with any certainty be assigned to Isaiah. 10 (42) The pas-iage could also be rendered: /-or there is iiof (i!ok<) a dark 1^ veil to the land ivhich has anguish. (43) Compare Isaiah 10,26; Judges 7. ' 4 (44) These are titles which a grateful people (and not, as in Egypt and 5 Assyria, self-seeking scribes and priests) will give to the king. They are four 15 in numljer. The first two describe the king as indued from above with a spirit of counsel and inigJit ; he can purpose and execute that which common men would call impossible. The third extols him for the abundant booty which he distributes among his people. The fourth describes the great object and issue of his warfare, viz. the peace and prosperity of his subjects. For the 20 first, cf. 28,29. For the second ( Heb. el gibbor), 10,21, which shows that we are not to render divine hero: the king seems to Isaiah, in his lofty enthusi- asm, like one of those angels (as we moderns call them), who in old time were said to mix with men, and even contend with them, and who, as superhuman beings, were called by the name of el (Gen. 32,22-32). For the third, cf. 33, 25 23, which seems to allude to our passage. Q'. also 11,2, where all that the four names say (and even more) is briefly summed up in the statement that the spirit of JHVH rests upon him. (Uetee on (prop^ccp 6 (pp. 15. 16) 30 ( I ) The prophecy relates both to the kmgdom of Damascus and to that 17 , i of Samaria, which, when the prophet wrote, was in vassalage to Damascus — hence the combination, m v. 3, of the fortresses of Ephraim and the sovereignty of Damascus. Naturally, however, the writer is much more concerned with Northern Israel than with Syria. The date is before 732 (fall of Damascus), 35 and presumably before 734 (see on c. 7), since there is no allusion to the Syro- Israelitish campaign against Judah. The date of the second gloss m v. 8 will not be earlier than that of 27,10 (where see note). (2) Israelites in v. 3 and Jacob in v. 4 refer to the Northern Kingdom (cf. 3.4 2 Samuel 2 , 9 . 10. 17 . 28, and other passages). 40 (3) The plain southwest of Jerusalem (see Josh. 15.8"), well known to 5 Isaiah's hearers as a fruitful grain district. (4) The editor seeks to brighten a dark prophecy by these verses. A third 8 writer added the gloss printed beneath the text. For the objects mentioned in it. see on Lev. 26,30; Ex. 34, 13. 45 (5) Like Amos (2,9.10) and the Ephraimitic Writer (Gen. 48,22), I.saiah 9 calls the pre-Israelitish population of Canaan Amorites. The cities of the Hivites and Canaanites are mentioned in 2 Sam. 24 , 7 ; the Gibeonites are called both Hivites and Amorites (Josh. 9,1; 11 . 19; 2 .Sam. 21 , 2). The words relegated to the footnote are unmetrical and jirosaic, and only show the interest 50 which later editors took in the narratives of die early period of Israelitish history — narratives which were perhaps better known to them than to Isaiah. 17 , lO- 12 (Tlotco on I 36aia5 -sess^ss** — 146 (6) The worship of Adonis or Taiiimuz. with whom Xanmaii (the nami; 17,10 used for this god by Isaiah) may be identified, was of Assyrian origin, but also prevalent in Phoenicia and in Syria (cf. the proper name Naaman, 2 Kings 5,1). We even find some traces of its existence in Palestine; see, besides 5 several doubtful passages, Ezek. 8. 17, and compare names such as Naafiiint, the name of a Benjamite clan (Gen. 46,21, and elsewhere), and Ninndiia and Nmnana among the names of places in Southern Palestine conquered by Thothmes III (see the list on the walls of his temple at Karnak). The two latter names suggest that the worship of N'aaman or Adonis was traditional in 10 certain places in .Southern Palestine, and upon occasion may have sprung into fresh life (cf. Is. 2,6). In Northern Palestine, of course, such a revival of the worship of Adonis was still easier, and an occasion for it had arisen when Isaiah wrote. At a somewhat earlier period it might have been natural for the Northern Israelites to seek the favor of Assyrian deities. Since then, however, 15 political circumstances had changed, and the Northern Israelites had a good hope that, with the help of Syria, they might hold their own against Assyria. Once more, therefore, they forgot Jhvh, and devoted themselves to an alien cultus, and this time to that of a Syrian deity, Naaman or Adonis. The Shoots of Adonis (Naaman) re- 20 mind us of the so-called Gardens of Adonis, of which there is evidence at Ale.xandria, at Athens, and, as we might expect, 25 in Cyprus, and which may be presumed to have been co-extensive with the worship of that fevorite deity; and the 30 fact that from v. 10 on- wards Isaiah addresses Israel as a woman may be explained by the CYPRIAN WOMAN "GARDEN OF ADONIS.' prominent part taken by women in these observ- ances. The "gardens of Adonis" (which were planted by women) con- sisted of baskets of earth, sown with various plants, which quickly shot up, and as quickly withered in the sun. This was a symbolical representation of tlie fate of TaniDiitz yearly wounded (Mil- ton ) ; and some idea of the importance attached to it may be gained from the procession on the evening of Good P'riday, still 35 customary in Cyprus. Just as the gardens of Adonis were placed round the bier of the dead Adonis, so the bier on which the figure of the dead Christ is placed, is decorated with the modern equivalent of the gardens of Adonis (Ohnefalsch-Richter, Kypros, pp. 132 f. ). The prophet Isaiah seems to have e.xtracted from this custom an omen of the speedy fall of the Northern Kingdom. 40 (7) This passage was probably attached by Isaiah to the preceding 12 prophecy in 723, to reassure those who feared that Jerusalem would share the already imminent fate of Samaria. Isaiah, too, thouglit it more than probable that tlie Assyrians would invade Judah. He saw them in ima.gination spoiling and plundering, and full of faith he uttered the defiant words of 8 , 9 . 10, and 45 announced the catastrophe so grandly described in 17, 12-14. Notice the parallelism between vv. 12.13 ^nd 8,7-10, and for the imaginative realization of the invasion as present, cf. 10,28-32; Mic. i, 10-15. 147 ®S!- (JtotcB on t "ieaia^ -^ss^^a^-^ 28,1-2,3 (llotce on (propficcj 7. I p. 171 (i) The editor intends cc. 28-33 to be regarded as a book in itself, 28,1 divided into six portions, each beginning with iroc' (28,1; 29,1; 29,15; 5 30 , I ; 31 , I ; 33 , I )■ It contains an unusually large amount of late matter, inserted partly to fill up mutilated passages of Isaiah's roll of prophecy (see 30,8), pardy to adapt the old prophecies to more recent times. For the date of Isaiah's work (excepting 28, 1-4), see especially note on 30, i. (2) The prophet fuses two images together — that of the revelers with their 10 chaplets of flowers (Lam. 5, 16), and of the picturesquely situated Samaria with its crown of towers ( </. 23 , 8 ) and the greenery of its vines and olives. Drunkenness is described as a sin of Samaria, Am. 4,1; Hos. 7,5; (/. Am. 6, 1-6 (of Zion and Samaria). (3) A passage in the style of 4,2-6. Isaiah nowhere e.xhorts his people to 6 15 fight. The image in v. 5^ is borrowed, infelicitously enough, from v. i. Qtotce on (prop^ccp 8. (pp. 17. iS) ( 1 ) The close of a lost discourse against idolatry. (2) A sacred tree in Canaan and in Cyprus. C/. Gen. 12,6; 13, S; 14, 13; 20 18, I ; 35, 4; Jud. 6, II . 19. 24. Our illustration represents just such a terebinth ( or turpentine-tree ) as may be seen to-day in Palestine. (3) i. e. his elaborate provisions 25 ( religious and political ) for self-de- fense. (4) 2,2-4 occurs again i on the whole in a more correct as well as more complete form) in Mic. 4 , 1-4, 30 where, however, there is good reason to think that the passage was in- serted by a post-Exilic editor. No- tice the complete change of subject in V. 6 (see below), and the awk- 35 ward transition in v. 5 and the open- terebinth. ing words of v. 6. Probably vv. 2-5 exactly filled up the space taken by a passage of Isaiah's prophecy which had become illegible. This will explain why the passage is not as complete as in Mic. 4, 1-4. 40 (5) This strange idea (the physical elevation of Jerusalem) is only Exilic and post-Exilic (Ezek. 40,2; Zech. 14,10). (6) r/:jer.3,i7; Is. 40 ; 66.23; Zech. 8, 20-22 ; 14,16-19. From Jere- miah's time onwards the religious future of the nations preoccupied the minds of the prophetic writers. 45 (7) The manifoldness of the ways, or practical precepts, of Jhvh .strikes 3 even an Israelite (Ps. 119), and how much more a stranger! Jhvh Himself must give instruction in them, lest oversights should be made (Ps. 19,12). 2,4-^3. '5 — 9-*oS**Sis- (Jlofco on 1 3i5''>'i? ■*»eS*+-=- — 14S The writL-rs of the p(Wt-ExiUc period lo\-ed to think of God as a Teaclier 2 (see on 30, 20. 21 ). (8) Compare Joel, chapter 3, \erse 10. (9) Conijiare Isaiah 9,3; Hosea 2,iS; Zechariah 9,10. 4 (Itotce on (prop64cp 9. (pp. iS-20) (i) According to tlie liistorian Menander, quoted by losepliu?; (A///, ix , 23.1 14.2), Selampsas, i. c. Shahiianeser IV, king of Assyria {727-722), invaded I'hcenicia twice. On the first occasion he seems to have had some success, 10 but the second campaign, caused by the rebelHon of Tyre, had no briUiant result. Sar.sion (722-705:, who succeeded Shalmaneser during the five years' blockade of Tyre, only claims to have pacified Tyre. It was no fault of his: till Alexander the Great joined the island on which New Tyre was built to the mainland by an artificial isthmus (332), Tyre was impregnable. The prophet, 15 however, seems to ha\'e thought otherwise. The doom both of Tyre and Samaria was sealed, he believed, when Shalmaneser advanced against Pale.stine. It is to this period that c. 23 probably belongs, e.xcept v, 13 and the Appendix. \'. 13, at any rate in its present form, belongs to the post-Exilic editor, who supposed the prophecy to refer to the siege of Tyre in 5S6-'573i by Nebuchad- 20 nezzar {cf. Ezek. 261. The Appendix, too, is post-Exilic. While Tyre is becomin.g rich again, the people of Jerusalem are hard pressed for food and clothing {cf. Ha.g. i; 2,17; Zech. 8.12). The writer is acquainted with Jeremiah's prophecy of the seventy years' captivity (Jer. 25,11; 29,10). His style is strikingly different from Isaiah's. — Though Isaiah probably wrote a 25 prophecy on Tyre, liis work has been so much retouched that we cannot dis- tinguish the genuine Isaianic fragments in this chapter. Cf. p. 132 and p. 207. 1. 19. (2) Let the Phrenicians (see v. 2) seek as distant a refuge as possible. 6 Tarshish. perhaps. = Tartessus and its neighborhood (on the lower Baetis, now the Guadalquivir!. The Tyrian colonies on the coasts of Spain and of 30 Northern and Western Africa probably began in the twelfth century B. c. I 3 1 /. ('. for purposes of commerce. 7 (41 Tyre (like Babylon, 47,5) is a queen with a wide empire; her mer- 8 chants at hoine and abroad are princes under her. The crown of Tyre may be the battlements of her lofty walls (cf. 28, 1, and see on 26,5). 35 (5) Alluding to the severity with which Tyre ruled her dependencies. No 10 doubt the native population of Tartessus (here apparently addressed) were made to work hard at the silver mines. (6) The native name for Phrenicia even down to Greek times, but found 11 nowhere else in the Old Testament with this special meaning. 40 17) For the arm of Assyria will surely reach thee. Sennacherib (705-6S1) 12 relates how Lilli, king of Sidon, fled on his approach lo the island of Cyprus ( Heb. Cliitfiin) in the midst of the sea (701), His predecessor Sargon (722-706) received tribute from seven kings of Cyprus. (8) See note i. 13 45 (9) Lit., during the days of one f;ing; iino^ for tine of kings, like four 15 kings (or four dynasties in Dan. 7,17. The line of kings referred to is that represented by Nebuchadnezzar. The Appendix, in fact, presuppo.ses that the precedin.g prophecy refers to Nebuchadnezzar's supposed successful siege of Tyre (,586- .573- ). 149 — »*eJSS*- (JlotcB on I 3oaia6 -iia&eEs**^ 14,28-10,15 (llo(C6 on (PropBccj lO. I p. 2u; (i) We may probably place the death of Ahaz in 719. The chronological 14,28 statement is parallel to that in 6, i, and equally authentic. In 720 it may well 5 have appeared to the Philistines that the rod of the Assyrian tyranny was broken. The Babylonian Chronicle states that in tliat year Umnianigas, kinst of Elam (who had helped Merodach-Baladan to conquer in 722) fought a battle (with Sargon) at Dur-il in Northern Babylonia, that he laid Assyria waste, and slew many. Merodach-PJaladan, we learn, came too late for the battle, but 10 joined in the pursuit of Sargon. The latter, in his annals, gives a verj- different, and a less trustworthy, account. Sargon's prestige was for the time seriously impaired. The Philistines, who had suffered much from Tiglath-Pileser in 734, were (it would appear) exultant, and sent an embassy to Hezeliiah (700) to invite him to join them in rebellion. Isaiah became aware of this (see v. 32^), 15 and told Hezekiah what to reply. This time the king listened to his advice ; later on, he more than once changed his policy. (2) Philistia being a confederation of five cities (Josh. 13.3; Jud. 3,3). 29 (3) The rod (10,5.24) means the oppressive rule of Assyria. If Sargon hitherto has been like a serpent, he will in future be like the dreaded basilisk 20 and flj'ing dragon 130,6). The latter is a more or less fabulous creature, spoken of also by Herodotus who heard that they come flying from Arabia towards Egypt, bat are met by the birds called ibises, which forbid their entrance, and destroy them all (Herod. 2,75; cf. 3, 107-109). The Fellahin of Palestine still have similar tales of a dreaded kind of serpent called nashdba. which flies 25 across valleys, and even bites camels ( B.\ldensferger, Folklore of Palestine, Palestine E.xploration Tund, Quarterly Statement, Jan. 1893). Qtotce on (J?rop6ccp u. (pp. 21-26) (1) The Isaianic portion of this .little book must have been written shortly 10,5 30 before the siege of Ashdod (711 ; see on c. 20). For the reasons why 14, 24-27 is included, see elsewhere. The gain to the prophecy is obvious. ( 2 I From V. 10 we might infer that impiety and idolatry were synonymous 6 to Isaiah. It is plain, however, from 32 , 6 and 33 , 14, and still more from Am. 1 . 2, that prophets of the school of Isaiah had a still greater aversion to 35 the immorality, or false morality, than to the religious symbols of idolatrous peoples. For the king of Assyria the prophet seems to have a kind of respect ; he would not be chosen as the rod of |h\h if he were not morally superior to the nations whom he (virtually) punishes. But he, too, has offended, at any rate by that pride against which Jh\'H has a day in readiness (2, 12). 40 (3) The fate of five recently conquered Syrian cities is mentioned, togetlier 9 with that of Samaria, as a warning to |erusalem. The cities are grouped in three pairs, and the dates of their respective captures are probably as follows: (a) Calno, 73S ; Carchemish, 717. {h\ Hamath, 720; Arpad. 740. (f) .Samaria, 722; Damascus, 734. For the form of the question in v. 9, cf. Am. 6,2; also 45 Is. 36, 19; 37. 13- (4) An awkwardly expressed substitute for some illegible passage of Isaiah's 11 work. Notice the confusion of the A.ssyrian and the prophetic points of view. (5) An ironical insertion like 29, 16. Evidently the preceding, badly pre- 15 served passage came to an end abruptly. io,i6-il,i ^-^MeS^Siic (Jlofoo on I 3oata5 -«S*«6*e-» — 150 (6) Another awkward piece of writiii.ij: which may, however, include some 10, 16 rehcs of Isaiah's worl<. (7) Cf. vv. 20-23 "il'i 'I'e su|)plementary parts of c. 48. In liulli. it is 23 presupposed tliat (later) Israel lacks hearty trust in God, and that it is liable 5 to tlie severest punishment. Both, too, imply an acquaintance with the promise in IIos. 1,10. Notice also the allusions in v. 21 to the names Shear-Jashub (7,3) and EI-gibb(')r {<) . 6, = Mighly God)\ die latter is here applied, not to the ideal king, but to Israel's God. (8) A composite passage. V\'. 24-26 should be read together with \v. 24 10 13-15 (especially with v. 15). At v. 28 (strictly speaking, at the last clause of V. 27, which, however, is corrupt) begins a description of an Assyrian invasion, which the prophet dreads, but has not actually experienced. This passage seems to belong to an earlier period; it may be contemporary with Mic. I, 10-15, which is strikingly parallel. V. 27 is merely a connecting verse, reniind- 15 ing us of 9 , 4. Verses 33 . 34, however, demonstrably belong, on grounds of style and phraseology, to the post-Exilic editor. (9) The Assyrians never actually took this route. But we know from the 28 inscriptions, and Isaiah may have known from hearsay, how little these dreaded foes regarded the obstacles opposed by nature. The prophecy of the sudden 20 collapse of the Assyrian army comes with all the greater force after the pre- vious description. Aiath (Ai, east of Bethel) is only nine miles from Jerusalem. Migron, on the road between Ai and Michmash ; not the same place as .Saul once occupied to check the southward advance of the Philistines (i Sam. 14.2). Michmash is certainly the modern Muchinas (7 miles N. of Jerusalem), north of 25 which are the ruins of a place called Makrt'in. The pass (v. 29) is the deep defile of tlie Wady Suweinit, which was the scene of Jonathan's bold adventure (i Sam. 14. I -16) and would be difficult indeed for an army! The Assyrians cross this pass transversely to reach Gcba, now Jeb' a (i Sam. 14,5), where they will bivouac. The neighboring towns and villages are in consternation. Among 30 these we hear of Raniah, now er-Rdni\ Gibeah of Saul (so called as the birth- place of Saul ), now Tult'l el-Fi'tl. half-way between Jerusalem and Ramah ; Gallim and Laishah, probably adjoining villages, represented by the modern hamlet c/-' Isdzciyc/i. on the E. slope of a hill to the NNE. of the Mt. of Olives ; Aiiathoth. the modern ' Aiidta, well known as the birthplace of Jeremiah ; Mad- 35 nienah and Gebiiii, which have left no trace of their existence, and especially A^ob (i .Sam. 22,19), which Robinson would place somewhere on the Mt. of Olives, NE. of Jerusalem, but which it is safer to leave unidentified. This very day, it was rumored, the foe is to liatt in Xob, where he will make threat- ening gestures against Jerusalem. What Lsaiah said after this, can never be 40 known. The editor, who knew the tradition of Sennacherib's overthrow, makes the prophet say that the enemy will be suddenly laid low. No doubt he acted in all good faith : supplementing fragmentary records was a legiti- mate and necessary work, if the writings of the past were to remain the classics of the present. He could not, however, imitate the rhythm of the pre- 45 ceding passage Observe that the figure of the forest for the Assyrian host (v. 34) connects the passage with vv. 17-19; for the editors were often deep students of prophecy, and skilfully interwove the new with the old. (10) The Glorious One is Jhvh (cf. 33,21!. 34 (11) V\'. 1-5 contain a descriptive sketch which finely sup])lements that in II, i 50 9,5-6. The Prince of the Four Names was primarily a mighty concjueror, but the ideal king before us is a ruler of proved capacity and, above all. of refined character. If the prophecy be Isaiah's, its greater spirituality of tone may incline us to refer it to a more advanced period in the life of Isaiah than 9, 1-6. 151 — »*e^gSS- (Jlotco on I 3 omafi <•*»?£*«-» — 11,2-11 There are, however, grave reasons, derived partly from the language, but much II more from the subject-matter, which may lead us to doubt whether that yreat prophet can have written it: (a) The description presupposes a general acquaintance with the fall of the Davidic dynasty as a prophetic doctrine ; but 5 what evidence have we that Isaiah had dwelt enough upon this to make tlie allusive reference in v. i intelligible? (b) The style of the description in vv. 6-8 is like that of a more reflective age than Isaiah's, and of one which took special pleasure in preternatural details. But the chief reason for doubting Isaiah's authorship is that there is no reference to the prophecy elsewhere 10 except in 65 , 25 and in Hab. 2 , 14, both of which have been shown to be post-Exilic. It is, at any rate, a fine exposition of the writer's ideal of the kingly character, and by inserting it here the editor gave a kind of artistic finish to the composite prophetic work before him. Later on, additions were made. See Sections 5 and 6 on p. 25. 15 (12) The idea is, that the Davidic family shall become as obscure as it was formerly, when its head was a plain Bethlehemite citizen (cf. the phrase f/ic son of Jesse, i Sam. 25,10 &c., and Mic. 5,2), and that, on a sudden, some one of its members shall be divinely chosen to be a second David. (13) The ideal king, who has already been called Mighty Divinity (9,5), 2 20 is again distinctly separated from ordinary human beings. He is greater even than prophets like Isaiah, or heroes like Gideon (Jud. 6,34), for the spirit of Jhvh rests \ peniiancntly) upon him. See note on c. 4 , 7. (14) Illustrate this from 2 Sam. 16,1-4, where David, seeing that Mephi- 3 bosheth has not accompanied his steward, and hearing that he had spoken 25 treasonable words against David, transfers all jMephibosheth's property to Ziba. In this, David was not that ideal judge, who is like an aiigel of Cod, to per- ceive that which is good and that zc'hich is bad (2 Sam. 14, 17, said flatteringly of David). This king described by Isaiah will have an exceptional faculty, by which he will be able to correct the inadequacy of the bodily senses. 30 U5) The king needs no literal szcord of Justice, for his words have a divine 4 efficacy (54,11; cf Hos. 6,5). So the priests said to an Egyptian king (Rameses II) that his words produced existence every day, /. e. that he created by his word (Virev, Records of the Past, New Series, Vol. v, p. 12). (16) Man is the Messiah of Nature, says the German mystical writer 6 35 Xo\-.^Lis. But Isaiah's picture of the redemption of nature is perfectly naive. It is the most natural thing in the world that the overthrow of evil among men should conduce to the benefit of the lower animals. For Isaiah is not so far off from the time when "the earliest Semites, like primitive men of other races, drew no sharp line of distinction between the nature of gods, of men, 40 and of beasts" (Robertson Smith). Cf. Hos. 2,20. Observe that vv. 7-9 presuppose the Judaic account ( Gen. 2, 4b ff". ) of the primitive state of man, in which there was no war between man and harmful creatures, and no slaughter of domestic animals. (17) j?ybtt;/to'« = mountain-land (as Exodus 15,17). 9 45 (iS) i. e. not (as one might have expected from v. i) the family of Jesse. 10 but his great descendant (</• 53.2; i Mace, i, 10). This verse is an editorial link between vv. 1-9 and vv. 11-16. (19) The Messiah is not here regarded as a king, but as a teacher of God's law. He is, however, no ordinary teacher, but clothed with divinity ; 50 hence Jerusalem is described as his resting-place, a term used of Jhvh {cf. 66 , I ; I Chr. 28 , 2 ; Ps. 132 , S . 14). (20) The remnant here, as in all Exilic and post-Exilic passages, means 11 the body of Jewish exiles, and not, as in 10. 20.21, the people of Judah. We II , 15- 20, I — >*o>sa*- (Jlofco on I 38aia5 -»s*its34-< 152 shall sue presently that Isaiah did not, so far as we return nf his exiled cunn- trynien. 121) I'he two chief 5 lands where the Jews are dispersed are, of course, Assyria and Egypt (see v\. 15. 16). To these are added several other coun- 10 tries, in which (taken to- gether) it is not historically conceivable that Jewish ex- iles existed in the time of Isaiah, All becomes clear 15 if we understand Assyria to mean the* empire of the Ach;enienidae (called ./.v- syria in Ezra 6 , 22, and Baby hi! in E^zra 5, 13; 20 Neh. 13 , 6); cf. on 27 , 13 ; Zeth. 10, 10. II. Egypt is here used in the sense of Lower Egypt, The centre of .gravity to the land of the 25 Nile was in fact in Lower Egypt, both during the later native dynasties and under the Ptolemies. Patliros = I'pper Egypt, the original 30 distinctness of which Ironi S.\RGON II. know, look forward to tl'.e 11 Lower Egypt was careful!)- expressed in the hiero- glyphic symbols of the kings of Egypt, Elam Susiana), under the form hllaiiUu, is given in the ' uneiform texts as the equivalent of Aiizan, the name of the original king- dom of Cyrus, Elam had been conquered by Assur- banipal in 645, and on the fall of the Assyrian jiower, became an easy prey of Teispes, the great-grand- father of Cyrus the Great (r/. Jer. 49,34-39). The phrase the countries by the [ i\h'diterraneaii\ Sea is only found again in 24, 15 I pos t-Exi lie) and Esth, 10 , I, Countries, or more precisely coasts, is com- mon in Isaiah, and is a sign of late date (see note on 40 , r 5 ) , (22) The Gulf of Suez 15 and the Euphrates are re- ferred to. (23) This rhripter is full of phrases and ideas taken from the Psalter. 12 , i Among the closer parallelisms cf. \. 2^ witli Ps. 88 , 1 ; v. 2'' with Ps. 118, 14 (Ex. 15,21; V. 3 wMth Pss, 36,9; 87 , 7 ; \', 4-T with I's. 15,1; v, 4'' with Ps, 148, 13; V. 5 with Ps. 93, I (Ex, 15. i'm; V, 6 with Ps. 48, i. Qlofce on (propficcp 12. 'p 261 (i) Apparently an extract from some account of the life of Isaiah, The 20,i details of the ori.gin of the sie.ge of .Xshdod are, with one exception, fully ,given by Sargon (722-7051. It appears that in Ashdod, as in Jerusalem, there 40 was both an Assyrian and an anti-Assyrian jjartx-. To the latter belonged King .■\zuri, who was soon displaced by his brother .\khimit, a nominee of Assyria, But Akhimit had reckoned without his host, when he accepted the crown. He was deposed in a popular insm'rection, and one who had no riglit to the throne, called Jaman (Javani, or Jatnan ( = an Ionian or Greek?), was made 45 king. In his eleventh year (711), says .Sargon, he took the field against Ashdod, and Jaman lied before him (into Muvuri, Asdudu (Ashdod), Gimtii (Gathi, and Asdudimmu (.Ashdod by the Sea) were captured, and their populations carried away captive, while the king of Melukha delivered up the 153 ^«*e#S5Ss- (Itolce on I 38ata^ -sss^e*** — 30,3-88,16 unhappy Jamau to his enemies. Tilt- single point in which Sargon's Assyrian 20 scribe is, presumably, inaccurate is his ascription of the siege and capture of Ashdod to Sargon himself. Historical probability is in favor of the Hebrew- writers' statement that the besieging army was commanded by the Tartan 5 (properly Turtdnu) or general-in-chief. This is the only passage in the Old Testament in which the name of Sargon occurs (see on 2 Kings 18, 101. And, strange to say, it was this almost forgotten king whose palace was the first in Assyria trodden by the foot of the explorer. The portrait on the preceding page, from the triumphal stele set up at Citium in Cyprus, and now at Berlin, 10 illustrates not only our passage but the statement in 23, 12. ( 2 ) The three years are to be reckoned from the usurpation of Jaman 3 which may be placed in 713, in virtual agreement with one of the Assyrian texts relative to the siege of Ashdod. (3) i. e. Palestine. There is a tacit reproach in the phrase: Judah had 6 15 become as profane as the neighboring peoples. Sargon describes them col- lectively thus: (the people) of Philistia, Judah, Edom, and Moab, who dwell by the Sea, 'who owed tribute and presents to Assur, my lord, who plotted rebel- lion, and planned insolence, who, to make him hostile to me, carried their bribes for alliance to Pir' ii (Pharaoh), king of Egypt, a prince who could not deliver 20 them. (Itofes on (propBccj 13. (pp. 27-40) (i) Verse 7 was evidently so framed (by Isaiah or by a later editor) as 28,7 to connect the first and second parts of this chapter; it states that Jerusalem 25 is morally no better than Samaria. Priests and prophets reel while discharging their sacred functions. They have come drunk from the tables in the outer court of the Temple, where a sacrificial feast has been held (cf i Sam. i, 13). Verses 8-10 describe a scene which has been enacted there. (2) In vv. 9-12, revelation (lit. that which is heard; so v. 19; 53,1). is a 11 30 synonym for oracle (see on 1,24); cf. v. 22. The untranslated words, fav la- gav, gav-la-qav, are really not words at all, but express the senselessness which these mockers impute to Isaiah's prophesying, when he was still under the influence of inspiration. Sometimes, probably, Isaiah waited till the physical phenomena of prophetic inspiration had passed away, but just now he was 35 mastered by the Hand (8, 11) as he was gazing in disgust at the tables of the drunkards. The strange monosyllables are a coarse specimen of mimicr>-, and illustrate the contemptuous use of the phrase to drop for to prophesy in Am. 7,16; Mic. 2,6.11, and madman for prophet in 2 Kings 9,11; Jer. 29,26. These bad priests and prophets treat Isaiah as a madman, who drops unin- 40 telligible sounds, or as a gibberer ; but Jhvh, whose Servant they mock, will send gibberers, i. e. barbarians, to bring them to a juster view. (3) Diplomacy is to the politicians a means of insuring themselves and 15 the state against going down into Sheol (5,14). Their present object is an alliance with Egypt, which involves much secrecy (29,15) and craft (30,12), 45 and also perhaps the breaking of an oath to Assyria (cf. Ezek. 17, 13-19). Hence Isaiah's phrase a lie. (4) i. e. the Assyrian invasion (cf.\.2\ 8,7; 10,26). Exactly the same confusion of figures occurs in the Coran (89, 12). (5) Not diplomacy, but faith in Israel's righteous and self-revealing God, 16 50 is the true insurance against disaster. Jhvh is the Rock of Israel (17,10; 30,29; cf Gen. 49,24); He has a moral purpose, in the working out of which Israel is called upon to co-operate with its God. Those who do not 28,17-29,5 — »*f^«S!s- (Jlofco on I 3 e<3i a 6 -«*»#»•«•«— 154 see Ihvh's purpose, and treat Him as if Ih- liail merely such a natural liund 28 with His people as Chemosh has with Moab, will stumble and fall on this rock (8,14.15); but those who by faith hold fast (7,9) to the prophetic announcement of this purpose ivill not (have to) give way, i. c. will be tirmly 5 planted, like a 7tail in a sure place (22,25). What then is the invisible but most swxii foundation-stone (v. 16)? Jhvh's revealed relation to Israel. This relation the God of Israel has established, is establishing, and will establish ever more and more by the words of His prophets and the solemn acts of His regal sway. 10 (6) Compare 2 Kings, chapter 21, verse 13. 17 (7) They shall call to mind Isaiah's prophetic oracle on the scourge, and 19 understand it but too well. (8) See 2 Samuel 5,20.25; i Chronicles 14,16. 21 (9) Because performed on Jhvh's own people. 15 (10) i. e. the restraints of severe punishment (if. ]oVi 36,8). 22 fii) A didactic poem suggested by natural phenomena. Ploughing, says 23 the writer, does not go on all through the year; nor is everything threshed with the same severity. These ancient rules of husbandry are applications of eternal principles. Jhvh in His wisdom varies His procedure according to 20 circumstances, and according to the character of those with whom He deals. The ploughers ( Ps. 129,3) and the threshers (Is. 21,10, late) are the Baby- lonians, and perhaps the Persians, who will not be allowed to deal with Israel as they have done with other nations. For Israel there is a future and a hope (Jer. 29,11). How could such a message be addressed to the scoffing jioli- 25 ticians of v. 14? The phraseology and the contents of the passage point equally to the E.xilic or post-E.\ilic period. (12) It is the great autumnal festival (see next note), when attention is with 29, i difficulty won for a gloomy sermon. So Isaiah, who knows the power of names, addresses Jerusalem by a new name, which is best explained by 31,9: jHl'H 30 who has a fire in Zion and a furnace in ferusalem. The fire is evidently that of the altar, not however of the visible, but of the invisible altar, which Isaiah knows from his vision (c. 6) to be really existent in the sanctuary. It is this altar which, more than anything else, communicates sacredness to Jerusalem. Jerusalem, therefore, can be called Arial or, perhaps, Altar-hearth . 35 just as another sacred town can be called Beth-el from the sanctuary which it contains. But here Isaiah's paradox comes in : the altar-hearth city \\\\\ shortly justify its name in an unexpected way (see on 30, i). (13) The cycle of yearly festivals is just over (Ex. 34,22). One or more cycles may possibly run their course, and then the crisis will come. 40 (14) One would expect the Arial city to protect its inmates. But how 2 can it protect those who think that they have complied with all necessary conditions by offering sacrifices (I, 11 -13)? Of tlie true but invisible Arial the rulers have no more conception than of the true but imisible foundation-stone (28,16). And yet Isaiah's symbolic name is fitly chosen. As the visible 45 altar-hearth in the Temple reeked with the blood of sacrificial victims, so the streets of Jerusalem shall run with the blood of its slaughtered citizens. Reason enough then for moauii/i; and hcDioaning (the assonance is in the Hebrew). ( 15) David encamped against Jerusalem before it had become JhvH's 3 50 Altar-hearth ; nou- Jhvh encamjis against His own Altar-hearth. Strange is His work, as the projihet says 1 28, 21 ; cf. 29, 14). (16) \'. 5 (with which vv. 7 and S are connected) is the exact antithesis 5 155 — M«3|gBs. Qtofi'o on I Jaaia^ -:i:g*So*<— 29,9-30,1 of V. 6 (including the last words of v. 5, wrongly detached from \-. 6). V. 6 29 says, in continuation of vv. 2-4, that Jhvh Himself will appear in a mighty storm to visit, i. e. (ly'. 26,14) to punish Jerusalem. Hitherto Jerusalem has indeed been reduced to great straits, but only by earthly enemies ; now sud- 5 denly, full suddenly (</• 30, 13) a superhuman foe will deal irremediable ruin to his own Altar-hearth city. This stern announcement was too painful for men of a later age, who had done their best to make Jerusalem a fit dwelling- place for Jhvh. The writer therefore inserted promises of the destruction of the enemies, which involved a different interpretation of v. 6 ( visited in mercy, 10 as 23 , 17). (17) The imperative is here equivalent to a strong future. When Sen- 9 nacherib shall have come, the rulers will be shaken out of that deep sleep which Jhvh has poured upon tliem (v. 10). They will stare in astonishment at the work of God (Hab. 1,5), to the significance of which they are wilfully 15 and yet, in part, judicially blinded. They will lose all self-command, having drunk God's staggering wine (Ps. 60,3). (18) See Isaiah, chapter 30, verses i and 2. 15 (19) A discourse addressed to persons in all respects diametrically the 16 opposite of the audience of Isaiah. Alike in tone, in style, and in ideas, it 20 is beyond doubt the work of a later age. Isaiah lived chiefly in the present, and only paints the future with a few vigorous touches, to stimulate himself and his disciples to more heroic effort. The Second Isaiah and his successors, however, who had little or no contact with public life, lived largely in the future, and corrected the faults of their doubting countrymen (r/^ 49, 14-26) 25 by calling up visions of the coming golden age. V. 16 reminds us of 45,9; V. 19a 'of passages of the Psalms ; and v. 24, of the introduction to Proverbs. There are also points of contact both with Isaianic and with other non-Isaianic portions of cc. 28-32. Evidently the passage takes the place of an illegible portion of Isaiah's work. 30 (20) A slightly altered quotation from 32,15. In a short time, says the 17 writer, that favorite prophecy will be fulfilled : Lebanon, which now produces vines only on its slopes, will then bear them even on its highest points, while the land which already bears vines and other noble trees will then produce them in still greater abundance so as to resemble a forest. To a 35 regenerate people choicer and nobler growths w-ill attest the sympathy of nature and nature's God. Cf. note 48 on 32, 15. (21) Compare chapter 59, verse 4 (post-Exilic). 21 (22) Abraham, according to a late belief, was persecuted in L'r of the 22 Chaldees. The writer, like the Second Isaiah (Is. 41,8; 51,2), thinks niucli 40 of Abraham. This is a sure mark of a late date (see Mic. 7, 20). (23) i. e. the divine judgment (v. 20). Jacob here = Israel. Change of 23 number, as in 42 , 24 . 25. (24) C. 18, as we shall see, probably refers to an embassy of Taharqa 30,1 (or Tirhakah) to Hezekiah ; cc. 30.31 may refer to a prior embassy of 45 Hezekiah to this vigorous Ethiopian suzerain of Egypt (for whose history ef. note on 18,1). Taharqa (704-6S5) did not indeed put down the petty kings of Egypt (who are spoken of by Sennacherib in 701 as having taken part in the battle of Altaqil), and Isaiah seems therefore at first to have underesti- mated Taharqa's capacity for giving substantial support to an ally (see on v. 4). 50 The unhappy story of Ashdod (see on c. 20) was in fact reason enough for 30,4-28 — **e!ggss- (UofcB on 1 ']eixia^ -i&itf^*^ — 156 di)ul)tin^- the solidity of Egyptian promises. In a few weeks Isaiah learned 30 to know Taharqa better. Hence the more respectful tone of the declaration '■1 31.3 isee note). It is, therefore, the invasion of Sennacherib (.701), now in the near future, which has produced this important group of prophecies. 5 Jerusalem is in danger of becoming in a new sense the a!tar-/!caii/i city. No diplomacy can avert this. (25) Zoan (now Qin, a dreary fishing village near Lake Mc'iizaleh) and 4 Hanes (now, probably, Henassicli, twelve miles west of Beni(ucf) were in times of jjolilical confusion the seats of independent kingdoms (see note on 10 19. II ). Of Taharqa the prophet says that he ruled directly as far as Hanes, and indirectly even as far north as Zoan. The sense will be much the same if, with Brl'GSCH and N.\ville, we look for Hanes in the Delta. For the suzerain would, of course, send messengers to his vassals, though these mess- engers would use a gentler st\le than those who bore the royal commands to 15 immediately subject districts ycf. Nah. 2, 13 j. (26) Isaiah dwells upon the dangers of the desert between Palestine and 6 E.gypt {cf. Deut. 8,15-, Jer. 2,6), to magnify the folly of the ambassadors. The wild beasts spoken of suggested to an early reader the title Oracle on the Beasts of the South-land ; which at length inade its way from the margin 20 into the te.xt. For \'n& flying dragon, see on 14,29. The South-land referred to in the heading, which the editor probably prefi.xed to this brief fragment, is Egypt (</. Uan. 8,9; li,5ff-)- (27) Verses 1-5 and 6.7 were originally two independent oracles on the 7 journey of the ambassadors of Judah to Egypt. The people referred to in 25 \'. 6 was e.xplained in the margin to mean Egypt, and the note made its way into the text. The second gloss may be due to the same writer, who loved obscure symbolical names [cf. Jer. 46,17). Rahab is a late symbolical name for Egypt derived from the old Babylonian myth of the fight between -Marduk (iMerodach), the Sun-God, and Tiamat, the Dragon, which represented Darkness 30 and Chaos I p. 157). To an Israelite it was, of course, not Marduk but the true creative deity (Jhvh) who quelled or put to silence the evil dragon (51,9; Pss. 87,4; 89, 10). To the same writer may be due the enigmatical heading 1 v. 6). (28) Consolations and encouraging promises in the style of 29, 16-24 and 18 the later prophecies. Therefore (v. 1.8) is parallel to the therefore of 29,22. 35 The passage w^hich it introduces will not cohere with 30,15-17, and was evi- dently written to follow 29, 16-24. I 29 1 In post-Exilic times, when the old race of prophets was extinct, God 20 was sijecially regarded as a teacher. See e.g. Pss. 25 , 5 . 8 . 9. 14 ; 94,12; 119, 12.26, &c., and cf. Is. 2,3 (a late passage); 54, 13 (disciples of jHi'n). 40 (30) Lower cults are not unfrequently referred to in post-Exilic additions 22 to the Book of Isaiah (see 2, 20; 17, 8; 31 , 7 ; 44, 9-20 ; 46, 6-S; 65, 3-5. 11 ; 66, 3. 17). (31) Cf. Ezek. 38,20-22. (32) Perhaps alluding to 2, 15. 25 (33) This striking passage is not by the author of the preceding section, 27 45 l)ut is nevertheless not Isaianic. The argument is too elaborate to be given here, but any one can see that the passage does not fit in well with the undoubtedh- genuine parts of these chapters. (34) A phrase found nowhere in the undoubted parts of Isaiah. Name = manifestation inninen); cf. note on Lev. 24, 11. 50 (35) A figure taken from hunting (Ezek. 19,4; 29,4), possibly with an 28 allusion to a cruel practice of conquerors (see on 37,29). C- 59,19; I's. 157 s-es^is- (llotce on I 36aia8 -igSj|s*<- — 30, 29 31,3 102,16, and sucli late descriptions of theuphanies as 63,19-64,1; Mali. 3 ; 30 Pss. 50.3; 97 • 3-5- 1361 The joyous Feast of Tabernacles is meant [cf. on 29,11; it seems 29 already to have opened with a preliminary nightly vigil. 5 (371 This verse is no longer in its original form. The ideas, however, 32 are appropriate. The Assyrians are first paralyzed b\' the dreadful thunder- peals, and then slain by the lightning, which is compared to the liftin;.; of Ihvh's invisible arm \c/. 19, 16; 11, 151. FIGHT BETWEEN MERODACH ANT) THE DRAGON. 13S) Another image. The former one related to the whole Assyrian army; Zi 10 the i^resent one relates to the kin,g of Assyria. For so great a man a deep and wide trench is -excavated ; it is filled with wood, and lighted as it were with burning brimstone. Into this fiery pit I called a tophetli. or perhaps tcphclh ) the king of Assyria is thrown, just as at the annual festivals of the god Melkart ( = King of the City) at Tyre, human victims were offered. Not 15 that the Assyrian king is a sacrifice. The description is figurative, and it is the terrific grandeur of the spectacle of a human holocaust which is the point of comparison. Sennacherib, the impious rival of Jhvh, shall at any rate have no ignoble death. Such at least is the view expre.ssed by Robertso.n .Smith (Religion of the Semites'', p. 372, cf. p. 377). Very possibly, however, the 20 description is not altogether figurative. The reference to the king occurs in a gloss. The carcasses of the entire Assyrian host are perhaps described as burned, .as a sign of their being under the divine wrath (Lev. 20,14; 21,9; Josh. 7. 15). (391 The promises of E,gy|3t are not mere braggadocio (see on c. 30, 3^1 3 25 note I), but her attempt to help Judah is doomed to failure. Between v. 3 and V. 4 something must have fallen out of the text, and there is critical reason to think that the omission has been produced by some injury to the prophetic scroll, which began at the last line of v. 3. and also extended to v. 6 (part), V. 7, and v. 8 (part). The insertion in verses S^.ga may be from some 31.9-33. I -^*g3t*S;-> (It o<cB on I 3oiH>j6 ■sS^"o<«— 158 lost tMily |ii()|)lKcy, but its sciisu is obscure. Tht- other insertions are partly 31 a mosaic of borrowed phrases, partly in the style of tlie late inserted pas- sages 10 , 20 ; 2 , 20 ; 30 , 22. (40) I'irc (,Heb. uv) evitlently alludes to the meaning of Aria/, the name 9 5 given to Jerusalem in 29 , i ; the U\o uonls were connected by a popular etymology. The Jire is not that of the visible sacrificial altar, but of an invisible one, real to the eye of faith (see on 29, i). So a SDioking fiiniace awA a. Jlanu!!!^ torch are symbols of the divine presence to Abraham (Gen. 15, 17). (41) A reflective and didactic treatment of the Messianic theme by one 32,1 10 of those literary wise men to whom the Book of Proverljs in its present form is due. He wished to provide the small book, which begins with c. 28, with a prophecy corresponding to 9,6.7, but he lives in darker times, and hence his conception lacks distinctness (cf. 33.17). His personal interest lies chiefly in moral progress. 15 (42) The meaning of ethical terms will be revised, /. c, conventional morality 5 w'ill give place to true morality. (43) Probably this warning to the fine ladies of Jerusalem and to the riti- 9 zens in general (with the Messianic appendi.x) originally followed c. 31. It is evidently suggested by 3,16-4,1, which precedes a great Messianic prophecy; 20 it has phraseological points of contact with cc. 28-31, but not with 32, r-8. It represents what a post-Exilic editor thought Isaiah would be likely to have written. (44) Alluding to chapter 39, verse i'>. 10 (45') /. c. the southeast slope of the mountain on whicli the Temple stood 14 25 (r/. .Mic. 4,S). (46) C". 42, 14; 57, II ; 58, 12. (47) This passage is marked by a diflerent rhythm. Its commencement is 15 incomplete, iiiitil having probably been inserted by the latest editor to connect this with the preceding passage. The prophecy is in the wider sense Messi- anic, and seemed well fitted to conclude a prophetic collection. Cf. 30, iS-26. 30 (48) What is now wild moorland or pasture-land will then become so fer- tile that vines and olive-trees will grow in it, and grow so thickly that it will seem like a forest. Not that there will be no free and open pasture-land (see V. 20), but this (it is to be understood) will be reclaimed from the desert. Thus the area of useful land will be indefinitely extended (f/. 4,2). Compare 35 the parallel passage, 29, 17. (49) The golden age of agriculture (I'f. 30,23-25). 20 (50) The language and ideas of this chapter are not those of Isaiah, but 33, i of a later writer, who has absorbed much besides Isaiah, and is a contem- porary of the Psalmists, into whose style he frequently falls. The author 40 imaginatively places himself in the time of Sennacherib's invasion [cf. Psalms 46 and 48), and endeavors to write as Isaiah would then have written, though it is probable that he is also thinking of the sufferings endured by his people in post-Exilic times, when Persian armies were not infrequent visitors in Palestine. His composition is strongly apocalyptic. It discloses the fate of the assembled 45 hostile nations, of which the later prophets speak (see Ezek. 38.39; Is, 66, 6-24; Joel 3,2; Zech. 14,2), and of which the hosts of Sennacherib (705-681 I or of Ochus (359-338) are forerunners. In form, it is the prayer or meditation of the later Jewish community which is in the main righteous, from a legal point of view, diough it still includes sinners (v. 14) who are to be destroyed (cf. 159 — »*^esSs- (Jlotca on I 3oaia^ -s53*^s*<^ — 33,7-22,22 many of the Psalms), and craves for a full visible assurance that its sins have 33 been forgiven. Nothing is said of the Messiah, who appears only sporadically in the later literature of the Old Testament. Jhvh is all in all to the wor- shipers, and the gloss on v. 20, though it interrupts the conte.xt, not untruly 5 makes the glory of Zion consist in its solemn religious assemblies. (51) If the writer dramatically assumes the position of Isaiah, we may 7 e.xplain by 2 Kings 18,14-16. Hezekiah's tribute has been paid, but Senna- cherib (as the writer infers from 2 Kings 18,17) perfidiously continues his ravages. The Arie/s means the Jewish warriors. The author probably alludes 10 to 29, I, where he reads Ariel (instead of Aria I), and interprets the term to mean God's lion, a designation which would, of course, be equally suitable for a fortified city and for a warrior. (52) Sharon is the Maritime Plain between Carmel and Joppa. The 9 Arabah is the deep and desolate valley of the Jordan, the southern part of 15 which still retains its ancient name. Bashan, noted for its forests of oak, is a region in Eastern Palestine lying N. and NE. of Gilead. Caniiel is that noble mountain-ridge at the SW. of the plain of Esdraelon which juts out into the sea at the south end of the Bay of Acre. Its deep jungles of copse are very noticeable. 20 (53) The supernatural phenomena of the judgment terrify the guilty con- 14 sciences of faithless Israelites. The writer supposes the everlasting fire of God to have become visible for the protection of the good, and for the destruction of the wicked. Cf. 4,5. The passage 31 , gb is not altogether parallel. 154) A reference to the Messianic king. But what a vague one! The 17 25 writer can only have known of Israelitish kings from books; f/^ 32,1. He is inconsistent, too; for he cannot help showing us that the true king of Zion to him is Jhvh (v. 23); cf. Mic. 4,9; Ps. 48,2 (post-Exilic). (55) The kingdom of David will be restored within its ancient limits (cf. on 26 , 15). 30 156) Cf. Ps. 46,4 (post-Exilic): \^His lovinffkiiidnrss «] a riz'cr, zcliose 21 branchings make glad the city of God. Thfe eye of faith looked beyond the waters of Shiloah that floiv softly (8,6; see note ) to the ' living ' waters ( Zech. 14,8). These were a surer protection than the broad streams which were the glory of Babylon, Nineveh, and Memphis. The gloss on v. 21 consists of a 35 quotation from some poem (cf. Ezek. 27,26-36) in which some great nation in •its decline is compared to a wrecked ship. (57) Then, viz. when Jhvh interposes to deliver. Spoil, cf. 9,6: Father 21 of Spoil. (58) Disease being a sign of God's wrath; cf. Exodus 23,25. 24 (Itofce on (propBccp 14. (pp. 40.41) (i) The only personal invective in Isaiah. It is probable that Shebna was 22 , 15^ of Syrian origin, and that he was a leader of the party which favored an alliance with Egypt against Assyria. Isaiah's invective against him may there- 45 fore synchronize with the prophecies against that alliance (cc. 30.31). Shebna will be one of the wily politicians referred to in 30, 12. In 36, 2-37, 7 Eliakim is governor of the palace, and Shebna in the less important post of secretary. (2) The key is the sign of authority; hence it is solemnly given to the 22 new royal minister. It is laid upon his shoulder as being burdensome, like 50 the office he holds. The keys of the Israelites were doubtless not unlike those still used in Syria and Egypt. Here is a drawing of a key and of a merchant i8, (Tlofco on I 38aia5 «e@*6»«-«^ 160 of Cairo carrying his l<t-ys, from BoNO.Ml, A'incve/i and Us pa/ocfs. I3onomi 22 states tliat the key of an ordinary street-door is commonly 13 or 14 inehes long, and the l<ey of the gate of a public building, or of a street, or quarter of a town, is two feet and more in length. The iron pegs at one end of the piece 5 of wood correspond to as many holes in the wooden bar of the lock. ORIENTAL KEV. Qtotee on (prop^ccf 15. (pp. 41 --i^) (i) The revival of Egyptian prosperity under Shabaka (72S), the founder 18, i of the 25'h dynasty, was of brief duration. In 720 the Egyptian king sustained 10 a severe defeat at the hands of the Assyrians at Raphia, and soon afterwards died in Upper Egypt. He was succeeded in •7161 by his son Shabataka, whose authority was how- ever diminished by the re- vival of the ancient petty 15 principalities, and who was displaced, probably in 704, by Taharqa (Tirhakah). This young and energetic prince (at first king of 20 Ethiopia alone) owed his title to his mother who was of the old royal family, and, according to P E T R i E, a sister of Shabaka. He also 25 strengthened his position by marrying the widow of Sha- baka, whose son Rutamen (the Urdamane of the As- syrian inscriptions) reigned 30 jointly with Taharqa, and after Taharqa's defeat by MERCHANT CARRYING HIS KEYS. Assurbanipal (about 666) remained king of I-"thiopia. It should be remembered that all the kings here men- tioned belonged to the 25'h or Ethiopian dynasty. The particular king of whom Isaiah is thinking is Ta- harqa. From cc. 29-31 we learn that Hezekiah had great hopes of assistance from Egypt at this time in his projected revolt from Assyria ; an embassy ap- pears to have been dis- patched from Jerusalem to secure the co-operation of Taharqa. Later on, in 702, when Sennacherib had taken the field to chastise Phoenicia, Philistia, and Judah, Taharqa (as we may gather from c. 18) himself sent amba.ssadors to Jerusalem to announce the despatch of an Egyptian army, and to encourage Hezekiah to make a manful resistance to the invaders. Isaiah 35 courteously bids them return (v. 3); Jhvh needs not human aid. (2) The flies of Ethiopia, with the metallic clang of their wings, are a symbol of the swarming and warlike population of that country, which has lately become famous through the victorious careers of Piankhi, Shabaka, and Taharqa (all of them natives of Ethiopia). This at least is the most plausible 40 explanation of a difficult phrase. The Septuagint seems to have found a refer- ence to boats (see note 3). But the grounds of this explanation are unknown. (3) The sea is the Nile (19,5; (ob 41,23), which is still called the sea 2 in Arabic. Canoes of reed, as in Job 9,26. Isis, seeking for the torn frag- ments of the botly of Osiris, is said to have traversed Egypt in a papyrus boat 45 (Plutarch, On /sis and Osiris, c. 18). Such light canoes are still in use on the Nile. In the Meuioii-es du Due de Rovigo (1,94) a fellah, entrusted with a i6i -»-HsJsas- (Uotca on I 3ea">6 -«S*Tse 18.3 -I. 9 letter, binds two haiidfuls of reeds together, and starts on this frail bark with 18 his lance and a little oar. It is a more elaborate vessel made of reeds, which Herodotus (2,96) describes and Egyptian paintings represent. (4) Isaiah is conscious that the 5 whole world is interested in the fate of Jerusalem, and conceives that a notice will be supernaturally given of the approach of the great crisis (f/. 11,12). 10 (5) As we have already seen, it was within the province of the later editors to supplement the relics of prophecy, and adapt them to the wants of their own time. This last 15 verse is not rhythmical, like the fore- going prophecy, and the hope ex- pressed in it by the editor was not one congenial to Isaiah (cf. 23, i.S; &c.; Ps. 68, 29). EGVPT1.\N C.\XOE. 60, Qlefee on (proyBecp 16. (pp. 42-441 ( I ) Originally intended as the heading of the first large collection of i , i Isaianic prophecies, cc. 1-12. The term vision for prophecy held its ground till quite late times ( Dan. 9 , 23 ; i Chr. 7,15). The prophecy consists of four vigorous prophetic speeches, which have lost none of their fervor through con- 25 densation. They were delivered during the great crisis of the invasion, and are here skilfully combined, and preceded by a specially written introduction (vv. 1-4). All doubtless Isaiah's work, except perhaps vv. 2-4 which at any rate proceed from I.saiah's school. I 2 ) In vv. 5 . 6 the nation is represented as a magnified man in accortlance 5 30 with a primitive mode of thought. Cf. Ex. 4,22; Num. 20,14; Hos. 6,4; 7.9; II, I ; 13, I . 13; Is. 43, 27; 46,3,4; 48,8; Pss. 25, 7; 71,5.6. 17. IS; 102,23. 24; 129, I . 2. The heart of the nation is again referred to in 6, lo; ef. i Kings 18,37; Ps. 51, 10. {3) See 38,8 (late); 36,1; and cf. the Prism-Inscription of Sennacherib: 7 35 And as for Hczekiah, the Judahite, who had not siih>iiilted to my yoke, forty- si.v of his strong cities, his fortresses, and the smaller tozcns in their neigh- borhood without number . . . . I besieged, I captured. {4) Lit, the daughter Zion. Countries, cities, and their populations are 8 represented as women {ef. 10 , 32 ; 16, i . 2 ; 22, 4 ; 23, 12 ; 37, 22 ; 47 , i ; 52 , 2 ; 40 62, 11). Compare the phrase a city and a Diother in Israel (2 Sam. 20, 19). If the city is a mother, the citizens are her sons. But the connection between a city and its inhabitants being so close, it is also possible to apply the term, which properly belongs to the city, to the inhabitants of the city. (5) Jerusalem, as yet unbesieged, is like the temporary shelters for the 45 field-watchmen, so solitary, so helpless is it! See 24,20; 27,3; Job 27,18. The illustration on the following page will give an idea of the slightness of the construction of these shelters, and the exposure to weather which tlieir occu-